Handbook of Tunnel Engineering II: Basics and Additional Services for Design and Construction

Front Matter......Page 0
Title page......Page 2
Copyright......Page 3
The authors......Page 5
Foreword to the English edition......Page 6
Table of Contents......Page 11
1.2.1 Road tunnels......Page 27
1.2.2 Constructional measures for road safety in tunnels......Page 31
1.2.3 Rail tunnels......Page 33
1. Tunnels for high-speed traffic at 230 km/h < vE ≤ 300 km/h......Page 34
3. Passenger and goods traffic at vE ≤ 160 km/h......Page 35
4. S-Bahn, urban transit traffic at vE ≤ 160 km/h......Page 36
1.2.4 Construction of rail tunnels......Page 38
1.2.5 Underground railway and underground tram tunnels......Page 39
1.2.6 Innovative transport systems......Page 40
1.2.8 Other underground works......Page 41
1.3 The influence of the ground......Page 42
1.4 Dependency on construction process......Page 45
2.2.1 General basics......Page 47
2.2.3 Categorisation of soils......Page 51
2.3 Engineering geology and rock mechanics investigations......Page 55
2.3.1 Engineering geology investigat......Page 56
2.3.2 Rock mechanics investigations......Page 59
2.4.1 Ground......Page 64
2.4.2.2 Basic system of classification......Page 67
2.4.2.3 Q System (Quality System)......Page 68
2.4.2.4 RMR System (Rock Mass Rating System)......Page 74
2.4.2.5 Relationship between Q and RMR systems......Page 77
2.4.3.1 Classification in Germany......Page 78
2.4.3.2 Classification in Switzerland (“Klassierung” according to the SIA standard)......Page 83
2.4.3.3 Classification in Austria......Page 87
2.4.4.1 Procedure at the Oerlinghausen Tunnel......Page 94
2.4.4.2 Description of the tunnelling classes for the Oerlinghausen Tunnel......Page 96
2.5.2 Influences on the boring process......Page 100
2.5.3 Influences on the machine bracing......Page 102
2.5.4 Influences on the temporary support......Page 105
2.5.5.2 Classification systems and investigation of suitability for tunnelboring  machines......Page 106
2.5.6.1 Classification in Germany......Page 110
2.5.6.2 Classification in Switzerland......Page 114
2.5.7 New classification proposal......Page 118
3.1 General......Page 121
3.2.1 Historical development......Page 123
3.2.2.1 Primary stress state......Page 125
3.3 General steps of model formation......Page 126
3.4.2 Modelling deep tunnels in loose ground......Page 129
3.4.3 Modelling tunnels in solid rock......Page 130
3.4.4 Bedded beam models......Page 131
3.5 Numerical methods......Page 132
3.5.4 Combination of finite element and boundary element methods......Page 133
3.6.2 Iteration process......Page 135
3.6.3 Simulation of uncoupled partial excavations......Page 138
3.7.1 Modelling of deformation slots......Page 140
3.7.2 Determination of the loosening of the rock mass from blasting......Page 141
3.8.1 General principles......Page 142
3.8.2 Design method for steel fibre concrete tunnel linings......Page 144
4.1 General......Page 155
4.2.1 General......Page 156
4.2.2 Measurements of construction states......Page 157
4.2.2.1 Standard monitoring section......Page 158
4.2.2.2 Principal monitoring sections......Page 159
4.2.2.4 Basic rules for implementation and evaluation......Page 160
4.2.3.1 Measurement programme......Page 161
4.2.4.1 Instrumentation......Page 162
4.2.4.2 Recording and evaluation of machine data......Page 164
4.2.5 IT systems for the recording and evaluation of geotechnical data......Page 172
4.3 Measurement processes, instruments......Page 173
4.3.1.2 Convergence measurements......Page 174
4.3.1.3 Optical surveying of displacement with electronic total station......Page 176
4.3.1.4 Surface surveying......Page 177
