Hazardous Waste Management: Advances in Chemical and Industrial Waste Treatment and Technologies

Preface\nAcknowledgment\nContents\nAbout the Editor\nChapter 1: Introduction to Hazardous Waste Management and Control\n	1.1 Introduction\n	1.2 Hazardous Waste\n		1.2.1 Definitions\n		1.2.2 Listed Wastes\n		1.2.3 Hazardous Waste Identification\n		1.2.4 Hazardous Waste Generators\n		1.2.5 Hazardous Waste Sites (Superfund Sites)\n		1.2.6 Toxicology\n		1.2.7 Environmental Chemistry\n		1.2.8 Physical–Chemical Properties of Hazardous Wastes\n		1.2.9 Fate and Transport of Hazardous Wastes\n			Processes in the Subsurface\n			Transport in the Subsurface\n			Transport in the Air\n	1.3 Hazardous Waste Regulations\n		1.3.1 Resource Conservation and Recovery Act (RCRA) and Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation, and Liability Act (CERCLA)\n		1.3.2 Hazardous and Solid Waste Amendments (HSWA)\n		1.3.3 Superfund Amendment Reauthorization Act (SARA)\n		1.3.4 Emergency Planning and Community Right-to-Know Act (EPCRA)\n		1.3.5 Other Environmental Regulations Related to Hazardous Wastes\n			Toxic Substances Control Act (TSCA)\n			Occupational Safety and Health Act (OSHA)\n			Clean Water Act\n			Safe Drinking Water Act\n			Clean Air Act\n			Basel Convention-Hazardous Wastes Transport Between Countries\n	1.4 Hazardous Waste Management Methods\n		1.4.1 Pollution Prevention\n		1.4.2 Environmental Audit\n			Compliance Audit\n			Management Audit\n			Waste Minimization Audit\n			Liability Definition Audit\n			Waste Contractor Audit\n			Risk Definition Audit\n		1.4.3 Product Life Cycle\n	1.5 Hazardous Waste Treatment Technologies\n		1.5.1 Physical and Chemical Methods\n		1.5.2 Thermal Methods\n		1.5.3 Biological Methods\n	1.6 Summary\n	References\nChapter 2: Hazardous Waste Accidents: From the Past to the Present\n	2.1 Introduction\n	2.2 Industrial Case Studies\n		2.2.1 Minamata Methylmercury Poisoning\n		2.2.2 Seveso Disaster\n		2.2.3 Love Canal Disaster\n		2.2.4 Sydney Tar Ponds\n		2.2.5 Times Beach Evacuation\n		2.2.6 Bhopal Gas Tragedy\n		2.2.7 Hinkley Groundwater Contamination\n		2.2.8 Exxon Valdez Oil Spill\n		2.2.9 DuPont C8 Lawsuit\n		2.2.10 Ivory Coast Toxic Waste Dump\n		2.2.11 Kingston Fossil Plant Fly Ash Spill\n		2.2.12 Mayapuri Radiological Accident\n		2.2.13 Deepwater Horizon Oil Spill\n		2.2.14 Ajka Alumina Plant Accident\n		2.2.15 X-Press Pearl Disaster\n	2.3 Summary\n	References\nChapter 3: Conventional and Emerging Practices in Hazardous Waste Management\n	3.1 Introduction to Solid Waste\n	3.2 Types of Solid Waste\n		3.2.1 Nonhazardous Waste\n	3.3 Hazardous Waste\n		3.3.1 Hazardous Waste Classification\n			F List\n			K List\n			P and U Lists\n		3.3.2 Characteristics of Hazardous Waste\n			Ignitibility\n			Corrosivity\n			Reactivity\n			Toxicity\n	3.4 Hazardous Waste Generators\n	3.5 Hazardous Waste Sources\n	3.6 Effects of Hazardous Waste on Human Health and Environment\n	3.7 Hazardous Waste Management\n		3.7.1 Hazardous Waste Minimization\n			Case Study 1: Waste Minimization Strategies in Industrial and Manufacturing Facilities\n			Case Study 2: Waste Minimization