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دانلود کتاب Handbook of Nuclear Physics
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Handbook of Nuclear Physics
ویرایش: 1st ed. 2023 نویسندگان: Isao Tanihata (editor), Hiroshi Toki (editor), Toshitaka Kajino (editor) سری: ISBN (شابک) : 9811963444, 9789811963445 ناشر: Springer سال نشر: 2023 تعداد صفحات: 4180 زبان: English فرمت فایل : PDF (درصورت درخواست کاربر به PDF، EPUB یا AZW3 تبدیل می شود) حجم فایل: 100 مگابایت
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Preface Contents About the Editors Section Editors Contributors Section I Exotic Nuclei: Production, Separation, Masses, and Lifetimes 1 Exotic Nuclei and Their Separation, Electromagnetic Devices Contents Introduction Nuclear Reactions to Create Exotic Nuclei Why Is Separation Required? Key Features of Production Reactions Production Cross Sections, σ(Z,A) Kinematical Considerations Atomic Charge State Considerations Targetry, Practical Considerations Thermalization in Gas Low-Energy Gas Cells High-Energy Gas Cells Overview of Production Concepts Separation in Pure Electromagnetic Fields Ion-Optical Definitions and Tools Laterally Dispersive Systems ISOL Separators Dispersion Matching, In-flight Separators Longitudinally Dispersive Systems Combination of Laterally and Longitudinally Dispersive Systems Summary References 2 Exotic Nuclei and Their Separation, Using Atomic Interactions Contents Introduction Electromagnetic Separation Combined with Atomic Interactions Energy-Bunching with a Monoenergetic Degrader in a Dispersive Separator Stage Spatial Isotopic Separation with Energy Degraders in Achromatic In-Flight Separators Charge-Changing Collisions During Penetration of Matter Overview of the Different Separation Methods Summary, Key Achievements, and Future Prospects References 3 Reactions for Production of Exotic Nuclei Contents Introduction Low-Energy Nuclear Reactions to Create Exotic Nuclei Fusion Reactions Measurement of Fusion Cross Sections Capture of Nuclei Formation of the Compound Nucleus Decay of Compound Nucleus Peculiarities of Fusion Reactions Leading to Superheavy Nuclei Multinucleon Transfer Reactions High-Energy Nuclear Reactions to Create Exotic Nuclei Model Description of Fragmentation Reactions Intranuclear Cascade Models Glauber Theory and the Abrasion Model Transport Models Statistical De-excitation of Fragmentation Remnants Residual Nuclei Produced in Fragmentation Reactions Fragmentation of Fissile Nuclei Fragmentation of Neutron-Rich Nuclei References 4 Masses of Exotic Nuclei Contents Introduction: Importance of Nuclear Masses for Nuclear Physics Experimental Aspects Modern Mass Spectrometry Techniques for Radionuclides Heavy-Ion Storage Rings Multi-reflection Time-of-Flight Mass Spectrometers Penning Traps Mass Spectrometry on Radioactive Ions Nuclear Structure Studies Nuclear Astrophysics Studies Fundamental Interactions and Standard Model Tests Nuclear Mass Models and Theoretical Approaches Macroscopic-Microscopic Mass Models Mean-Field Models Uncertainties in Mass Predictions Concluding Remarks References 5 Lifetimes of Exotic Nuclei Contents Introduction General Properties of Nuclear Decays Evolution of Radioactive Nuclei in Time Half-Life and Width of Decaying Nuclear State Classification of β-Decay Modes Experimental Methods Example of the Modern Experimental Setup Aimed at Radioactivity Selective Methods in Lifetime Measurements Theoretical Approaches Description of Beta Decays of Bound Nuclei by Hamiltonian Density Nuclear Decays of Unbound Isotopes Located Beyond the Proton or Neutron Drip Lines Interdisciplinary Impact of Nuclear Lifetimes Applications of Beta Decay Dating (or Age Determination) by Nuclear Technologies Radioactive Decay Technologies in Medicine Lifetimes of Unbound Isotopes for Nuclear Astrophysics References Section II Static Properties and