Hybrid Phosphor Materials: Synthesis, Characterization and Applications

Contents
Introduction
Metal Halide Perovskite-Based Phosphors and Their Applications in LEDs
	1 General Aspects
	2 Different Color Perovskite Phosphors
		2.1 Blue Perovskite Phosphors
	3 Green Perovskite Phosphors
		3.1 Lead Halide Perovskite
		3.2 Lead-Free Perovskite
	4 Red Perovskite Phosphors
		4.1 Lead Halide Perovskite
		4.2 Lead-Free Halide Perovskite
	5 Other Color Perovskite Phosphors
		5.1 White Perovskite Phosphors
		5.2 Yellow Perovskite Phosphors
		5.3 Orange Perovskite Phosphors
	6 Hybrid Perovskite Phosphors
		6.1 Hybrid Perovskite by Combining Inorganic Materials
		6.2 Hybrid Perovskite by Combining Organic Molecules or/and Polymers
		6.3 Hybrid Perovskite by Combining Non-luminous and Luminous Perovskites
	7 Applications of Perovskite Phosphors in LEDs
		7.1 WLED by Combining GaN Chip with Perovskite Phosphors
		7.2 WLED Through Energy Transfer in One Perovskite
		7.3 WLED by Doping Ions in Perovskites
	8 Conclusion
	References
Mechanoluminescent Phosphors
	1 Introduction
	2 A Brief History of Mechanoluminescence
	3 Categories of Mechanoluminescent Materials
		3.1 Metal Organic Compound Mechanoluminescent Materials
		3.2 Organic Mechanoluminescent Materials
		3.3 Inorganic Mechanoluminescent Materials
	4 Methods of Materials Synthesis
		4.1 Solid-State Reactions
		4.2 Sol–Gel Method
	5 Fundamental Mechanisms of Mechanoluminescence
		5.1 Mechanism of Fracto-ML
		5.2 Luminescence Mechanism of Plastic-ML
		5.3 Luminescence Mechanism of Elastic-ML
	6 Applications of Mechanoluminescence
		6.1 Stress Sensor/Imaging Stress Distributions
		6.2 Structural Health Diagnosis
		6.3 Light Sources and Displays
		6.4 Photodynamic Therapy
	7 Outlook
	References
Synthesis and Charecterization
Molecular Hybrid Phosphors
	1 Introduction
		1.1 Fundamental Phenomena Involved in Luminescence
		1.2 Singlet and Triplet Excitons
		1.3 Thermally Activated Delayed Fluorescence (TADF)
		1.4 Triplet–Triplet Annihilation
	2 Luminescent Transition Metal Complexes
		2.1 Cyclometalated Complexes
		2.2 Cyclometalated Au(III) Phosphors
		2.3 Cyclometalated Ru(II) Phosphors
		2.4 Cyclometalated Rh(III) Complexes
		2.5 Zn(II) Complexes Based Phosphors
		2.6 Carbene Metal-Amide (CMA) Based Phosphors
	3 Conclusion
	References
Organic–Inorganic Hybrids for White-Light Phosphors
	1 Introduction
	2 Summary
	References
Synthesis of Phosphorus-Based Phosphors
	1 Introduction
	2 Solid-State Synthesis
	3 Combustion Synthesis
	4 Sol–Gel Synthesis
	5 Co-precipitation Method
	6 Hydrothermal Synthesis
	7 Miscellaneous
	8 Conclusions
	References
Progress and Prospects of Graphitic Structure—Based Phosphors
	1 Introduction
	2 Synthesis
		2.1 Graphene Oxide Based Phosphor
		2.2 Reduced Graphene Oxide (rGO) Based Phosphor
		2.3 Graphene Quantum Dots (GQDs) Based Phosphor
	3 Applications
		3.1 Sensors
		3.2 Optoelectronics
		3.3 Catalysis
	4 Conclusion
	References
Synthesis, Properties and Applications of Polymeric Matrix-Based Phosphor Hybrids
	1 Introduction
		1.1 History, Origin, Definition and Types
		1.2 Theory and Mechanism of Light Emission
		1.3 Inorganic and MOF Based Phosphor
		1.4 Organic Metal Free Phosphors
	2 Polymer Based Phosphors
		2.1 General Properties, Characteristics and Classification
	3 Non-doped Polymer Based RTP
		3.1 Polyurethane Based RTP
		3.2 Polyacrylonitrile (PAN) Based RTP
		3.3 Polyamide/Polyimide Based RTP
		3.4 Polylactic Acid-Based Phosphors
		3.5 Other Non-doped Polymer Based RTP
	4 Doped Polymer Based RTP
		4.1 Polymethyl Methacrylate (PMMA) Based RTP
		4.2 Polyvinyl Alcohol (PVA) Based RTP
		4.3 Polylactic Acid (PLA) Based RTP
		4.4 Molecularly Imprinted Polymers (MIPs)
		4.5 Zeonex Phosphors