4.3.1.5 Extensometer measurements......Page 178
4.3.1.6 Inclinometer / deflectometer measurements......Page 182
4.3.1.7 Sliding micrometer measurements......Page 184
4.3.2.1 Photogrammetric scanner......Page 185
4.3.3.1 Radial and tangential stress measurement in concrete......Page 188
4.3.4.1 Checking of anchor forces in unbonded anchors......Page 191
4.3.4.2 Checking of anchor forces with mechanical measurement anchors......Page 193
4.4 Geophysical exploration ahead of the face......Page 194
4.4.4 Geomagnetic......Page 195
4.4.6.1 Probing with SSP (Sonic Softground Probing)......Page 196
4.4.6.2 Probing karst caves......Page 197
4.5.2 Monitoring and evidence-gathering measures......Page 204
4.5.4 Permissible deformation of buildings......Page 205
5.2 Dewatering during construction......Page 209
5.2.1.1 Water flow in the ground......Page 210
5.2.1.2 Forms of underground water......Page 213
5.2.1.3 Payment and quantity measurement......Page 215
5.2.2.1 Measures to collect water......Page 220
5.2.2.3 Drainage boreholes and drainage tunnels......Page 222
5.2.3.2 Influence of groundwater on the advance rate......Page 225
5.2.4 Environmental impact and cleaning......Page 227
5.2.4.1 Effect on the groundwater system......Page 228
5.2.4.2 Effects on groundwater quality......Page 229
5.2.5 Sealing groundwater......Page 231
5.2.5.1 Grouting process......Page 232
5.2.5.2 Ground freezing......Page 233
5.3 Tunnel waterproofing......Page 234
5.3.1.1 Required degree of water-tightness......Page 236
5.3.1.2 Requirements resulting from geological and hydrological conditions......Page 237
5.3.1.4 Requirements for the construction process......Page 238
5.3.1.5 Requirements for design and detailing......Page 239
5.3.1.9 Requirements of cost-effectiveness......Page 240
5.3.2.3 Main waterproofing......Page 241
5.3.2.4 Repair of waterproofing......Page 242
5.3.3.1 Waterproof concrete......Page 243
5.3.3.3 Bituminous waterproofing......Page 247
5.3.3.4 Plastic waterproofing membranes......Page 249
5.3.3.6 Metallic waterproofing materials......Page 258
5.4 Tunnel drainage......Page 259
5.4.1 The origin of sintering......Page 260
5.4.2 Design of tunnel drainage for low sintering......Page 262
5.4.3 Construction of tunnel drainage to reduce sintering......Page 265
5.4.3.2 Data processing and administration......Page 266
5.4.3.3 Other quality assurance measures during the construction phase......Page 267
5.4.4.1 Concepts to reduce maintenance through improvements to systems......Page 268
5.4.4.2 Cleaning of drainage systems......Page 269
6.2.1 Gyroscopic devices......Page 271
6.2.2 Lasers......Page 275
6.2.3 Optical components for laser devices......Page 277
6.2.4 Optical receiver devices......Page 278
6.2.5 Hose levelling instruments......Page 279
6.3.1 Drilling jumbo navigation......Page 280
6.3.2 Determining the position of a drilling boom......Page 281
6.3.4 Control of drill booms by microprocessors......Page 282
6.4.1 Movement parameters determined by the control system......Page 283
6.4.2 Roadheader control system from Voest Alpine......Page 285
6.4.3 Roadheader control system from Eickhoff......Page 290
6.4.4 Roadheader control system from ZED......Page 292
6.5.1 General
......Page 293
6.5.2 Steering with laser beam and active target......Page 295
6.6.1 General......Page 296
6.6.2 Steering with a ship’s gyrocompass......Page 297
6.6.3 Pipe jacking steering with laser beam and active target......Page 298
6.6.4 Steering with travelling total station......Page 299
7.2 Historical overview......Page 303
7.3 General planning of tunnel drives......Page 307
7.4 Planning tools......Page 310