Strategies in a Scientific Research Institution\n		3.7.2 Transport of Hazardous Waste\n		3.7.3 Conventional and Emerging Practices for Hazardous Waste Treatment\n			Adsorption Via Activated Carbon\n				Emerging Practices\n			Neutralization\n				Emerging Practices\n			Chemical Precipitation\n				Emerging Practices\n			Solidification and Stabilization\n				Emerging Practices\n			Biological Treatment\n				Emerging Practices\n		3.7.4 Conventional and Emerging Approaches for Hazardous Waste Disposal\n			Landfills\n				Emerging Practices\n			Sea Dumping\n				Emerging Practices\n			Incineration\n				Emerging Practices\n	3.8 Conclusions\n	References\nChapter 4: Pollution Prevention Methods and Related Regulations\n	4.1 Introduction\n	4.2 Pollution Prevention Methods\n		4.2.1 Pollution Prevention Hierarchy\n		4.2.2 Source Reduction\n		4.2.3 Waste Elimination\n		4.2.4 Material Substitution\n		4.2.5 Process Modifications\n		4.2.6 Waste Minimization Audit\n		4.2.7 Life Cycle Analysis\n		4.2.8 Recycling, Reuse, and Reduce\n	4.3 Pollution Prevention Regulations\n		4.3.1 Clean Air Act (CAA)\n		4.3.2 Emergency Planning and Community Right-to-Know Act (EPCRA)\n		4.3.3 Resource Conservation and Recovery Act (RCRA)\n		4.3.4 Clean Water Act (CWA)\n		4.3.5 Pollution Prevention Act (PPA)\n	4.4 Case Studies\n		4.4.1 Sydor Optics to Recover Cerium\n		4.4.2 Waste Reduction of Polypropylene Bags Using Six Sigma Methodology\n		4.4.3 LMDS: Safer Alternative to Solvent Degreasing\n		4.4.4 Plastic Pollution Prevention Measures During the 2019 COVID-19 Pandemic\n	4.5 Cost of Pollution Prevention\n	4.6 Conclusions\n	References\nChapter 5: Medical Waste Management and Treatment Technologies\n	5.1 Introduction\n	5.2 Categories of Medical Wastes\n	5.3 Quantities of Medical Wastes\n	5.4 Regulations Related to Medical Wastes\n	5.5 Medical Waste Management\n		5.5.1 Collection, Storage, and Transportation\n		5.5.2 Segregation, Labeling, and Separation\n		5.5.3 Medical Waste Management in Different Countries: Case Studies\n			Iran: Medical Waste Management Practices\n			Jordan: Medical Waste Collection, Segregation, and Disposal Practices\n			Myanmar: Application of Multi-Criterial Decision Analysis\n			The United States: Lean and Green Surgery Project\n			The United States: Reuse of Anesthetic Equipment, Training, and Regulatory Requirement\n	5.6 Medical Waste Disposal, Disinfection, and Treatment Methods\n		5.6.1 Landfilling\n		5.6.2 Chemical Disinfection\n		5.6.3 Incineration\n		5.6.4 Autoclaving\n		5.6.5 Microwave Disinfection\n		5.6.6 Plasma Gasification\n		5.6.7 Pyrolysis\n	5.7 Medical Waste Management and Treatment During COVID-19\n	5.8 Conclusions\n	References\nChapter 6: Advances in Waste Collection, Storage, Transportation, and Disposal\n	6.1 Introduction\n	6.2 Hazardous Waste Collection and Storage\n		6.2.1 Area-Specific Requirements\n		6.2.2 Labeling\n		6.2.3 Segregation\n		6.2.4 Storage Systems\n		6.2.5 Inventory Management\n		6.2.6 Safety Requirements\n	6.3 Hazardous Waste Transportation\n		6.3.1 Transport Vehicles\n		6.3.2 Radioactive Wastes\n		6.3.3 Transport Modeling and Risk Analysis\n	6.4 Advances