Decays 6 Matter Radii and Density Distributions Contents Introduction Basic Information and Definitions Electron Scattering Muonic Atoms Mirror Nuclei Results of Experimental Investigations Recent Progress for Stable Nuclei Electron Scattering (Weak Density Distribution) Polarized Proton Inelastic Scattering Antiprotonic Atom Recent Progress for Unstable Nuclei Proton and Alpha Elastic Scattering Coulomb Excitation Reaction Cross Section Measurements Summary References 7 Nuclear Charge Radii Contents Introduction Experimental Techniques Electron Scattering Spectroscopic Determination of Nuclear Charge Radii in Hydrogen-Like Systems Laser Spectroscopy of Hydrogen Laser Spectroscopy of Muonic Atoms X-Ray Spectroscopy of Muonic Atoms Combination of Muonic and Electronic Data Optical Isotope Shift Resonance Ionization Spectroscopy Collinear Laser Spectroscopy Charge Exchange Cross Sections Dielectronic Recombination Significance of Nuclear Charge Radii The Proton Radius Light Atoms and Halo Nuclei Kinks at Shell Closures and Odd-Even Staggering Between Shell Closures: Charge Radii and Deformation Deformation at N 60 Shape Coexistence and Shape Staggering in Hg Heavy Elements Outlook References 8 Spins and Electromagnetic Moments of Nuclei Contents Nuclear Spin and the Link with Nuclear Moments Some Definitions The Magnetic Dipole Moment The Electric Quadrupole Moment The Electromagnetic Moment Operators Nuclear Moments and Nuclear Wave Functions The Magnetic Dipole Moment The Single-Particle Magnetic Moments (the Schmidt Lines) Deviations from the Schmidt Lines Deviations Due to Configuration Mixing Deviations Due to Meson Exchange Currents Magnetic Moments as Probes for the Nuclear Configuration Ordering of Shell-Model Orbits and the Spin-Orbit Force Example: Magnetic Moments of Zinc Isotopes Multiparticle Configurations 210Bi The Indium Isotopes 72Ga Magnetic Moments as Probes for Nuclear Shell-Model Theory The Electric Quadrupole Moment The Single-Particle Quadrupole Moment Effective Charges and Core Polarization Multiparticle Configurations Quadrupole Moment of a (j(2); I) Configuration Quadrupole Moment of a (j(n),ν; I) Configuration Quadrupole Moment of Odd-Odd Nuclei Quadrupole Moments and Shell-Model Calculations Quadrupole Moments of Open-Shell Nuclei Conclusions References 9 Beta Decay: Probe for Nuclear Structure and the Weak Interaction Contents Introduction Historical Review Elements of Beta Decay Nuclear Structure The decay of 52Ni, F and GT Decays and Mirror Symmetry The Decay of 100Sn The Decay of 132Sn Magic Numbers and Islands of Inversion Future Experiments Tests of the Standard Model and Searches for New Interactions Correlations in Beta Decay Observables and Their Extent Ground State Properties and the Beta-Decay Strength The Beta-Energy Spectrum and Exotic Interactions Recoil Spectroscopy and the Beta-Neutrino Correlation Asymmetry Measurements in Parity-Violating Correlations Triple Correlations and Time-Reversal Invariance Outlook References 10 Charged-Particle Radioactive Decays Contents Introduction One-Proton Emission Introduction Emission from Multiparticle Isomers Emission from ``Spherical\'\' Nuclei Emission from ``Deformed\'\' Nuclei Emission from Ground States of Nuclei Below Tin Emission from Nuclei Above Lead Summary Two-Proton Radioactivity Introduction Search for and Discovery of Two-Proton Radioactivity Theoretical Predictions Conclusions and Outlook Alpha-Particle Emission Introduction Alpha Radioactivity Above 100Sn Alpha Emission Above N = 82 Alpha Decay as a Probe of Shape Coexistence Around Z = 82 Alpha Emission of Elements Above Lead Summary Beta-Delayed Charged-Particle Emission Introduction From Light to Heavy Emitters Charged-Particle Emission as an Astrophysical Tool Competition Between Charged-Particle Emission and γ Decay: Study of Isospin Impurities Mass Determination of Exotic