7.5.1 Control of deadlines......Page 311
7.5.2 Cost control......Page 312
7.6.1 Construction schedule for the City Tunnel, Leipzig......Page 313
7.6.2 Scheduling of rail tunnels through the example of the Landrücken Tunnel and the particular question of starting points......Page 315
7.6.3 Scheduling of road tunnels through the example of the Arlberg Tunnel......Page 316
7.6.4 Scheduling of inner-city tunnelling through the example of the Stadtbahn Dortmund......Page 319
7.6.5 Scheduling of a shield tunnel through the example of Stadtbahn Essen......Page 322
8.2 International guidelines and national regulations......Page 325
8.2.1 Directive 89/391/EEC......Page 326
8.2.2 Directive 92/57/EEC......Page 327
8.2.4 Directive 98/37/EC......Page 329
8.2.5 Implementation into national regulations for blasting......Page 331
8.3.3 Danger scenarios and risk analyses......Page 332
8.3.4 Measures plan......Page 334
8.4.1 Transport to the site......Page 335
8.4.2 Storage on the site......Page 336
8.4.3 Transport on site......Page 338
8.4.4 Handling......Page 339
8.6.1 General......Page 342
8.6.2 The tools of the construction site regulations......Page 344
8.6.3 The health and safety plan (health and safety plan)......Page 350
8.7.1 General......Page 351
8.7 Example of a tender for health and safety protection......Page 353
8.7.2 Health and safety concept......Page 354
8.7.2.2 Fire protection, escape and rescue concept......Page 355
8.7.2.3 Health protection concept......Page 356
8.7.2.6 Documents with information for later works to the structure......Page 358
8.7.2.7 Measures to prevent danger to third parties resulting from the duty to maintain road safety......Page 359
9.2.1 Procedure in Switzerland......Page 361
9.2.2 Procedure in the Netherlands......Page 366
9.3.1 General......Page 369
9.3.2 Examples: Adler Tunnel, Sieberg Tunnel, Stuttgart Airport Tunnel, Rennsteig Tunnel, Lainzer Tunnel......Page 370
9.3.3 Additional requirements for mechanised tunnelling in the tender documents......Page 376
9.3.4 Costs as a decision criterion......Page 378
9.3.5 Outlook......Page 379
10.2 Procedure......Page 381
10.3 Data management......Page 382
10.4 Target-actual comparison......Page 383
10.5 Target process structure......Page 385
10.6 Analysis of the actual process......Page 387
11.1 Preliminary notes......Page 389
11.2.1 National regulations......Page 390
11.2.3 Standards and other regulatory works......Page 391
11.3.1 Definitions
......Page 392
11.4 Application and structure of the recommendations......Page 394
11.5.2.1 Tunnel boring machines without shield (Gripper TBM)......Page 396
11.5.2.2 Enlargement tunnel boring machines (ETBM)......Page 397
11.5.4.1 Shield machines for full-face excavation (SM-V)......Page 398
11.5.4.2 Shield machines with partial face excavation (SM-T)......Page 401
11.5.6.3 Articulated shields......Page 402
11.5.7.1 Tunnel boring machines (TBM)......Page 403
11.5.7.2 Tunnel boring machines with shield (TBM-S), Shield machines (SM, DSM, KSM)......Page 404
11.5.7.3 Advance support......Page 405
11.6.2 Ground stability and face support......Page 406
11.6.3.1 Sticking......Page 407
11.6.3.3 Soil conditioning......Page 408
11.6.3.5 Soil transport and tipping......Page 409
11.7 Environmental aspects......Page 410
11.8 Other project conditions......Page 412
11.9.1.2 Possible areas of application......Page 413
11.9.2.2 DSM (Double shield machines)......Page 414
11.9.2.7 SM-V5 (full-face excavation, face with earth pressure balance support)......Page 415
11.9.2.12 KSM (Convertible shield machines)......Page 416
11.10 Appendices......Page 417
Bibliography......Page 437
Index......Page 449