in Hazardous Waste Disposal Techniques\n		6.4.1 Incineration\n			Liquid Injection Incinerators\n			Rotary Kiln Incinerators\n			Fluidized Bed Incinerators\n			Starved Air Incinerators\n			Multiple Hearth Incinerators\n			Emission Control and Heat Recovery\n				Particulate Control\n				Acid Gas Control\n				NOx Control\n	6.5 Summary\n	References\nChapter 7: Advances in Land, Underground, and Ocean Disposal Techniques\n	7.1 Introduction\n	7.2 Landfill Disposal\n		7.2.1 Landfill Restrictions\n		7.2.2 Landfill Site Selection\n		7.2.3 Landfill Design\n			Landfill Capacity\n			Disposal Method\n			Leachate Control\n			Leachate Treatment\n			Landfill Gas Control\n			Final Cover\n			Environmental Monitoring\n			Post-Closure Care and Remediation\n		7.2.4 Miscellaneous Landfill Considerations\n	7.3 Deep Well Injection\n		7.3.1 Site Selection\n		7.3.2 Waste Characteristics\n		7.3.3 Deep Well Injection Design\n		7.3.4 Monitoring Requirements\n		7.3.5 Modeling of Deep Well Injection\n	7.4 Underground Geologic Repositories\n		7.4.1 Site Selection\n		7.4.2 Repository Design\n	7.5 Ocean Disposal\n	7.6 Summary\n	References\nChapter 8: Waste-to-Energy Technologies\n	8.1 Introduction\n	8.2 Waste-to-Energy (WtE) Technologies\n		8.2.1 Incineration\n			Simple Incinerators\n			Rotary Kiln Incinerators\n			Fluidized Bed Incinerators\n			Multiple Hearth Incinerators\n			Fixed Grate and Moving Grate Incinerators\n			Liquid Injection Incinerators\n			Catalytic Combustion Incinerators\n		8.2.2 Gasification\n			Fluidized Bed Gasifier\n			Variations in the Fluidized Bed Gasifiers\n			Plasma Gasifiers\n			Fixed Bed Gasifier\n			Rotary Hearth Gasifiers\n			Entrained Flow Gasifiers\n		8.2.3 Pyrolysis\n			Entrained Downflow Pyrolysis Reactor\n			Rotary Kiln Pyrolysis Reactor\n			Fixed Bed Pyrolysis Reactor\n			Tubular Pyrolysis Reactor\n			Plasma Pyrolysis Reactor\n			Fluidized Bed Pyrolysis Reactor\n	8.3 Conclusion\n	References\nChapter 9: Gaseous and Solid Waste Management in Waste-to-Energy Processes\n	9.1 Introduction\n	9.2 Major Air Pollution Control (APC) Units in WtE Plants\n		9.2.1 Electrostatic Precipitator (ESP)\n		9.2.2 Baghouse Filter\n		9.2.3 Scrubbers for Acid Gas Removal\n			Types of Acidic Scrubbers\n				Dry Scrubbers\n				Semidry Scrubbers\n				Wet Scrubbers\n			Scrubber Configurations\n				Spray Towers\n				Packed and Plate Bed Scrubbers\n				Venturi Scrubber\n		9.2.4 Selective Catalytic Reactor (SCR) and Selective Non-Catalytic Reactor (SNCR)\n			An Overview of SCR and SNCR\n			Selective Catalytic Reactor (SCR)\n			Catalysts in SCR\n			Limitations of SCR\n		9.2.5 Removal of Volatile Organic Compounds (VOCs)\n			Methods to Remove VOCs\n			Catalytic Oxidizers\n			Catalyst in Catalytic Oxidizer\n			Factors that Affect the Catalytic Process\n	9.3 Placement of APC Units\n		9.3.1 APC Units in Combustion Process\n			Process Overview\n			Removal of Air Pollutants\n			Power Generation\n			Managing Generated Solid Wastes\n		9.3.2 APC Units in Gasification Process\n		9.3.3 APC Units in Pyrolysis Process\n	9.4 Conclusion\n	References\nChapter 10: Advances in Hazardous Waste Treatment Methods\n	10.1 