Nuclei with Coulomb Displacement Energies and the IMME Summary Cluster Radioactivity Introduction Proposal and Discovery of Cluster Radioactivity The Golden Age of Cluster Radioactivity Theoretical Predictions and Descriptions Summary Conclusion References 11 Heaviest Elements: Decay and Laser Spectroscopy Contents The Heaviest Elements Bulk Nuclear Properties Liquid Drop Shell Structure Nuclear Shapes Magnetic Nuclear Moments Isomers in the Heaviest Elements Experimental Approaches Production Mechanisms Recoil Separators Laser Spectroscopy Obtaining Nuclear Properties by Laser Spectroscopy Isotope Shift Hyperfine Structure Atomic Calculations Methods for Laser Spectroscopy Nuclear Charge Radii in the Heavy Element Region from Laser Spectroscopy Nuclear Spectroscopy Alpha-Decay Spectroscopy In-Beam Spectroscopy Isomer Spectroscopy Future Challenges References 12 Nuclear Isomers Contents Introduction Historical Development Electromagnetic Decay of Isomers Other Modes of Isomer Decay Beta Decay Alpha Decay Fission Proton Decay Classes of Isomer Spin Isomers Seniority Isomers Isomers and Shell Gaps K Isomers Shape Isomers Experimental Techniques Beam Pulsing Recoil Shadow In-Flight Separators On-Line Isotope Separators Laser Hyperfine Spectroscopy Penning Traps Multi-reflection Time-of-Flight Mass Spectrometry Storage Rings Gamma-Ray Detection Germanium Detectors Lanthanum Bromide Detectors Isomer Applications Nuclear Astrophysics Nuclear Optical Clock Medical Imaging Mössbauer Spectroscopy Energy Storage and Release Dark Matter Detection Summary References 13 In-Beam Spectroscopy of Nuclear Electromagnetic Transitions Contents Introduction High-Resolution Gamma-Ray Spectrometers Electromagnetic Transitions in Atomic Nuclei Selection Rules Transition Rates Internal Conversion Characterization of Excited Nuclear States Level Schemes Spins and Parities Lifetimes Fast-Timing Measurements with Scintillators Doppler-Shift Timing Methods Electromagnetic Moments Electric Quadrupole Moment Magnetic Dipole Moment Spectroscopy of the Continuum Nuclear Reactions for In-Beam Gamma-Ray Spectroscopy Reactions Around the Coulomb Barrier Coulomb Excitation Transfer Reactions Fusion-Evaporation Reactions Identification of Reaction Products Multi-nucleon Transfer Reactions Nuclear Fission Reactions at Relativistic Energies Relativistic Coulomb Excitation Knockout Reactions Conclusion and Outlook References Section III Dynamical Properties 14 Theoretical Methods for Giant Resonances Contents Introduction The Nuclear Ground State and Its Response to an External Field: Time-Dependent Approaches Linear Response: QRPA and FAM Reduction to RPA and the Schematic Model Operators and Examples of Calculations Relationship Between Strength Functions and Inelastic Cross Sections More General Frameworks Beyond (Q)RPA Width, Fine Structure, Particle, and γ-Decay Other Topics References 15 Experimental Techniques in Study of Giant Resonances: Magnetic Spectrometers Contents Introduction Trajectory Equation Ion Optics of Magnetic Spectrometers Importance of the First-, Second-, and Third-Order Coefficients Magnetic Spectrometer ``Grand Raiden\'\' DSR Magnet for Spin Observables Compensation of the Kinematic Line-Broadening Effect Dispersion Matching Future Prospects References 16 Isoscalar Giant Resonances: Experimental Studies Contents Introduction Collection and Analysis of Experimental Data Experimental Results The ISGMR The ISGDR The ISGQR The ISHEOR Deformation Effects on Isoscalar Giant Resonances Measurements of Decays of Giant Resonances Isoscalar Giant Resonances with Rare Isotope Beams Summary and Outlook References 17 Theoretical Description of Pygmy (Dipole) Resonances Contents Introduction Experimental Evidences Theoretical Approaches Macroscopic Approaches Microscopic Approaches Cross-Section Calculation Radial Form Factor Coulomb and Nuclear