Handbook of the Sociology of Morality, Volume 2 (Handbooks of Sociology and Social Research)

Foreword: Toward an Expansive and Inclusive Sociology of Morality
	References
The Sociology of Morality: Looking Around, Looking Back, and Looking Forward
	References
Contents
Part I: Defining and Conceptualizing Morality
	New Directions in the Sociology of Morality
		1 From Janet to Durkheim
		2 The Problem of Definition
			2.1 Nominalism and Realism
		3 The Two Traditions
			3.1 Form and Content
			3.2 Problems of Content
			3.3 Altruism in France
			3.4 Problems of Form
			3.5 Duty in Germany
		4 Durkheim´s Answer
			4.1 Limitations of Others
			4.2 What Is Missing
		5 Values and Justifications
			5.1 The Alternative from Parsons
			5.2 More or Less Weird
			5.3 Values and the Culture of Critical Discourse
			5.4 Tooting Horns and Raising Flags
		6 Moral Sensation and Reflective Judgment
			6.1 The Mundanity of Morality
			6.2 Moral Sensibilism
		7 Conclusion
		References
	Is There Such a Thing as Moral Phenomenon, or Should We Be Looking at the Moral Dimension of Phenomena?
		1 Prolegomena
		2 What, After All, Is Morality? Or the Object of This Sociology, the Good
		3 Conclusion: Toward a Permanent Outlining, or What Will the Sociology of Morality Talk About?
		References
Part II: Organizations, Organizational Culture, and Morality
	Where Law and Morality Meet: Moral Agency and Moral Deskilling in Organizations
		1 Introduction
		2 What Is the Relationship Between Law and Morality?
		3 Organizations as Sites for Moral Action
		4 Moral Agency in a Changing World
		5 Medical Work: Legal (and Commercial) Pressures on Professional Work
		6 Police Work: Big Data and Function Creep
		7 Military Work: Algorithmic Implementation of the Laws of War and Rules of Engagement
		8 Conclusion
		References
	The Darker Side of Strong Organizational Cultures: Looking Forward by Looking Back
		1 The Early Hopes for (and Limited Warnings About) Organizational Culture
		2 The Forgotten Moral Roots of Organizational Culture Research
		3 The Growing Evidence of Organizational Cultures´ Darker Moral Side
		4 Conclusion
		References
Part III: Embodiment, Emotions, and Morality
	The Structure, Culture, and Biology Driving Moralization of the Human Universe
		1 Toward a More Integrative Social Psychology
		2 Conceptualizing Structural Properties of the Social Universe
			2.1 The Macro-Level of Human Societies
			2.2 The Meso-Level of Human Societies
			2.3 The Micro-Level of Human Societies
			2.4 Embedding and the Structures of Human Societies
		3 Conceptualizing the Cultural Properties of the Social Universe
			3.1 Macro-Level Culture
			3.2 Meso-Level Culture
			3.3 Micro-Level Culture
		4 The Biology of Morality
			4.1 The Elaboration of Hominin and Then Human Emotions
			4.2 Emotions as the Driving Force of Human Evolution
		5 Conclusion: Overcoming Intellectual Parochialism
		References
	Missing Emotions in the Sociology of Morality
		1 Feeling-Thinking Processes and Emotions
		2 Short-Run and Long-Run Emotions
		3 Cultural and Moral Concepts
		4 Moral Boundaries
		5 Compassion
		6 Moral Heroes
		7 Conclusion
		References
	Sociology, Embodiment and Morality: A Durkheimian Perspective
		1 Introduction
		2 Innate Moral Capacities and the Homo Duplex
		3 Moral Orders as Embodied Cultural Systems
		4 Competing Moral Orders within Societies
		5 Conclusion
		References
	Physiological Rhythms and Entrainment Niches: Morality as Interpersonal Music
		1 A Ride Around the Neighborhood
		2 Entrainment and Experience
		3 Entrainment Rhythm Niches
		4 Barriers to Entrainment, and Thus, to Empathy and Altruism
		5 Computer-Mediated Entrainment
		6 Coda: Evolution and Physiology in Sociology
		References
	Grounding Oughtness: Morality of Coordination, Immorality of Disruption
		1 Morality in Implicit Coordination
		2 Immorality in the Disruption of Implicit Coordination
