Hormones and Plant Response

Preface
Contents
Chapter 1: Plant Hormones and Plant Defense Response Against Pathogens
	1.1 Perception and Signal Transduction: The Apoplastic Crosstalk
	1.2 Cell Signaling: Perception of Danger Signal
		1.2.1 Effectors and Receptors
		1.2.2 Signal Transduction Pathways
	1.3 Nitric Oxide, Hydrogen Peroxide and Melatonin as Mediators for Defense Responses
	1.4 Phytohormones in Pathogen Resistance: Roles and Network
		1.4.1 Salicylic Acid (SA)
		1.4.2 Jasmonates (JA), Ethylene (ET) and Polyamines
		1.4.3 Cytokinins (CK)
		1.4.4 Auxin
		1.4.5 Brassinosteroids (BRs)
		1.4.6 Gibberellins (GAs)
	1.5 Genome Editing Tools: CRISPR/Cas Technology as New Approach to Improve Crop Resistance
	1.6 Conclusion
	References
Chapter 2: Plant Hormones and Nutrient Deficiency Responses
	2.1 Introduction
	2.2 Experimental Techniques Used to Study the Role of Hormones in the Regulation of Nutrient Deficiency Responses
		2.2.1 Hormone Measurements
		2.2.2 Exogenous Application of Hormones, their Precursors and Inhibitors
		2.2.3 Use of Mutants Altered in the Regulation of Responses
		2.2.4 Use of Hormone Mutants
		2.2.5 Split-Root Experiments
		2.2.6 Use of Reciprocally Grafted Plants Between WT and Mutants or Transgenic Lines Altered in the Regulation of Responses
		2.2.7 Use of Detopped Plants, Girdled Plants or Foliar Application of Nutrients and Other Compounds
		2.2.8 Molecular Techniques (Transcriptomic, Proteomic, Metabolomic, Y2H, BiFC, …)
	2.3 Nutrient Deficiency Responses
		2.3.1 General Adaptive Responses
			2.3.1.1 Shoot-Root Growth Alterations/TOR/SnRKs
			2.3.1.2 Recycling/Authophagy
			2.3.1.3 Substitution
		2.3.2 Specific Responses
			2.3.2.1 Physiological Responses
			2.3.2.2 Morphological Responses
	2.4 Sensors and Transceptors
	2.5 Role of Hormones in the Regulation of Nutrient Deficiency Responses
		2.5.1 Role of Hormones on General Adaptive Responses
			2.5.1.1 Role of Hormones on Shoot-Root Growth Alterations/TOR/SnRKs
			2.5.1.2 Role of Hormones on Recycling/Authophagy
		2.5.2 Role of Hormones on Specific Responses
			2.5.2.1 Role of Hormones on Physiological Responses
			2.5.2.2 Role of Hormones on Morphological Responses
	2.6 Crosstalk Between Different Hormones, and Between Hormones and Other Signaling Substances
	2.7 Concluding Remarks and Future Perspectives
	References
Chapter 3: Seed Germination: Explicit Crosstalk Between Hormones and ROS
	3.1 Introduction
	3.2 Seed Germination: First Sign of Perceptible Growth and Hormonal Interplay
	3.3 ROS, an Inevitable Player – Signaling and/or Direct Action in Growth
	3.4 Cross-Talk Between Hormone and ROS During Seed Germination
	3.5 ROS – PM H+-ATPase – Hormones: Extension of the Signaling Network
	3.6 Reactive Nitrogen Species (RNS): Another Potential Candidate to Play for Signaling
	3.7 Conclusion
	References
Chapter 4: Hormones and Light-Regulated Seedling Development
	4.1 Light-Regulated Responses During Seedling Development
	4.2 Light Perception and Signaling in Plants
		4.2.1 Perception of Light Signals
			4.2.1.1 Perception of Red and Far-Red Lights
			4.2.1.2 Perception of Blue Light
			4.2.1.3 Perception of UV-B Light
		4.2.2 Transcriptional Hubs Regulating Light-Mediated Changes in Gene Expression
	4.3 Hormonal Regulation of Dark-Adapted Seedling Growth Beneath the Soil
	4.4 Hormones Mediate Light-Induced Opening and Expansion of Cotyledons
	4.5 Regulation of Chlorophyll and Anthocyanin Accumulation by Hormones
	4.6 Hormones Control Hypocotyl Growth Under Light
	4.7 Hormonal Regulation of Phototropism and Shade Avoidance Response
	4.8 Conclusion
	References
Chapter 5: Light-Mediated Regulation of Plant Hormone Metabolism
	5.1 Initial Considerations
	5.2 A Brief Update on Light Signaling in Higher Plants
	5.3 Mechanistic Links Between Light Perception and Hormone Metabolism in Higher Plants: A Wide Spectrum of Possibilities
		5.3.1 Light and Auxin Metabolism
		5.3.2 Light and Gibberellin Metabolism
		5.3.3 Light and Abscisic Acid Metabolism