	5 Conclusion and Future Prospect
	References
Applications
Upconversion Hybrid Phosphors for Biological Applications
	1 Introduction
		1.1 Frequency Downconversion Luminescence
		1.2 Frequency Upconversion Luminescence
	2 Surface Modified Hybrid Phosphors
	3 Synthesis Methods of Upconversion Hybrid Phosphors
		3.1 Coprecipitation Method
		3.2 Hydrothermal/Solvothermal Method
		3.3 Thermal Decomposition Method
		3.4 Surface Functionalization of UCNPs and Biocompatibility Testing
	4 Biological Applications of Hybrid Phosphors
		4.1 UCNPS as Biomolecule Sensors
		4.2 UCNPs as ROS (Reactive Oxygen Species) Sensors
		4.3 UCNPs in Intra-Cellular pH
		4.4 UCNPs as Contrast Agent in OCT Imaging
		4.5 UCNPs in Photodynamic and Photothermal Therapy
		4.6 UCNPs in Micro Volume Temperature Sensing
	References
Biological Application of Hybrid Phosphors
	1 Introduction
		1.1 Synthetic Methods
		1.2 Luminescent Properties of phosphors
	2 Hybrid Phosphors
		2.1 Polymer Materials
	3 Biomedical Applications
		3.1 Bioimaging
		3.2 Applications of Hybrid Phosphors for Drug Delivery and Therapy
	4 Conclusion and Outlook
	References
Hybrid Phosphor Materials for Optoelectronic Application
	1 Introduction
	2 Detectors
	3 Luminescent Thin Films
		3.1 Polymer Optical Amplifier (POA)
		3.2 How Is Hybrid Phosphor Used in POA?
		3.3 Polymer Optical Fiber Amplifier (POFA)
		3.4 Polymer Optical Fiber Lasers and Detectors
		3.5 Erbium Doped Fiber Amplifier (EDFA)
		3.6 Latest Advances in the Field of POA
	4 Prospects
	References
Functionalised (ZnO:Dy@AuNP) Nanoassembly for Sensing Nitro Aromatic Compound
	1 Introduction
	2 Results and Discussion
		2.1 Photoluminescence Study of MPA Capped ZnO:Dy
		2.2 UV–Visible Absorption Study of Cysteamine Capped AuNP
		2.3 Functional Group Analysis of MPA Capped QD Using FT-IR
		2.4 Functional Group Analysis of Cysteamine Capped AuNP Using FT-IR
		2.5 Quenching Studies of Dy:ZnO@MPA and AuNP@cysteamine Assembly
		2.6 Detection of the Analyte (TNT)
		2.7 Selectivity Study
		2.8 Morphological Study
		2.9 Size Distribution Analysis
		2.10 Fluorescence Life Time Study
		2.11 Magnetic Measurements of Mercaptopropionic Acid Capped ZnO and ZnO:Dy Quantum Dots
	3 Conclusions
	4 Experimental
		4.1 Reagents
		4.2 Synthesis of MPA Capped Dysprosium Doped ZnO QD
		4.3 Synthesis of Cysteamine Functionalised AuNPs
		4.4 The Spectrofluorometric Determination of Turn-Off Fluorescence
		4.5 The Spectrofluorometric Detection of 2,4,6-Trinitrotoluene
	References
Hybrid Nanostructures for Biomedical Applications
	1 Introduction
	2 Organic/Inorganic Hybrid Nanomaterials
		2.1 Hybrid Nanoparticles
		2.2 Hybrid Nanocomposites
		2.3 Hybrid Nanomaterials
		2.4 Hybrid Nanocomposites
	3 Biomedical Applications
		3.1 Detection and Treatment of Cancer
	4 Conclusions and Clinical Prospects
	References
Progress on Lanthanide Ion-Activated Inorganic Hybrid Phosphors: Properties and Applications
	1 Introduction
		1.1 Lanthanide Ion-Activated Inorganic Phosphors
		1.2 Significance of Ln3+-Activated Inorganic Phosphors Based Hybrids
	2 Various Types of Ln3+-Based Inorganic Hybrid Materials and Applications
		2.1 Ln3+-doped Phosphor-Semiconductor Hybrids for Energy Applications
		2.2 Ln3+-doped Phosphor-Magnetic Material Hybrids for Multimodal Imaging Applications
		2.3 Ln3+-doped Phosphor-Plasmonic Metal Hybrids for Luminescence Enhancement and Sensing Applications
		2.4 Ln3+-doped Phosphor-Graphene (and Its Derivatives) Hybrids for FRET Based-Sensing, and Drug Delivery Applications
		2.5 Ln3+-doped Phosphor-Quantum Dot Hybrids for Bioimaging, FRET-Based Biosensing, and Energy Applications
		2.6 Ln3+-doped Hybrid Phosphors with Other Materials
	3 Summary and Outlook
	References