			2.1 Procedural Disruption
			2.2 Conceptual Disruption
		3 Discussion
			3.1 Responses to Disruption
			3.2 Why, When, and How
			3.3 The Role of Moral Discourse
		References
Part IV: Morality and the Life Cycle
	The Sociology of Children and Youth Morality
		1 Morality in Children and Youth
		2 The Classics Revisited
		3 Contemporary Trends in the Sociology of Youth Morality
		4 The Evolutionary Roots of Youth Morality
			4.1 The Phylogenetic Roots of Cooperation and Morality
			4.2 Moral Ontogeny
		5 Concluding Thoughts
			5.1 Socialization
			5.2 Property and Politics
			5.3 Moral Judgment and Decision-Making
		References
	Aging and Morality
		1 Introduction
		2 Population Aging and Its Consequences in Contemporary Society
		3 Contemporary Moral Debates in Aging Societies
			3.1 The Long-Term Care Crisis
			3.2 Public Income Supports for Older Adults
			3.3 End-of-Life Medical Decision-Making
			3.4 Physician-Assisted Suicide
		4 Conclusion
		References
Part V: Moral Decision-Making, Mobilization, and Helping Behavior
	The Moral Identity in Sociology
		1 Introduction
		2 Advancing the Moral Identity
			2.1 The Situation and Moral Identity Activation
			2.2 The Moral Identity Standard and Moral Meanings
			2.3 Perceptual Input, the Comparator, and Error in the Identity Process
			2.4 Behavioral, Perceptual/Cognitive, and Emotional Responses to Identity Nonverification
		3 Future Research
		4 Conclusions
		References
	Morality and Relationships, Real and Imagined
		1 Relationships and Moral Judgment
		2 Imagined Relationships
		3 Imagined Relationships and Sacrifice for the Cause
		4 Imagined Relationships and National Identity
		5 Conclusion
		References
	Altruism, Morality, and the Morality of Altruism
		1 Introduction
		2 The Moral Worth of Altruism
		3 The Moral Boundaries of Altruism
		4 The Impartiality of Altruism
		5 Conclusion
		References
	Prosocial Decision-Making by Groups and Individuals: A Social-Psychological Approach
		1 Prosocial Behavior in Groups and Individuals
			1.1 Groups Behaving Badly
			1.2 Groups Doing Good
			1.3 When Will Groups Do Good?
		2 Conclusion
		References
	Moral Decision-Making Processes in their Organizational, Institutional, and Historical Contexts
		1 Interactional, Organizational, and Institutional Structures as the Building Blocks of Morality
			1.1 Relational Work in Financial Decisions
			1.2 Professional Moral Problems and Conflicts Rather than Ethical Dilemmas
			1.3 Parsing Moral Decision-Making During Unsettled Times
		2 Raising Questions About Power and Morality Across Cultures and Stratified Groups
			2.1 Concluding Thoughts
		References
	Examining Moral Decision-Making During Genocide: Rescue in the Case of 1994 Rwanda
		1 Introduction
		2 Morality and Action During Genocide
		3 The Motivation Argument
			3.1 Motivation Arises from Personality
			3.2 Personality as a Result of Moral Socialization
		4 The Opportunity Argument
			4.1 Opportunity Links Motivation to Action
			4.2 Opportunity Drives Action Independent of Motivation
		5 Conclusion
		References
Part VI: Nature, Culture, and Morality
	The Influence of the Nature-Culture Dualism on Morality
		1 Introduction
		2 The Greeks and Romans: Organism and Harmony
			2.1 Early Greek Thought
			2.2 Nature-As-Organism
			2.3 Harmonic Analogy
			2.4 From Philosophy to Society
		3 The Medieval Christians: The Great Chain of Being and Machines
			3.1 The Great Chain of Being
			3.2 Nature-As-Machine
		4 The Moderns: Natural Theory, Social Theory, and the Tree of Life
			4.1 The Precarious Moral ``State of Nature´´
			4.2 Charles Darwin and Social Theory
		5 Conclusion
		References
	Animals and Society
		1 Introduction
		2 The Anthropocentric Legacy
		3 Alternative Perspectives on Animals
		4 Negative Reactions to Animal Studies
		5 Animals, Society, and Morality: Contemporary Perspectives
		6 Discussion: Beyond Sociology
		References
