Health economics

Cover
Title
Copyright
Dedication
Contents
Preface to the Sixth Edition
Acknowledgments
CHAPTER 1 Why Health Economics?
	1.1 Important (if not Unique) Aspects of Health Care Economics
	1.2 How Markets Interrelate in Medical Care and Health Insurance
	1.3 Afterthought
	1.4 Summary
	1.5 Related Chapters in Handbook of Health Economics
	1.6 Problems
CHAPTER 2 Utility and Health
	2.1 How to Think About Health and Health Care (or ... How Health Economics?)
	2.2 The Production of Health
	2.3 Health Through the Life Cycle
	2.4 A Model of Consumption and Health
	2.5 Summary
	2.6 Related Chapter in Handbook of Health Economics
	2.7 Problems
		Appendix to Chapter 2: A Formal Model of Utility Maximization
CHAPTER 3 The Transformation of Medical Care to Health
	3.1 The Productivity of Medical Care
	3.2 Confusion About the Production Function: A Policy Dilemma
	3.3 Physician-Specific Variations (Medical Practice Styles)
	3.4 Extensive and Intensive Margin Differences: Are They Similar?
	3.5 Summary
	3.6 Related Chapters in Handbook of Health Economics
	3.7 Problems
		Appendix to Chapter 3: Marginal, Average, and Total Productivity
CHAPTER 4 The Demand for Medical Care: Conceptual Framework
	4.1 Indifference Curves for Health and Other Goods
	4.2 From Indifference Curves to Demand Curves
	4.3 How Demand Curves Depend on Illness Events
	4.4 Demand Curves for Many Medical Services
	4.5 The Demand Curve for a Society: Adding up Individual Demands
	4.6 Use of the Demand Curve to Measure Value of Care
	4.7 How Insurance Affects a Demand Curve for Medical Care
	4.8 Time Costs and Travel Costs
	4.9 The Role of Quality in the Demand for Care
	4.10 Revisited: The Price Index for Health Care
	4.11 Summary
	4.12 Related Chapters in Handbook of Health Economics
	4.13 Problems
		Appendix to Chapter 4: Demand Curves and Demand Elasticities
CHAPTER 5 Empirical Studies of Medical Care Demand and Applications
	5.1 Studies of Demand Curves
	5.2 Another Randomized Study: The Oregon Medicaid Experiment
	5.3 Effects of Patients\' Age and Sex on Demand
	5.4 The Effects of Illness on Demand
	5.5 Lifestyle and Its Effects on Demand
	5.6 The Demand for \"Illness\"
	5.7 Further Discussion of Prescription Drug Insurance
	5.8 Other Studies of Demand for Medical Care
	5.9 Applications and Extensions of Demand Theory
	5.10 Decision Theory: Deriving the \"Right\" Demand Curve for Medical Care
	5.11 Cost-Effectiveness Ratios and Demand Curves
	5.12 Why Variations in Medical Practice?
	5.13 Summary
	5.14 Related Chapters in Handbook of Health Economics
	5.15 Problems
		Appendix to Chapter 5: An Example of Medical Decision Theory
CHAPTER 6 The Physician and the Physician-Firm
	6.1 The \"Firm\"—Inputs, Output, and Cost
	6.2 The Physician as Entrepreneur
	8.3 The Physician-Firm and its Production Function
	6.4 The Physician as Diagnostician
	6.5 Nonphysician Primary-Care Providers
	6.6 The Size of the Firm: Group Practice of Medicine
	6.7 Practice Ownership Patterns
	6.8 The Physician as Labor
	6.9 The Aggregate Supply Curve: Entry and Exit
	6.10 The Open Economy: U.S. and Internationally Trained Physicians
	6.11 Summary
	6.12 Related Chapters in Handbook of Health Economics
	6.13 Problems
		Appendix to Chapter 6: Cost Passthrough
CHAPTER 7 Physicians in the Marketplace
	7.1 Physician Location Decisions
	7.2 Consumer Search and Market Equilibrium
	7.3 The Consequences of Incomplete Search
	7.4 Actual Search by Patients
	7.5 Advertising and the Costs of Information
	7.6 The Role of Licensure
	7.7 Estimates of the Demand Curve Facing Physician-Firms
	7.8 Induced Demand
	7.9 The Role of Payment Schemes
	7.10 Summary
	7.11 Related Chapters in Handbook of Health Economics
	7.12 Problems
CHAPTER 8 The Hospital as a Supplier of Medical Care
	8.1 The Hospital Organization
	8.2 Who is the Residual Claimant?
	8.3 Where Does the Utility Function Come From?
	8.4 Hospital Costs
	8.5 Long-Run Versus Short-Run Costs
	8.6 The Hospital\'s \"Cost Curve\"
	8.7 Ambulatory Surgery Remakes the Hospital Sector
	8.8 The Demand Curve Facing a Single Hospital
	8.9 The Utility-Maximizing Hospital Manager Revisited
	8.10 Summary
	8.11 Related Chapters in Handbook of Health Economics
	8.12 Problems
