HOW'S LIFE? 2020.

Foreword
Reader’s guide
	Conventions
	How’s Life? indicator dashboard
		Headline indicator selection
	Change over time
	Breakdowns considered in inequalities analyses
	References
Executive summary
	In many ways, life is getting better…
	…but different OECD countries face very different realities
	…and insecurity, disconnection and despair affect some parts of the population
	Inequalities in well-being persist
	Risks across natural, economic and social systems threaten future well-being
1 How’s Life? in OECD countries
	How’s Life in the OECD?
		Income and Wealth, Housing, Work and Job Quality
		Health, Knowledge and Skills, Environmental Quality, Subjective Well-being, Safety
		Social Connections, Civic Engagement, Work-Life Balance
	In which countries is life getting better or worse?
		Trends in average well-being headline indicators since 2010, by country
		Trends in inequalities in well-being headline indicators since 2010, by country
	Who has a good life?
		Well-being inequalities between women and men
		Well-being inequalities by age
		Well-being inequalities by education
	How sustainable is well-being going forward?
		Trends in resources for future well-being headline indicators since 2010, by country
	References
		Annex 1.A. Headline well-being indicators
	Notes
2 Income and Wealth
	Household income
		Mean household net adjusted disposable income
		Income gaps between the top 20% and the bottom 20%
		Relative income poverty
		Difficulty making ends meet
	Household wealth
		Median wealth per household
		Financial insecurity
	Income and Wealth inequalities: gaps between population groups
		Younger people are more likely to live in households with lower income and less wealth
		Wealth is twice as high in households headed by tertiary-educated individuals
	References
3 Housing
	Overcrowding rate
	Housing affordability
	Housing cost overburden
	Poor households without access to basic sanitary facilities
	Households with high-speed internet access
	Housing inequalities: gaps between population groups
		Urban households have greater access to high-speed internet than those in rural areas
	References
4 Work and Job Quality
	Employment rate (ages 25 to 64)
	Youth not in employment, education or training (ages 15-24)
	Long-term unemployment rate
	Labour market insecurity
	Earnings
	Job strain
	Long hours in paid work
	Inequalities in Work and Job Quality: gaps between population groups
		Work and Job Quality are generally better for men
		Middle-aged adults enjoy more and better jobs
		Tertiary-educated adults generally enjoy better Work and Job Quality
	References
5 Health
	Life expectancy at birth
	Perceived health
	Deaths from suicide, acute alcohol abuse and drug overdose
	Depressive symptoms
	Health inequalities: gaps between population groups
		Men live shorter lives and suffer more deaths of despair, but report better health and fewer depressive symptoms than women
		People with less education and income have worse health
	References
6 Knowledge and Skills
	Cognitive skills at age 15: PISA scores in maths, reading and science
		PISA mathematics scores
		PISA reading scores
		PISA science scores
		The distribution of cognitive skills among students at age 15
	Cognitive skills of adults: PIAAC mean scores in literacy and numeracy
		Adult literacy and numeracy
		Deprivations in adult literacy and numeracy
	Knowledge and Skills inequalities: gaps between population groups
		There are persistent gender differences in knowledge and skills
		Older adults do less well on literacy and numeracy tests
		Parents’ educational attainment is associated with cognitive skills at age 15
	References
7 Environmental Quality
	Exposure to outdoor air pollution
	Access to recreational green space in urban areas
	Environmental inequalities: gaps between population groups
	References
8 Subjective Well-being
	Life satisfaction
	Negative affect balance
	Subjective Well-being inequalities: gaps between population groups
		Gender gaps are negligible for life satisfaction, but women experience higher rates of negative affect balance than men
		People under age 30 have higher life satisfaction and better affect balance than their older peers
		Education-related gaps are larger in countries with lower Subjective Well-being overall
	References
9 Safety
	Homicides
	Feelings of safety when walking alone at night
	Road deaths
	Safety inequalities: gaps between population groups
		Gender gaps are high across most Safety indicators
		The middle-aged and tertiary educated are more likely to feel safe when walking alone at night
	References
10 Work-Life Balance
	Time off
	Long unpaid working hours
	Gender gap in total hours worked
	Satisfaction with time use
	Work-Life Balance inequalities: gaps between population groups
		Men have more time off than women and work fewer long hours in unpaid work
		The middle-aged have the least leisure time, and are least satisfied with their time use
		People with higher education are less satisfied with their time use
	References
11 Social Connections
	Social support
	Time spent in social interactions
	Satisfaction with personal relationships
	Social Connections inequalities: gaps between population groups
		Women spend more time in social interactions than men, but there are no gender differences in support or satisfaction
		Older people feel less supported and often spend less time in social interactions than younger age groups
		People with higher education report better access to social support
	References
12 Civic Engagement
	Voter turnout
	Having a say in what the government does
	Civic Engagement inequalities: gaps between population groups
		Gender gaps in Civic Engagement outcomes are small and marginally favour women
		There are notable age- and education-related differences in Civic Engagement
	References
13 Economic Capital
	Produced fixed assets
	Intellectual property assets
	Gross fixed capital formation
	Investment in R&D
	Financial net worth of the total economy
	Financial net worth of general government
	Household debt
	Leverage of the banking sector
	References
14 Natural Capital
	Biological resources and biodiversity
	Climate change
	Soil quality and freshwater resources
	Waste and materials
	References
15 Human Capital
	Educational attainment among young adults
	Labour underutilisation rate
	Premature mortality
	Smoking prevalence
	Obesity prevalence
	References
16 Social Capital
	Volunteering through organisations
	Trust in others
	Trust in institutions: police
	Trust in institutions: national government
	Government stakeholder engagement
	Gender parity in politics
	Corruption
	References
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