Human Trafficking: A Global Perspective

Half-title......Page 3
Series-title......Page 4
Title......Page 5
Copyright......Page 6
Acknowledgments......Page 9
Introduction......Page 17
Defining the Scale of the Problem......Page 20
Legislative Framework that Defines Human Smuggling and Trafficking......Page 24
Global Reach of Smuggling and Trafficking......Page 28
A Gender Perspective......Page 32
Gaining Awareness of the Problem – Developing a Global Vision......Page 34
Sources for the Book......Page 38
Organization of the Book......Page 43
Part I The Rise and Costs of Human Trafficking......Page 51
1 Why Has Human Trafficking Flourished?......Page 53
Demand for Human Trafficking......Page 55
Globalization......Page 56
Decline of Borders, Globalization, and the Post – Cold War Era......Page 58
Globalization, Crises, and Unequal Economic Development......Page 60
Rise of the Illicit Global Economy, Globalized Corruption, and Human Trafficking......Page 62
End of the Cold War......Page 65
Regional Conflicts and Trafficking......Page 66
Statelessness......Page 67
Rural to Urban Migration......Page 68
Gender and Ethnic Discrimination that Gives Rise to Trafficking......Page 69
Public Health Causes......Page 71
Conclusion......Page 73
2 The Diverse Consequences of Human Trafficking......Page 75
Impact on the Individual and the Community......Page 76
Demographic Consequences......Page 81
Trafficking as a New Form of Authoritarianism......Page 82
The Impact of Trafficking on Democracy......Page 84
Trafficking, Conflict States, and Terrorism......Page 86
Health Consequences......Page 88
Labor Consequences......Page 92
Conclusion......Page 94
Part II The Financial Side of Human Trafficking......Page 97
3 Human Trafficking as Transnational Organized Crime......Page 99
Diversity of Actors......Page 100
Comparing Drug and Human Traffickers......Page 102
Women as Traffickers......Page 104
The Routes of the Traffickers......Page 108
Recruitment......Page 110
Transport and Entry......Page 116
Securing Residence......Page 121
Controlling the Victim......Page 123
Conclusion......Page 126
4 The Business of Human Trafficking......Page 128
Trade and Development Model – Chinese Traffickers......Page 130
Natural Resource Model – Post-Soviet Organized Crime......Page 134
Violent Entrepreneur Model – Balkan Crime Groups......Page 137
American Pimp Model – High Consumption and Small Savings......Page 139
Supermarket Model – Low Cost and High Volume –.U.S.-Mexican – Trade......Page 141
Traditional Slavery with Modern Technology – Trafficking out of Nigeria and West Africa......Page 144
Applying the Insights of the Business Models of Trafficking......Page 147
Conclusion......Page 151
Part III Regional Perspectives......Page 155
5 Asian Trafficking......Page 157
Historical Precedents......Page 161
The Distinctiveness and Diversity of Asian Trafficking......Page 164
Northeast Asia......Page 168
Southeast Asia......Page 173
South Asia......Page 182
Conclusion......Page 186
Index......Page 190
Persistence of the Problem......Page 192
Diversity of Trafficking......Page 195
Distinctiveness of Human Trafficking......Page 199
Regional Variations in Trafficking......Page 205
The Global Recession of 2008 and Human Trafficking......Page 211
Combating Human Trafficking......Page 212
Conclusions......Page 214
7.Trafficking in Europe......Page 217
Historical Precedent......Page 223
Distinctive European Conditions......Page 226
The Diversity of the Problem......Page 232
Factors Precipitating Human Trafficking into Europe......Page 237
Conflicts and Political Oppression......Page 238
European Response to Human Trafficking......Page 239
Conclusion......Page 241
8 Trafficking in the United States......Page 245
The Diversity of American Trafficking......Page 249
Historical Precedent......Page 251
Distinctive Features of American Trafficking......Page 255
The Business of Human Trafficking......Page 259
Regional Variations and Forms of Human Trafficking......Page 261
The Midwest......Page 262
South of the United States......Page 266
Northeast and Midatlantic......Page 270
Southwest......Page 272
West......Page 273
The American Response to Trafficking......Page 275
Conclusion......Page 278
9 Human Trafficking in Latin America and Africa......Page 281
Historical Precedents......Page 286
Distinctive Features of Latin American, Caribbean, and African Trafficking......Page 290
Forms of Human Trafficking and the Nature of Human Traffickers......Page 297
Who Are the Traffickers?......Page 301
Routes and Destinations......Page 305
Conclusion......Page 307
Conclusion......Page 311
The Reemergence of Human Trafficking......Page 315
Addressing Human Trafficking......Page 318
The Consumers......Page 322
Business World......Page 324
Civil Society......Page 332
Role of Government......Page 336
Multilateral Efforts......Page 338