Interplay Summary References 18 Pygmy Dipole Resonance: Experimental Studies by Different Probes Contents Introduction Experimental Methods Photon Scattering (γ,γ\') with Bremsstrahlung Beams Photon Scattering (γ,γ\') with Polarized Monoenergetic Photon Beams Coulomb Excitation with Virtual Photons on Stable Nuclei Coulomb Excitation in Inverse Kinematics at Relativistic Energies with Virtual Photons on Radioactive Nuclei Hadronic Interaction with Proton, α and 17O Beams: (p, p\'γ), (α, α\'γ\'), and (17O,17O\'γ) The Oslo Method One-Neutron Transfer (d, p) and (d, pγ) Reactions β-Decay Studies Summary and Outlook References 19 Excitation of Isovector Giant Resonances Through Charge-Exchange Reactions Contents Introduction Isospin Beam Energy Multipole-Decomposition Analysis Charge-Exchange Reaction Probes The Decay of Isovector Giant Resonances Isovector Giant Resonances Isobaric Analog State Gamow-Teller Resonances Isovector Dipole Resonances Isovector Giant Monopole Resonance Isovector Spin Giant Monopole Resonance Conclusion References Section IV Fission of Nuclei 20 The Multi-humped Fission Barrier Contents Introduction Important Experimental Observations Shape Isomers in Actinide Nuclei Intermediate Structures in Subthreshold Fission Cross Sections Theoretical Description of the Fission Barrier Transmission Through the Barrier Experiments to Explore the Fission Barrier Detector Techniques to Measure Nuclear Fission Observables Fission Barrier Parameters from Average Cross-Section Measurements Intermediate Structure in Fission Cross Sections Fission-Isomer Half-Lives and Excitation Functions Spectroscopy in the Second Minimum Fission Barrier Systematics Future Approaches to Explore the Fission Barrier Annex: Compilation of Fission Barrier Parameters References 21 Microscopic Theory of Nuclear Fission Contents Introduction Fission Observables Physics Concepts Theoretical Models Energy Density Functional Theory Hartree-Fock-Bogoliubov Theory Multi-reference Energy Density Functional Time-Dependent Density Functional Theory Collective Models Adiabatic Models Generator Coordinate Method Selected Results Spontaneous Fission Characterization of Fission Fragments Number of Particles Deformations Spin Distributions Excitation Energy Distribution of Fission Fragments Conclusions References 22 Photofission Studies: Past and Future Contents Introduction Photon Generation for Photofission: Experimental Techniques Bremsstrahlung Tagged-Photon Facilities Positron Annihilation in Flight Nuclear Reactions as High-Energy Photon Sources Compton Backscattered Gamma-Ray Sources Photofission Near Threshold Photofission in the GDR Region Fragment Yields and Characteristics in Photofission Ternary Photofission Summary and Outlook References 23 Multinucleon-Transfer-Induced Fission Contents Introduction Fission Study from Transfer Reactions General Feature of Multinucleon Transfer Reaction Setup for Multinucleon-Transfer-Induced Fission Direct Kinematics Setup for Multinucleon-Transfer-Induced Fission Inverse Kinematics Setup for Multinucleon-Transfer-Induced Fission Fission Studies in Inverse Kinematics Using Relativistic Beam Energies Discussion Fission Fragment Properties Studied in Multinucleon Transfer Reactions Multichance Fission and Damping of the Shells Neutron Excess of Fission Fragments Angular Momentum Transfer in Multinucleon Transfer Reactions Surrogate Reactions Summary and Scope References 24 The Fission Barrier of Heaviest Nuclei from a Macroscopic-Microscopic Perspective Contents Introduction General View of the Fission Process: The Importance of the Fission Barrier Regime: EGS* BA(B) – Statistical Limit Regime: EGS* BA(B) – Quantum Tunneling Limit Regime: EGS* BA(B) – Damping Limit Macroscopic-Microscopic Method Shell Correction vs. the Mean Field Calculation of the Shell Correction Pairing Correction Some Remarks on the