Introduction\n	10.2 Key Technologies\n		10.2.1 Waste Treatment Methods for Liquid Waste\n			Adsorption\n			Sand Filtration\n			Membrane Technology\n			Fenton Process\n			Ozone-Based Technology\n			Lagooning\n			Biological Aerated Filter\n		10.2.2 Waste Treatment Methods for Gaseous Waste\n			Adsorption\n			Liquid Solvent Absorption (Scrubbing)\n			Membrane Separation\n			Photoelectrochemical Oxidation\n			Nonthermal Plasma\n			Photocatalysis\n			VOC Removal Technologies from Recent Studies\n		10.2.3 Treatment Methods for Solid Waste\n			Waste Management\n			Thermal Plasma Technology\n			Treatment of Electronic and Electronic Equipment Waste\n			Accelerated Carbon Treatment\n	10.3 Conclusions\n	References\nChapter 11: Hazardous Waste Transport in the Environment\n	11.1 Introduction\n	11.2 Transport of Pollutants in the Air\n		11.2.1 Case Studies Related to Pollutants in the Air Phase\n			Pollutants from Fossil Fuel Combustion\n			Emissions from Lagoons and Landfills\n			Emissions from Industrial Hazardous Waste Incinerators (IHW)\n			Polychlorinated Dibenzo-P-Dioxin and Dibenzofuran (PCDD/F) Emissions\n			Emissions from Co-Processing of Hazardous Waste in a Cement Kiln\n			Emissions of Heavy Metals from Hazardous Waste Incineration\n	11.3 Transport of Hazardous Waste Through Surface Water\n		11.3.1 Major Surface Water Pollutants\n			Oil Spills\n			Pharmaceutical Waste\n			Micro- and Nanoplastics\n		11.3.2 Case Studies Related to the Transport of Pollutants in the Surface Water\n			Prediction of Oil Spill\n			Cyanide Toxic Contaminant Transport\n			Transport of Industrial Wastewater Sludge\n			Illegal Dumping\n	11.4 Transport Through the Subsurface\n		11.4.1 Major Pollutants in the Subsurface\n			Nonaqueous Phase Liquids (NAPLs)\n			Nuclear Wastes\n		11.4.2 Case Studies Related to the Transport of Subsurface Pollutants.\n			Nuclear Waste\n			Landfill Leachate\n			Dense Nonaqueous Phase Liquids\n			Electronic Waste (E-Waste)\n			Pharmaceuticals\n	11.5 Conclusions\n	References\nChapter 12: Application of Internet of Things (IoT) in Waste Management\n	12.1 Introduction\n	12.2 Internet of Things (IoT)\n	12.3 IoT Technology in Waste Collection\n		12.3.1 Hardware and Sensors Used in IoT Waste Collection\n			Ultrasonic Sensors\n			Load Sensors\n			GPS Module\n			Other Sensors\n		12.3.2 Communication Networks in IoT of Waste Management Systems\n	12.4 IoT Technology in the Sorting of Waste\n		12.4.1 Solid Waste Sorting and Separation Methods\n		12.4.2 IoT Technology Application in Solid Waste Sorting\n		12.4.3 Combined IoT Technology and Artificial Intelligence (AI) in Solid Waste Sorting\n	12.5 IoT Technology in the Management of Wastewater\n		12.5.1 Wastewater Management\n		12.5.2 IoT Technology in Wastewater Management\n	12.6 Conclusion\n	References\nChapter 13: Hazardous Petroleum Wastes and Treatment Technologies\n	13.1 Introduction\n	13.2 Petroleum Contaminant Biodegradability and Toxicity\n	13.3 Physical and Chemical Methods for Petroleum Sludge Treatment Oil Recovery\n	13.4 Biodegradation and Bioremediation\n	13.5 Biorefining of Petroleum Oil\n	13.6 Conclusions\n	References\nIndex