CHAPTER 9 Hospitals in the Marketplace
	9.1 Hospitals and the Market for Medical Staff
	9.2 Hospitals and Patients
	9.3 A Model of Equilibrium Quality and Price
	9.4 Insurance and Competition in the Hospital\'s Decision
	9.5 Interaction of Doctors and Hospitals: \"Goodies\" for the Doctor
	9.6 Interaction of Doctors and Hospitals: Patients for the Hospital
	9.7 Competition: \"Old Style\" Versus \"New Style\"
	9.8 Entry and Exit: The Pivotal Role of For-Profit Hospitals
	9.9 The Hospital in Labor Markets
	9.10 Nursing \"Shortages\"
	9.11 Summary
	9.12 Related Chapters in Handbook of Health Economics
	9.13 Problems
		Appendix to Chapter 9: The Hospital\'s Quality and Quantity Decision
CHAPTER 10 The Demand for Health Insurance
	10.1 The Demand for Health Insurance
	10.2 Reasons People Want Insurance
	10.3 Choice of the Insurance Policy
	10.4 Insuring Preventive Services
	10.5 Insurance Market Stability: The Question of Self-Selection
	10.6 Income Tax Subsidization of Health Insurance
	10.7 Empirical Estimates of Demand for Insurance
	10.8 The Overall Effect of the Tax Subsidy on the Health Sector
	10.9 \"Optimal\" Insurance
	10.10 Other Models of Demand for Insurance
	10.11 Summary
	10.12 Related Chapters in Handbook of Health Economics
	10.13 Problems
		Appendixes to Chapter 10
			Appendix A: A Detailed Calculation of Welfare Loss
			Appendix Β: The Calculus of the Risk/Moral Hazard Tradeoff
			Appendix C: The Statistics of an Insurance Pool
CHAPTER 11 Health Insurance Supply and Managed Care
	11.1 The Supply of Insurance
	11.2 Insurance Exchanges in the PPACA
	11.3 Managed care: A Response to the Incentives of Traditional Insurance
	11.4 Why Managed Care?
	11.5 Market Share Trends
	11.6 Types of Interventions
	11.7 Which Interventions Work Best for Managed Care?
	11.8 Long-Run Issues
	11.9 Summary
	11.10 Related Chapters in Handbook of Health Economics
	11.11 Problems
CHAPTER 12 Government Provision of Health Insurance
	12.1 The Medicare Program
	12.2 Economically Appropriate Deductibles
	12.3 Program Additions Through Time
	12.4 Operational Changes in Medicare
	12.5 The Medicaid Program
	12.6 Summary
	12.7 Related Chapters in Handbook of Health Economics
	12.8 Problems
CHAPTER 13 Medical Malpractice
	13.1 Background of the Legal System in the U.S.
	13.2 The Economic Logic of Negligence Law
	13.3 Judicial Error, Defensive Medicine, and \"Tough Guys\"
	13.4 Medical Malpractice Insurance
	13.5 Evidence on Actual Deterrence
	13.6 Malpractice Awards: \"Lightning\" or a \"Broom Sweeping Clean\"?
	13.7 Tort Reform
	13.8 How Much Can Tort Reform Reduce Costs?
	13.9 Tort Reform Writ Large
	13.10 Summary
	13.11 Related Chapter in Handbook of Health Economics
	13.12 Problems
CHAPTER 14 Externalities in Health and Medical Care
	14.1 Externalities, Property Rights, and the Control of Externalities
	14.2 Externalities of Contagion
	14.3 Solutions to the Externality Problems
	14.4 International Issues: Expanding the Scope of the Externality
	14.5 Externalities from Tobacco
	14.6 Information as an Externality
	14.7 Research as an Externality
	14.8 Reasons for Such Little Research on Medical Effectiveness
	14.9 Transfusion-Induced AIDS and Hepatitis
	14.10 Summary
	14.11 Related Chapters in Handbook of Health Economics
	14.12 Problems
		Appendix to Chapter 14: Value of Life
CHAPTER 15 Managing the Market: Regulation, Quality Certification, and Technical Change
	15.1 A Taxonomy of Regulation
	15.2 Licensure
	15.3 Measuring Quality
	15.4 Paying for Outcomes: ACOs in the PPACA
	15.5 \"Certificate of Need\" (CON) Laws
	15.6 Price Controls
	15.7 Medicare Price Controls
	15.8 Drugs and Devices: The New Wave of Medical Care
	15.9 Summary
	15.10 Related Chapters in Handbook of Health Economics
	15.11 Problems
CHAPTER 16 Universal Insurance Issues and International Comparisons of Health Care Systems
	16.1 Aggregate International Comparisons
	16.2 Increase in Costs and Health Outcomes
	16.3 The Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act
	16.4 General Considerations for a National Health Policy
	16.5 A Final Conundrum
	16.0 Summary
	16.7 Related Chapters in Handbook of Health Economics
	16.8 Problems
Author\'s Postscript
Bibliography
Index