Graphene Based Biopolymer Nanocomposites

Preface
Contents
Emerging Trends in Green Polymer Based Composite Materials: Properties, Fabrication and Applications
	1 Introduction
	2 Key Trends in Composite Materials
	3 Focus on Graphene as a Filler Green Polymer-Based Composites Material
	4 Fabrication Techniques for Green Polymers Based Composite Materials
		4.1 Hand Lay-Up Technique
		4.2 Filament Winding Technique
		4.3 Compression Molding Technique
		4.4 Vacuum Bagging Technique
		4.5 Autoclave Molding Technique
		4.6 Resin Transfer Molding (RTM) Technique
	5 Characterization of Green Polymer Based Composite Materials
		5.1 Reinforcement Testing
	6 Application of Green Polymers Based Composite Materials
	7 Conclusions
	References
Graphene and Its Derivatives: Fundamental Properties
	1 Introduction
		1.1 Graphene
		1.2 Graphene Oxide (GO)
		1.3 Reduced Graphene Oxide (RGO)
	2 Applications
	3 Toxicity of Graphene and Its Derivatives
	4 Effect of Nanosize on Graphene and Its Derivatives
	5 Limitations of Graphene and Its Derivatives
	6 Conclusion
	References
Graphene-Based Biopolymer and Nano Composites: Fabrication, Characterization, and Applications
	1 Introduction
	2 Graphene
		2.1 Synthesis of Graphene
	3 Graphene Based Biopolymer Nano Composites
		3.1 Melt Intercalation
		3.2 Solution Intercalation (SI)
		3.3 In-Situ Polymerization
	4 Characterization Technique for Graphene Based Nano Composites
	5 Applications of Graphene Based Nano Composites
	6 Limitation and Future Aspects
	7 Conclusion
	References
Structural Applications of Graphene Based Biopolymer Nanocomposites
	1 Introduction
	2 Graphene
		2.1 Derivatives of Graphene
	3 Limitations of Graphene and Its Derivatives
	4 Preparation of Graphene Biopolymer Nanocomposites
		4.1 Solution Casting
		4.2 Melt Mixing
		4.3 In Situ Polymerization
	5 Role of Matrix in Graphene Based Nanocomposites
		5.1 Graphene Based Biopolymer Nanocomposites
		5.2 Graphene Based Synthetic Polymer Nanocomposites
		5.3 Graphene Nanocomposites with Other Nanofiller
	6 Structural Application of Graphene Based Biopolymer Nanocomposites
		6.1 Sensors
		6.2 Supercapacitor
		6.3 Biomedical Applications
		6.4 Civil Infrastructure
		6.5 Hydrogels
	7 Conclusion
	References
Graphene Functionalized PLA Nanocomposites and Their Biomedical Applications
	1 Introduction
	2 Synthesis Protocols for Graphene Nanocomposites
		2.1 Covalent Reactions
		2.2 Solvothermal/Hydrothermal Method
		2.3 In Situ Electroless Chemical Deposition
		2.4 Mixing and Physical Deposition
		2.5 Ball-Milling Approach
	3 Functionalization Methods for Graphene Nanocomposites
		3.1 Functionalization with Molecules and Nanoscale Objects
		3.2 (i) Functionalization with Molecules
		3.3 (ii) Functionalization with Nanoscale Objects
		3.4 Inorganic Functionalization of Graphene Nanocomposites
		3.5 Organic Functionalization of Graphene Nanocomposites
		3.6 Graphene Functionalized PLA Nanocomposites
	4 Biomedical Applications
		4.1 Bone Substitutes and Repairing
		4.2 Tissue Engineering
		4.3 Drug Delivery System
	5 Conclusions
	References
Graphene Reinforced PVA Nanocomposites and Their Applications
	1 Introduction
	2 Poly (Vinyl Alcohol) (PVA)
	3 Nanocomposites
	4 Preparation Methods of Graphene Reinforced PVA
	5 Applications of Graphene Reinforced PVA Nanocomposites
		5.1 Sensors
		5.2 Energy Storage Devices
		5.3 Biodegradability
		5.4 Medical and Food Packaging Applications
	6 Various Other Applications
		6.1 Optical Films
		6.2 Safety Glass
		6.3 Filler Membranes
	7 Conclusions
	8 Future Prospects
	References
Graphene Grafted Chitosan Nanocomposites and Their Applications
	1 Introduction
	2 Chitosan
		2.1 Transformation of Chitin into Chitosan
		2.2 Graphene and Its Derivatives
	3 Processing Method of Graphene Based Chitosan Nanocomposites
	4 Advantages of Incorporation of Graphene in Chitosan
	5 Versatile Applications of Graphene Reinforced Chitosan
	6 Limitations of Utilizing GO in Chitosan
	7 Conclusion and Perspectives
	References
Graphene Oxide—Plant Gum Nanocomposites for Sustainable Applications
	1 Introduction
	2 Plant Gums
	3 Electrospinning of Plant Gums
	4 Graphene Oxide-Plant Gum Fibers/films
		4.1 Electrospun Fibers Based on GO
	5 Surface Treatments to Improve the Functionality of Plant Gum Bioplastic Fibers
		5.1 Plasma Treatment
		5.2 Plasma Treated Plant Gum Fibers
		5.3 γ-ray Irradiation Treatment
	6 Bioplastic Films
		6.1 Plant Gums-GO Bioplastic Films
	7 Major Drawback to Develop Plant Gum-GO Based Bioplastics