Macro-Micro Method Choice of Models Macroscopic Energy Phenomenological Deformed Potential Search for Saddles Specifications of the Model Fission Barriers in Actinides First and Second Barriers Uncertain Third Minima and Barriers Fission of K-Isomers at the Second Minimum Barriers in Superheavy Nuclei Conclusions References Section V Halo and Unstable Nuclei 25 Halo Nuclei Contents Introduction What Is a Nuclear Halo Observation of Nuclear Halos: A Historical View Proton Halo Nuclei Experimental Studies of Halo Nuclei Determinations of Nuclear Radii and Density Distributions Momentum Distributions of Halo Neutrons Beta-Decay of Halo Nuclei Electromagnetic Dissociation Reaction Studies in Inverse Kinematics Correlation of Halo Neutrons Halos in Other Physical Systems References 26 Theory of Halo Nuclei Contents Introduction Effective Potential Two-Body Halos Applications 1: Bound S-Wave Neutron Halos Applications 2: Unbound S-Wave Neutron Halos Three-Body Halos Applications 3: Efimov States and Matter Radii Range Corrections in Three-Body Halos Multi-neutron Systems Further Reading References 27 Beta Decay of Halo Nuclei Contents Introduction Halo Nuclei Beta Decay Aspects of Halo Beta Decay Beta-Delayed Particle Emission Isospin Theoretical Approaches Experimental Procedures Decay of Neutron Halos Decay of Other Halos Proton Halos Lambda Halos Summary and Outlook References 28 Radii and Momentum Distribution of Unstable Nuclei Contents Radii and Density Distribution Parametric Forms of Density Distribution Matter Radii and Matter Density of Unstable Nuclei Reaction and Interaction Cross Sections Reaction and Interaction Cross Sections: Experimental Technique Glauber Model Reaction Theory for Reaction Cross Section Nuclear Halo and Skin from Reaction Cross Sections Proton Elastic Scattering in Inverse Kinematics Proton Distribution Radii and Charge Density of Unstable Nuclei Electron Scattering Isotope Shift for Unstable Nuclei Charge Changing Cross Section Three-Body Correlation in Borromean Halos Nucleon Removal Momentum Distribution Experimental Methods for Nucleon Knockout Reactions Glauber Model for Nucleon Knockout One-Nucleon Knockout Two-Nucleon Knockout Nuclear Halo and Shell Evolution from Momentum Distribution Measurements References 29 Low Energy Reactions with Halo Nuclei Contents Introduction Experimental and Theoretical Tools Production Techniques EXOTIC CRIB TwinSol Louvain-La-Neuve ISOLDE SPIRAL TRIUMF Experimental Techniques Theoretical Tools Experimental Results Fusion Elastic Scattering Transfer and Breakup Conclusions References 30 Coulomb Breakup and Soft E1 Excitation of Neutron Halo Nuclei Contents Introduction Overview of Coulomb Breakup of Halo Nuclei and Soft E1 Excitation Coulomb Breakup and Soft E1 Excitation of One-Neutron Halo Nucleus Coulomb Breakup of 11Be Soft E1 Excitation of 11Be and Spectroscopic Significance Issues on Nuclear Breakup and Higher-Order Effects Soft-E1 Excitation of Island-of-Inversion Nuclei Coulomb Breakup and Soft E1 Excitation of Two-Neutron Halo Nucleus Soft E1 Excitation of 11Li and Spectroscopic Significance Soft E1 Excitation of 6He Soft E1 Excitation of 19B Three-Body vs. Many-Body Aspects of Two-Neutron Halo Nuclei Summary and Conclusions References 31 Unbound Nuclei Contents The Origin of Nuclear Continuum States Missing Mass Method Correlations in the Decay Correlation Analysis via Event Mixing Methods Borromean Properties: Three-Body Decays Relative Energy: Analysis via Dalitz Plot Relative Energy and Momenta: Analysis of Three-Body Decays Using Jacobi Coordinates Hyperspherical Harmonics Relative Momenta: Angular Correlations – Access to Angular Momentum Alignment Lifetime Measurements Reaction Mechanisms: Accessible Regions Resonances, Scattering States, and Non-correlated Phase-Space Decay References 32 Magic Numbers Off the Stability Line Contents Introduction