		5.3.4 Light and Cytokinin Metabolism
		5.3.5 Light and Ethylene Metabolism
		5.3.6 Light and Brassinosteroid Metabolism
	5.4 Concluding Remarks
	References
Chapter 6: Hormones in Photoperiodic Flower Induction
	6.1 Introduction
	6.2 Photoperiodic Induction of Flowering
	6.3 The Effect of Hormones on the Induction of Flowering of Plants with Different Photoperiodic Requirements
	6.4 Effect of Photoperiod on Hormone Metabolism and Signal Transduction Pathways During Generative Induction
	6.5 Mechanisms of Hormone Action During Photoperiodic Induction of Flowering
	6.6 Interactions of Hormones in the Regulation of Flowering Induction in Ipomoea nil
	6.7 Summary
	References
Chapter 7: Recent Insights into Auxin-Mediated Molecular Cross Talk Events Associated with Regulation of Root Growth and Architecture During Abiotic Stress in Plants
	7.1 Introduction
	7.2 Regulation of Root Architecture
	7.3 Auxin Efflux Carriers Coordinate Auxin Distribution in Roots During Abiotic Stress
	7.4 Abiotic-Stress Induced Regulation of Auxin Homoeostasis in Roots
	7.5 NO and JA Precisely Regulate Root Development by Acting Through Auxin-Mediated Signaling Pathway
	7.6 ABA and Ethylene Crosstalk Integrates Auxin Signalling in Plant Roots During Osmotic Stress
	7.7 Hydrogen Sulphide and Indoleamine-Mediated Auxin Signalling in Roots
	7.8 Concluding Remarks and Future Perspectives
	References
Chapter 8: Abscisic Acid and Fruit Ripening: Its Role in Grapevine Acclimation to the Environment, a Case of Study
	8.1 ABA Biochemistry
	8.2 ABA Physiology
	8.3 Relevance of ABA in the Physiology of Fruit Ripening
	8.4 ABA and Grapevine
	8.5 Conclusions Regarding Grapevines and ABA
	References
Chapter 9: Biosynthesis and Molecular Mechanism of Brassinosteroids Action
	9.1 Introduction
	9.2 Chemical Structure of Brassinosteroids
	9.3 Metabolism of Brassinosteroids
	9.4 Brassinosteroids Biosynthesis Pathways
		9.4.1 Early Steps of Brassinosteroids Biosynthesis
		9.4.2 Biosynthesis of C27-Brassinosteroids
		9.4.3 Biosynthesis of C28-Brassinosteroids
		9.4.4 Biosynthesis of C29-Brassinosteroids
		9.4.5 Inhibitors of Brassinosteroid Biosynthesis
	9.5 Signal Transduction of Brassinosteroids
		9.5.1 Structure of BRI1/BAK1 Receptors
		9.5.2 Brassinosteroids’ Crosstalk with Other Phytohormones
	9.6 Conclusions and Future Perspectives
	References
Chapter 10: Regulatory Role of Melatonin in the Redox Network of Plants and Plant Hormone Relationship in Stress
	10.1 Introduction
	10.2 Metabolism of ROS and RNS
	10.3 Melatonin and ROS/RNS
	10.4 Melatonin in the ROS/RNS Network in Plants
	10.5 Melatonin and Gene Regulation in the Redox Network
	10.6 Melatonin and Plant Hormone Relationship
		10.6.1 Auxin
		10.6.2 Gibberellin, Abscisic Acid and Cytokinins
		10.6.3 Ethylene
		10.6.4 Salicylic Acid and Jasmonic Acid
		10.6.5 Brassinosteroids, Polyamines and Strigolactones
	10.7 Conclusions
	References
Chapter 11: Tryptophan: A Precursor of Signaling Molecules in Higher Plants
	11.1 Introduction
	11.2 Tryptophan Is Generated in the Shikimate (Chorismate) Pathway
		11.2.1 Auxin, Indole-3-Acetic Acid (IAA)
		11.2.2 Serotonin (5-Hydroxytryptamine, 5-HT)
		11.2.3 Melatonin (N-Acetyl-5-Methoxytryptamine)
			11.2.3.1 Abiotic Stress
			11.2.3.2 Fruit Ripening and Postharvest
	11.3 Conclusions and Future Perspectives
	References
Chapter 12: GABA and Proline Metabolism in Response to Stress
	12.1 Introduction
	12.2 Biosynthesis and Degradation of GABA in Plants
	12.3 Proline Metabolism in Plants
	12.4 GABA and Proline Involvement in Abiotic Stresses Responses
	12.5 GABA and Proline Responses in Plants Under Biotic Stresses
	12.6 Potential Functions of GABA in Plant Response to Abiotic and Biotic Stress
	12.7 Potential Functional Implications of Proline in Plants Under Stress
	12.8 Potential Links Between GABA and Proline Metabolism and Hormone Signalling
	12.9 Upcoming Challenges for the Understanding of Proline and GABA Contributions to Stress Tolerance in Plants
	References