	8 Conclusions and Prospects
	References
Graphene Functionalized Starch Biopolymer Nanocomposites: Fabrication, Characterization, and Applications
	1 Introduction
	2 Starch
		2.1 Structure and Properties of Starch
		2.2 Modification of Starch
	3 Starch-Based Biodegradable Polymers
		3.1 Graphene Functionalized Starch Biopolymer Nanocomposites (GFSBN)
	4 Analysis and Characterization Techniques
	5 Applications of Graphene Functionalized Starch-Based Biopolymer Nanocomposites
	6 Conclusions
	References
Surface Functionalization of Graphene Based Polyhydroxyalkanoates Nanocomposites and Their Applications
	1 Introduction
	2 Polyhydroxyalkanoates
	3 Chemistry of Polyhydroxyalkanoates
	4 Graphene-Based Polyhydroxyalkanoates
	5 Surface Modification Techniques
		5.1 Covalent Surface Functionalization
		5.2 Non-covalent Surface Functionalization
	6 Applications
	7 Challenges and Limitations
	8 Conclusion and Future Perspectives
	References
Natural Rubber/Graphene Nanocomposites and Their Applications
	1 Introduction
	2 About Graphene
		2.1 Preparation Methods of Graphene
		2.2 Mechanical Exfoliation from Graphite
		2.3 Solvent/Liquid-Phase Exfoliation
		2.4 Thermal Exfoliation
		2.5 Chemical Vapour Deposition (CVD) Process
	3 Characterization of Graphene
		3.1 Microscopy Techniques
		3.2 X-Ray Diffraction and Raman Spectroscopy Analysis
	4 Graphene Reinforced Elastomer Nanocomposites
		4.1 Melt Mixing/Blending
		4.2 Solution/Latex Blending
		4.3 In Situ Polymerization
	5 Mechanical Properties
		5.1 Tensile Properties
		5.2 Dynamic Mechanical Properties
	6 Conclusions and Perspectives
	References
Graphene Reinforced Biopolymer Nanocomposites for Water Filtration Applications
	1 Introduction
	2 Polymer Nano Composites
	3 Synthetic Polymers Versus Natural Polymers
	4 Preparation of Composites Membranes
		4.1 Preparation of Chitosan Nano Composites Membranes
		4.2 Material Selection for Membrane Materials
	5 Process Selection Procedure
		5.1 Digital Logic Method
		5.2 Weighted Property Method
		5.3 Scaled Properties
		5.4 Performance Index
	6 Results
	7 Conclusions
	8 Future Prospects
	References
Graphene Reinforced Biopolymer Nanocomposites in Energy Storage Applications
	1 Introduction
	2 Why Biopolymers?
	3 Will the World Get Its Next Energy Fix?
		3.1 Graphene Reinforced Biopolymer Nanocomposites in Supercapacitors
		3.2 Graphene Reinforced Biopolymer Nanocomposites in Lithium Ion Batteries
		3.3 Graphene Reinforced Biopolymer Nanocomposites in Solar Cells
	4 Limitations and Challenges
	5 Conclusion and Future Trends
	References
Functionalization of Graphene Based Biopolymer Nanocomposites for Packaging and Building Applications
	1 Introduction
	2 Packaging Applications
		2.1 Starch
		2.2 Chitosan
		2.3 Cellulose
		2.4 Other Biopolymers
	3 Building Applications
		3.1 Protective Coating
		3.2 Thermal Management
		3.3 Phase Change Materials
	4 Conclusions
	References
Graphene Based Biopolymer Nanocomposites in Sensors
	1 Introduction
	2 Graphene
	3 Sensing Properties
	4 Graphene-Based Biopolymer Nanocomposites
	5 Sensing Applications of Graphene Based Biopolymer Nanocomposites
		5.1 Electrochemical Sensor
		5.2 Gas Sensors
		5.3 Biosensor
		5.4 Fluorescence Resonance Energy Transfer (FRET) Sensors
	6 Visualizing the Challenges
	7 Conclusion and Future Prospects
	References
Graphene Based Biopolymer Nanocomposite Applications in Drug Delivery
	1 Introduction
		1.1 Graphene and Graphene Oxide (GO)
		1.2 Drug Delivery
	2 Synthesis of GO
	3 Bio-functionalization of GO
		3.1 Covalent Functionalization
		3.2 Non-covalent Functionalization
	4 Formulating Sustained-Delivery Systems
	5 Biocompatibility and Toxicity of Graphene Oxide-Related Drug Carriers
		5.1 Gene and Cellular Delivery of GO
		5.2 Graphene Oxide for Biomolecule Delivery
		5.3 Antibacterial Activity or Bacteria Filtration of GO
	6 GO in Chemotherapy
	7 Application of Nano-medicine as Drugs
		7.1 Co-delivery of Multi-drug
	8 Limitations
	9 Future Prospective
	10 Conclusions
	References
Application of Graphene-Based Biopolymer Nanocomposites for Automotive and Electronic Based Components
	1 Introduction
	2 Graphene as Potential Filler Material in Biopolymer Nanocomposites
	3 Application of Graphene-Based Biopolymer Nanocomposites
		3.1 Applications of Graphene-Based Nanocomposites in Automotive Components
		3.2 Application of Graphene-Based Biopolymer Nanocomposites in Electronic Components
	4 Limitations of Using Graphene as Filler Material
	5 Conclusion
	References