Nuclear Shell Structure Magic Number Anomalies Nuclear Magicity and Signs of Its Breakdown Spin and Parity Nuclear Shape Binding Energy β Decay Lifetime Island of Inversion Astrophysical Implications Progress of Experimental Approaches Development of RI Beams Direct Reaction Studies with Fast RI Beam Experimental Conditions of RI Beam-Induced Reactions Measurement of Doppler-Shifted γ Rays Measurement of Invariant Mass Reaction Calculations Transfer Reactions Slow-Beam Production Studies with Stopped and Slow RI Beams β-γ and Isomer Spectroscopy Nuclear Moments Mass Measurements Quests for Magic Number Anomaly in the Extended Nuclear Chart Around the N=8 Magic Number Exploring the N=20 Island of Inversion Appearance of Magicity at the N=16 Behavior of the N=28 Shell Closure New Gaps at N=32 and N=34 Heavier Magic Numbers: N=50, N=82, N=126, and N=184 Discussions Summary References 33 Nuclei Near and at the Proton Dripline Contents Introduction Landscape Methods of Production Decays of Proton-Rich Nuclei β-Delayed Charged Particle Emission Proton Decay Two-Proton Decay 100Sn and Its Neighborhood Isospin Symmetry Mirror Symmetry Thomas-Ehrman Shift Proton Halos 8B 17F 26P and 27P 17Ne 22Al and 27S Proton Dripline Nuclei and Nucleosynthesis Conclusions References Section VI Nuclear Reaction for Structure Studies 34 Indirect Methods in Nuclear Astrophysics with Transfer Reactions Contents Introduction Theory of Transfer Reactions Coordinates, Momenta, and Energies Transition Matrix Elements and Wave Functions Cross Sections Experimental Application of the ANC Method Experimental Application of the Trojan Horse Method Kinematic Conditions General Steps of Data Analysis Recent Applications Conclusions References 35 Probing Nuclear Structure with Photon Beams Contents Introduction Photon Sources Bremsstrahlung Laser Compton Backscattering Formalism of Photonuclear Reactions Nuclear Photoabsorption Selection Rules Photoabsorption Cross Section Self-Absorption Nuclear Resonance Fluorescence NRF Cross Section Angular Distribution Spin and Parity Assignments Procedure for a Typical NRF Experiment Self-Absorption Measurements Research Examples Photonuclear Studies of Nuclear Electric Dipole (E1) Excitations Photonuclear Studies of Nuclear Magnetic Dipole (M1) Excitations Photonuclear Studies of Nuclear Electric Quadrupole (E2) Excitations Photonuclear Studies of Photon Strength Functions Elastic Cross Section Inelastic Cross Section Summary and Outlook References 36 Direct Nuclear Reactions Contents Introduction Elastic Scattering Inelastic Scattering Coupled Channels The Optical Potential Coulomb Excitation Charge-Exchange Reactions Double Charge-Exchange and Double Beta-Decay Transfer Reactions Breakup Reactions Conclusions References 37 Theoretical Studies of Low-Energy Nuclear Reactions Contents Introduction Potential Scattering Scattering Amplitudes and Cross Sections Phase Shifts Generalizations Coulomb Scattering Complex Potentials Folding Potentials Multichannel Systems Non-local Potentials Two-Potential Formulas Solving the Scattering Equation The Numerov Method The R-Matrix Method The Continuum Discretized Coupled Channel (CDCC) Method Transfer Reactions Introduction Coupled Reaction Channels The DWBA Approximation Conclusion References 38 Influence of Nuclear Structure in Relativistic Heavy-Ion Collisions Contents A Brief Introduction to the Relativistic Heavy-Ion Collisions and the Initial State A Brief Introduction to the Nuclear Structure Influence of α-Clustering Effects Influence of Neutron Skin Effects Influence of the Deformation in Isobaric Collisions Summary References 39 Modern Approaches to Optical Potentials Contents Introduction General Form of Phenomenological Optical Potentials Microscopic Nuclear Forces Feshbach Projection Formalism Optical Potential at High Energies: Multiple Scattering Theory Optical