Helicobacter Infection in Clinical Practice

Preface
Contents
Part I: Introduction
1: When to Diagnose and Treat Helicobacter pylori?
	1.1	 Introduction
	1.2	 Main Body
		1.2.1	 Route of Transmission
		1.2.2	 Colonization of H. pylori
		1.2.3	 Interaction Between Host and H. pylori
		1.2.4	 Optimal Timing of Diagnosis
		1.2.5	 Optimal Timing of Treatment
	1.3	 Conclusions
	References
2: Helicobacter pylori-Related Diseases
	2.1	 Introduction
	2.2	 Main Body
		2.2.1	 Gastritis
		2.2.2	 Peptic Ulcer Diseases
		2.2.3	 Gastric Adenocarcinoma
		2.2.4	 Gastric Marginal Zone B-Cell Lymphoma of Mucosa-Associated Lymphoid Tissue Lymphoma (MALT), Gastric MALT Lymphoma
		2.2.5	 Extra-Gastric Diseases (Fig. 2.2)
			2.2.5.1	 Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease
			2.2.5.2	 Colorectal Cancer
			2.2.5.3	 Hematologic Disorders
			2.2.5.4	 Cardiovascular Disorders
			2.2.5.5	 Allergic Diseases
			2.2.5.6	 Others
	2.3	 Conclusions
	References
Part II: Diagnosis of Helicobacter pylori
3: Indications for Helicobacter pylori Testing During Esophagogastroduodenoscopy
	3.1	 Introduction
	3.2	 Main Body
		3.2.1	 Gastric Lesions
		3.2.2	 Non-gastric Lesions
	3.3	 Conclusions
	References
4: Endoscopic Diagnosis for Helicobacter pylori Infection
	4.1	 Introduction
	4.2	 Main Body
		4.2.1	 Endoscopic Findings Suggesting Ongoing H. pylori Infection
			4.2.1.1	 Diffuse Redness in the Corpus
			4.2.1.2	 Spotty Redness in the Corpus
			4.2.1.3	 Enlarged Gastric Folds (Hypertrophic Rugae)
			4.2.1.4	 Nodular Gastritis in the Antrum
			4.2.1.5	 Focal Lesions (Gastric Xanthomas, Hyperplastic Polyps, Ulcers, and Tumors)
		4.2.2	 How to Increase the Efficacy of Invasive H. pylori Tests
			4.2.2.1	 Avoid H. pylori Tests in Noninfected Stomachs
			4.2.2.2	 Choose Appropriate Sites for Biopsy
			4.2.2.3	 Do Not Use Invasive Tests for Eradication Confirmation
	4.3	 Conclusions
	References
5: Rapid Urease Test
	5.1	 Introduction
	5.2	 Main Body
		5.2.1	 How the Rapid Urease Test Works
		5.2.2	 Accuracy of the RUT
		5.2.3	 H. pylori and Urease Activity
		5.2.4	 Collection and Preparation for the Test
		5.2.5	 Limitation of the Test
	5.3	 Conclusion
	References
6: Histopathological Examinations
	6.1	 Introduction
	6.2	 Main Body
		6.2.1	 Histologic Methods
		6.2.2	 Molecular Methods
			6.2.2.1	 Conventional PCR
			6.2.2.2	 Nested PCR
			6.2.2.3	 Multiplex PCR
			6.2.2.4	 Fluorescence In Situ Hybridization
			6.2.2.5	 Real-Time PCR
			6.2.2.6	 Digital PCR
		6.2.3	 Molecular Methods for Antimicrobial Resistance
	6.3	 Conclusion
	References
7: When to Perform Noninvasive Test for Helicobacter pylori?
	7.1	 Introduction
	7.2	 Main Body
		7.2.1	 Urea Breath Test
		7.2.2	 Serologic Tests
		7.2.3	 Stool Antigen Test
		7.2.4	 Stool PCR
	7.3	 Conclusion
	References
8: Serologic Diagnosis
	8.1	 Introduction
	8.2	 Main Body
		8.2.1	 Serologic Test Methods
			8.2.1.1	 Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay [8, 10, 12–14]
			8.2.1.2	 Western Blot [3, 9, 13]
			8.2.1.3	 Immunochromatographic Tests [9, 10, 15]
			8.2.1.4	 Multiplex Serology [13, 14, 16, 17]
		8.2.2	 Clinical Utility of Serologic Tests
	8.3	 Conclusion
	References
9: Urea Breath Test
	9.1	 Introduction
	9.2	 Main Body
		9.2.1	 The Principle of the Urea Breath Test
		9.2.2	 How to Perform the Urea Breath Test
		9.2.3	 General Considerations: Urea Substrate, Measuring Equipment, and Test Meal
		9.2.4	 Diagnostic Accuracy of the Urea Breath Test in Various Clinical Settings
	9.3	 Conclusions
	9.4	 Summary
	References
10: Other Diagnostic Methods
	10.1	 Introduction
	10.2	 Main Body
		10.2.1	 Stool Antigen Test
	10.3	 Conclusion
	References
11: Culture-Based Antibiotic Resistance Tests
	11.1	 Introduction
	11.2	 Main Body
		11.2.1	 The Standard Antimicrobial Susceptibility Test of H. pylori
			11.2.1.1	 H. pylori Culture
			11.2.1.2	 Biological Activity Test
			11.2.1.3	 Antibiotic Susceptibility Test
			11.2.1.4	 Criteria and Evaluation Methods
		11.2.2	 Clinical Outcomes of Tailored Therapy
	11.3	 Conclusion
	References
12: PCR-Based Antibiotic Resistance Tests
	12.1	 Introduction
	12.2	 Main Body
	12.3	 Conclusion
	References
Part III: Treatment of Helicobacter pylori
13: Empirical Therapy
	13.1	 Introduction
	13.2	 Main Body
		13.2.1	 Standard Triple Therapy
		13.2.2	 Sequential Therapy
		13.2.3	 Concomitant Therapy
	13.3	 Conclusion
	References
14: Tailored Therapy
	14.1	 Introduction
	14.2	 Main Body
		14.2.1	 Culture-Based Tailored Therapy
		14.2.2	 PCR-Based Tailored Therapy
		14.2.3	 Next-Generation Sequencing
		14.2.4	 Cost-Effectiveness of Tailored Therapy
	14.3	 Conclusions
	References
15: Proton-Pump Inhibitors and Potassium-Competitive Acid Blockers
	15.1	 Introduction
	15.2	 Main Body
	15.3	 Conclusion
	References
16: Role of Bismuth
	16.1	 Introduction
	16.2	 Main Body
	16.3	 Conclusion
	References
Part IV: Guidelines for Helicobacter pylori
17: Comparison of Recent Helicobacter pylori Guidelines
	17.1	 Introduction
	17.2	 Main Body
		17.2.1	 Indications
		17.2.2	 Initial Treatment
		17.2.3	 Second-Line Therapy
		17.2.4	 Third-Line Therapy
	17.3	 Conclusion
	References