Part VII: Culture, Historical Sociology, and Morality
	Culture, Morality, and the Matter of Facts
		1 Durkheim, Facts, and Constructivist Theories of Culture
		2 Slavery, Violence, and the Law
		3 Cultural Structures and Relational Facts
		References
	Historical Sociology of Morality
		1 Studying Morality Historically
		2 Two Approaches to the Historical Sociology of Morality
			2.1 The Comparative-Historical Approach
			2.2 The Processual Approach
		3 The Normative Force of the Factual: Moral Universals and Origin Stories
		References
	History of the Present: Assessing Morality Across Temporalities
		1 Restitution and Historical Presentism
		2 The Durability of Benin´s Culture
			2.1 The Future of the Past
		References
	Social Justice as a Field
		1 Introduction: The Peculiar History of Moral Reason
		2 Genesis of the Field
		3 Structure of the Field
		4 Moral Agency in the Field
		5 Conclusion
		References
Part VIII: Class, Inequality, and Morality
	What Sort of Social Inequality Matters for Democracy? Relations and Distributions
		1 Introduction
		2 The Self-Undermining Social Ontology of Rawlsian Distributional ``Social´´ Justice
		3 Relational Egalitarianism (RE)
		4 It´s Not (Just) About the Money: The Failure to Unionize Walmart
		5 Community Policing in Boston
		6 Relational Egalitarianism (RE) and Relational Sociology (RS)
		7 Pragmatism: The Common Ancestor
		8 Conclusion
		References
	In the Company ofElites: Some Practical and Moral Dilemmas of Studying Up
		1 Setting the Stage for Elites Research: The (Unwritten) Rules of Engagement
		2 Elites Explain Themselves, and Ethnographers Listen
		3 Standing Up to Bias and Discrimination
			3.1 Women in the Field, Women at Work
			3.2 Challenging the Color Line
		4 Limits, Implications, and Future Steps
		References
	Morality, Inequality, and the Power of Categories
		1 The Sociology of Morality as Cultural Sociology
		2 Inequality and Power
		3 Inequality, Power, and the Effects of Morality on Action
		4 Inequality, Power, and Where Morality Comes From
		5 Ethnoracial Stigma
		6 Economic Justice
		7 Human Rights
		8 Conclusion
		References
Part IX: Morality, Civic Culture, and the State
	Civic Morality: Democracy and Social Good
		1 What Is Civic Morality?
		2 Why Does Civic Morality Matter?
		3 How Is Civic Morality Studied?
		4 Conclusion
		References
	Bridging the Sociologies of Morality and Migration: The Moral Underpinnings of Borders, Policies, and Immigrants
		1 The Morality of Migration Across Borders
		2 The Morality of Immigration Law and Policy
		3 The Morality of Immigrants
		4 Future Directions
		References
	Cultural Threat and Market Failure: Moral Decline Narratives on the Religious Right and Left
		1 Introduction
		2 Christian Nationalism
			2.1 Moral Decline in Christian Nationalism: Cultural Threat
		3 Prophetic Progressivism
			3.1 Moral Decline in Prophetic Progressivism: Market Failure
		4 Conclusion
		References
	Morality and Civil Society
		1 Civic Virtue and the Common Good
		2 Civic Virtue in Civic Engagement
			2.1 The Common Good in Associational Life
			2.2 Moral Dilemmas in Global Civil Society
		3 Concluding Remarks
		References
Part X: Looking Ahead: New Frontiers in the Sociology of Morality
	Understanding Morality in a Racialized Society
		1 A Racialized Society
			1.1 Racialized History of Sociology
			1.2 Key Racial Theoretical Approaches Within Sociology
		2 Understanding Morality: Assessment of the First Edition of the Sociology of Morality Handbook
		3 Understanding Morality in a Racialized Society
			3.1 Toward a Sociology of Racialized Morality
		4 Concluding Remarks
		References
	Leaving the Sequestered Byway: A Forward Look at Sociology´s Morals and Practical Problem-Solving
		1 Introduction
		2 Addams´s Social Ethics
		3 Pragmatism and the Sociology of Morality
		4 Problem-Solving Sociology
		5 Starting Points
		6 Moving Forward
		References