Potential from Green\'s Function Theory Green\'s Function Theory for Homogeneous Nuclear Matter Dispersive Optical Potentials References 40 Ab Initio Nuclear Reaction Theory with Applications to Astrophysics Contents Ab Initio Nuclear Theory Introduction Hamiltonian Similarity Renormalization Group Transformations No-Core Shell Model Ab Initio Approach to Nuclear Reactions Binary-Cluster Resonating-Group Method Three-Cluster RGM Unified Description of Bound and Continuum States: The No-Core Shell Model with Continuum R-Matrix Method Nuclear Reactions in Astrophysics Big Bang Nucleosynthesis Stellar Evolution Ab Initio Calculations of Reactions Important for Astrophysics Deuterium (D) Tritium (T) and D3He Fusion 3He(α,γ)7Be and 3H(α,γ)7Li Radiative Capture Reactions 7Be(p,γ)8B Radiative Capture 8Li(n,γ)9Li Radiative Capture Concluding Remarks References 41 Electron Scattering Off Stable and Unstable Nuclei Contents Introduction Electron Scattering Kinematics Cross Section Elastic Scattering Spin-Zero Nuclei Charge-Density Distributions Nuclei Ever Studied by Electron Scattering Stable and Unstable Nuclei Electron Scattering for Exotic Nuclei Required Luminosities for Elastic Scattering Electron Scattering Facility for Exotic Nuclei New Opportunities at Electron Scattering Facility for Exotic Nuclei Neutron Distribution Photonuclear Response References 42 Sub-barrier Fusion Reactions Contents Introduction A General Introduction to Heavy-Ion Fusion Reactions Earlier Review Articles and Textbooks Potential Model Potential Model and the Wong Formula Comparisons with Experimental Data Fusion of Deformed Nuclei Coupled-Channels Approach Fusion Barrier Distributions Deep Subbarrier Fusion Hindrance Fusion of Neutron-Rich Nuclei Fusion Reactions for Superheavy Nuclei Superheavy Nuclei Heavy-Ion Fusion Reactions for Superheavy Nuclei Theoretical Modelings Hot Versus Cold Fusion Reactions Role of Deformation in Hot Fusion Reactions References Section VII Nucleon-Nucleon Interactions 43 NN Experiments and NN Phase-Shift Analysis Contents Introduction General Setup in the Spinless Case Statement of the Problem Counting Fluctuations Classical Scattering Quantum Scattering Elastic Unitarity and Complete Set of Experiments Rotational Invariance Phase Shifts Coulomb Scattering Identical Particles Analytical Properties The Low Energy Limit Virtual and Bound States Square Wells Inverse Scattering Ambiguities Volume Integrals and Symmetries Statistical Analysis Fitting Scattering Data Fitting Strategies Single-Energy Fits Multiple-Energy Fits Potential Models Confidence Limits and Error Propagation Systematic Uncertainties NN Scattering Theory Scattering with Spin Wolfenstein Parameters The Partial-Wave Expansion Mixed States and Density Matrix NN Observables NN Experiments Possible NN Experiments Real NN Experiments NN Database Phenomenological Analysis of NN Experiments The NN Potential NN Potential Components Locality and Semilocality Long-Range Effects NN Anatomy and Short Distance Potential Data Analysis Scattering Amplitudes and Phase Shifts Nuclear Potentials The Pion Exchange Potentials Conclusions References 44 Phenomenology and Meson Theory of Nuclear Forces Contents Introduction First Attempts and the Early Pion Theories Phenomenology The One-Boson-Exchange Model Understanding Meson-Exchange the Easy Way Sketch of the Field Theoretic Derivations One-Pion-Exchange Potential One-Sigma-Exchange Potential One-Omega-Exchange Potential One-Rho-Exchange Potential Quantitative OBE Potentials Beyond the OBE Approximation Charge Dependence Charge Symmetry Breaking Charge Independence Breaking The High-Accuracy Potentials Models for Nuclear Many-Body Interactions Diverse Nuclear Many-Body Interactions Relativistic Meson-Theoretic Approaches to Nuclear Structure Nucleon-Nucleon Scattering Above the Inelastic Threshold Conclusions Appendix