Handbook of Vitamins

Contents......Page 3
Preface......Page 5
Vitamin A......Page 6
NUTRITIONAL ASPECTS OF VITAMIN A AND CAROTENOIDS H......Page 7
TRANSPORT AND METABOLISM......Page 15
VITAMIN A AND PUBLIC HEALTH P......Page 30
REFERENCES......Page 35
Vitamin D......Page 45
INTRODUCTION......Page 46
HISTORY OF VITAMIN D......Page 48
CHEMISTRY OF VITAMIN D STEROIDS S......Page 50
PHYSIOLOGY OF VITAMIN D I......Page 55
BIOCHEMICAL MODE OF ACTION......Page 61
SPECIFIC FUNCTIONS OF 1......Page 69
BIOLOGICAL ASSAYS FOR VITAMIN D ACTIVITY......Page 75
ANALYTICAL PROCEDURES FOR VITAMIN D-RELATED COMPOUNDS......Page 77
NUTRITIONAL REQUIREMENTS OF VITAMIN D H......Page 80
FOOD SOURCES OF VITAMIN D......Page 82
SIGNS OF VITAMIN D DEFICIENCY H......Page 84
HYPERVITAMINOSIS D......Page 85
FACTORS THAT INFLUENCE VITAMIN D STATUS D......Page 86
CONCLUSIONS......Page 91
REFERENCES......Page 92
Vitamin K......Page 114
CHEMISTRY I......Page 115
ANALYTICAL PROCEDURES AND VITAMIN K CONTENT OF FOOD......Page 121
METABOLISM A......Page 123
VITAMIN K-DEPENDENT PROTEINS P......Page 128
BIOCHEMICAL ROLE OF VITAMIN K D......Page 130
HEALTH IMPACTS OF ALTERED VITAMIN K STATUS M......Page 135
VITAMIN K REQUIREMENTS A......Page 140
EFFICACY AND HAZARDS OF PHARMACOLOGICAL DOSES OF VITAMIN K......Page 142
REFERENCES......Page 143
Vitamin E......Page 156
STRUCTURES AND ANTIOXIDANT CHEMISTRY S......Page 157
PHYSIOLOGIC RELATIONSHIPS A......Page 159
VITAMIN E-SPECIFIC PROTEINS......Page 161
METABOLISM AND EXCRETION......Page 163
NUTRITIONAL REQUIREMENT......Page 165
DEFICIENCY SIGNS AND METHODS OF NUTRITIONAL ASSESSMENT......Page 167
EFFICACY OF PHARMACOLOGICAL DOSES OF VITAMIN E......Page 170
REFERENCES......Page 171
INTRODUCTION D......Page 178
OXIDATION–REDUCTION REACTIONS N......Page 179
GENERATION OF LEAVING GROUP POTENTIAL T......Page 183
ACYL ACTIVATION AND TRANSFER P......Page 186
ONE-CARBON TRANSFER: TETRAHYDROFOLYL COENZYMES......Page 188
COENZYMES......Page 191
REFERENCES......Page 192
Niacin......Page 193
HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVE......Page 194
CHEMISTRY N......Page 198
FOOD CONTENT, DIETARY REQUIREMENTS, AND ASSESSMENT OF STATUS Q......Page 199
PHYSIOLOGY P......Page 201
BIOCHEMICAL FUNCTIONS NAD C......Page 204
DURING NIACIN DEFICIENCY......Page 219
PHARMACOLOGY AND TOXICOLOGY......Page 222
REFERENCES......Page 225
HISTORY......Page 235
CHEMISTRY......Page 236
RIBOFLAVIN DEFICIENCY AND FOOD-RELATED ISSUES R......Page 238
PHYSIOLOGY A......Page 242
SPECIFIC FUNCTIONS......Page 243
PHARMACOLOGY, TOXICOLOGY, AND CARCINOGENESIS......Page 246
REQUIREMENTS AND ASSESSMENT......Page 247
REFERENCES......Page 249
Thiamine......Page 254
HISTORY......Page 255
CHEMISTRY S......Page 256
ANALYTICAL PROCEDURES U......Page 261
FOOD CONTENT OF THIAMINE AND THIAMINASE ENZYMES T......Page 262
METABOLISM: BIOAVAILABILITY, ABSORPTION, TISSUE DISTRIBUTION, TURNOVER......Page 264
BIOCHEMICAL FUNCTIONS......Page 269
PATHOGENESIS OF DEFICIENCY AND HIGH-RISK CONDITIONS B......Page 274
ASSESSMENT OF THIAMINE STATUS......Page 276
HUMAN REQUIREMENTS AND RECOMMENDED INTAKES......Page 280
CONCLUSION......Page 282
REFERENCES......Page 283
INTRODUCTION AND HISTORY......Page 289
CHEMICAL PERSPECTIVES AND NOMENCLATURE......Page 290
FOOD SOURCES AND REQUIREMENTS P......Page 292
INTESTINAL ABSORPTION AND MAINTENANCE......Page 293
A, AND THE IMPORTANCE OF PANTOTHENIC KINASE C......Page 294
SELECTED PHYSIOLOGIC FUNCTIONS OF ACP AND C......Page 298
PANTOTHENIC ACID DEFICIENCY, CLINICAL RELATIONSHIPS, AND POTENTIAL INTERACTIONS INVOLVING POLYMORPHISMS......Page 301
PHARMACOLOGY......Page 303
STATUS DETERMINATION......Page 304
REFERENCES......Page 305
INTRODUCTION......Page 314
-PHOSPHATE-DEPENDENT ENZYMES......Page 316
VITAMIN BVITAMERS—DETERMINATION, SOURCES, AND BIOAVAILABILITY......Page 318
DEFICIENCY......Page 320
NEUROBIOLOGY OF VITAMIN B......Page 322
NEUROENDOCRINOLOGY OF VITAMIN BDEFICIENCY H......Page 325
—SEIZURES AND NEUROPROTECTION......Page 328
PYRIDOXINE-DEPENDENCY SEIZURES......Page 331
AND CARDIOVASCULAR FUNCTION......Page 332
HYPERHOMOCYSTEINEMIA—CARDIOVASCULAR IMPLICATIONS......Page 336
ADVANCED GLYCATION END PRODUCT INHIBITORS—PYRIDOXAMINE......Page 339
—GENE EXPRESSION AND ANTICANCER EFFECT......Page 341
AND IMMUNITY......Page 343
CONCLUDING REMARKS......Page 345
REFERENCES......Page 346
HISTORY OF DISCOVERY......Page 359
PHYSIOLOGY OF BIOTIN D......Page 360
SPECIFIC FUNCTIONS......Page 365
REQUIREMENT AND ASSESSMENT C......Page 368
PHARMACOLOGY AND TOXICITY T......Page 374
REFERENCES......Page 375
Folic Acid......Page 382
CHEMISTRY S......Page 383
FOOD SOURCES N......Page 384
METHODS F......Page 385
DIETARY REFERENCE INTAKES......Page 386
METABOLISM A......Page 387
BIOCHEMICAL FUNCTIONS O......Page 389
FACTORS AFFECTING FOLATE METABOLISM S......Page 393
DEFICIENCY B......Page 395
REFERENCES......Page 400
Vitamin B12......Page 410
HISTORY......Page 411
STRUCTURE AND CHEMISTRY C......Page 412
ABSORPTION, TRANSPORT, AND METABOLISM A......Page 415
GENETICS......Page 420
DEFICIENCY O......Page 425
DIAGNOSIS AND TREATMENT D......Page 431
NEW DIRECTIONS G......Page 438
REFERENCES......Page 442
INTRODUCTION......Page 455
CHEMISTRY S......Page 456
ASSAY PROCEDURES......Page 458
METABOLISM A......Page 459
BIOCHEMICAL FUNCTION M......Page 466
DEFICIENCY SIGNS AND METHODS OF NUTRITIONAL ASSESSMENT......Page 470
FACTORS INFLUENCING CHOLINE STATUS N......Page 471
REFERENCES......Page 473
Ascorbic Acid......Page 484
CHEMISTRY AND FOOD SOURCES N......Page 485
BIOCHEMICAL FUNCTIONS P......Page 489
ASCORBIC ACID METABOLISM AND REGULATION......Page 498
SELECTED CLINICAL FEATURES IMPORTANT TO ASCORBIC ACID STATUS D......Page 499
REQUIREMENTS, ALLOWANCES, AND UPPER LIMITS......Page 503
SUMMARY......Page 504
REFERENCES......Page 505
INTRODUCTION......Page 516
ROLES FOR VITAMINS IN EPIGENETIC EVENTS I......Page 517
CONCLUSION......Page 531
REFERENCES......Page 532
HISTORICAL BACKGROUND......Page 540
DESCRIPTION OF ACCELERATOR MASS SPECTROMETRY......Page 542
CONSIDERATIONS FOR HUMAN SUBJECTS......Page 543
HUMAN FOLATE METABOLISM......Page 544
-CAROTENE METABOLISM......Page 546
SUMMARY......Page 548
REFERENCES......Page 549
INTRODUCTION......Page 553
DIETARY REFERENCE INTAKES FOR VITAMINS......Page 556
APPROPRIATE USES OF VITAMIN DIETARY REFERENCE INTAKES......Page 559
CONCLUSIONS......Page 563
REFERENCES......Page 564
Index......Page 565