A: The Relativistic One-Boson-Exchange Potential Appendix B: Nonrelativistic Approximations and Position-Space Potentials References 45 Quark Models for Baryon-Baryon Interactions Contents Symmetries and Quarks Chiral Symmetry and the Constituent Quark Model The Nucleon-Nucleon Interaction in Constituent Quark Models The Resonating Group Method Phase Shifts in the Constituent Quark Model Bound States and Resonances Hyperon-Hyperon and Nucleon-Antinucleon Interactions Conclusions References 46 Lattice QCD and Baryon-Baryon Interactions Contents Introduction HAL QCD Potential Method Basic Formulation An Extension: Coupled Channel Potentials NN Interactions Central and Tensor Interactions in Parity-Even Channels Central, Tensor, and Spin-Orbit Interactions in Parity-Odd Channels Three-Nucleon Interactions Hyperon Interactions Baryon Interactions in the Flavor SU(3) Limit H Dibaryon in the Flavor SU(3) Limit ΛΛ- NΞ Interactions at the Almost Physical Point and the Fate of the H-Dibaryon NΞ Interactions at the Almost Physical Point Dibaryons at the Almost Physical Point The Most Strange Dibaryon ΩsssΩsss The Most Charming Dibaryon ΩcccΩccc Comparisons of Two Systems NΩsss Dibaryon Summary References 47 Local Two- and Three-Nucleon Interactions Within Chiral Effective Field Theory Contents Introduction Chiral Effective Field Theory Fits of Chiral EFT Interactions Nonlocalities in Chiral EFT Interactions Coordinate-Space Chiral EFT Hamiltonians General Features of Local Chiral Interactions LO Contact Interactions LO Pion-Exchange Interaction Local Chiral EFT Interactions Without Delta Isobars NLO Contributions N2LO Contributions Regularization Scheme for Local Chiral EFT Interactions Local Chiral EFT Interactions with Delta Isobars Differences in the Potential Terms Differences in the Regularization Scheme Local Three-Nucleon Interactions Local Three-Nucleon Interactions Without Delta Isobars Local Three-Nucleon Interactions with Delta Isobars Finite Cutoff and Regulator Artifacts Short-Range Regulator Artifacts Long-Range Regulator Artifacts Summary References 48 Semi-local Nuclear Forces from Chiral EFT: State-of-the-Art and Challenges Contents Introduction SMS Two-Nucleon Potentials up to N4LO+ Regularization and Subtractions Partial Wave Analysis of NN Scattering Selected Applications in the NN Sector Beyond the NN System SMS Three-Nucleon Force at N2LO Nucleon-Deuteron Scattering Heavier Systems Towards Consistent Regularization Beyond the 2N System Statement of the Problem Possible Solutions Summary and Outlook References 49 Nonlocal Chiral Nuclear Forces up to N5LO Contents Introduction Effective Field Theory for Low-Energy QCD Symmetries of Low-Energy QCD Chiral Symmetry Explicit Symmetry Breaking Spontaneous Symmetry Breaking Chiral Effective Lagrangians Nuclear Forces from EFT: Overview Chiral Perturbation Theory and Power Counting The Ranking of Nuclear Forces Quantitative Chiral NN Potentials NN Contact Terms Definition of NN Potential Regularization and Nonperturbative Renormalization NN Potentials Order by Order Nuclear Many-Body Forces Three-Nucleon Forces Four-Nucleon Forces Uncertainty Quantification Conclusions References 50 Nucleon-Antinucleon Interaction Contents Introduction From Nucleon-Nucleon to Antinucleon-Nucleon The Case of QED The Case of Strong Interactions Consequences of the G-Parity Rule Optical Models Spin Observables 2mu-2mu NN Interaction in Effective Theories Annihilation Mechanisms General Considerations Baryon Exchange Annihilation Viewed in Terms of Quarks Phenomenology of Annihilation 2mu-2mu NN Interaction and Hadron Spectroscopy Antinucleon-Nucleus Interaction Elastic Scattering Inelastic Scattering Neutron-Antineutron in Nuclei Antiprotonic Atoms Exotic Atoms Level Rearrangement Protonium Antiproton-Nucleus Atoms Antiprotonic Helium Day-Snow-Sucher Effect Antiprotons in the Universe Outlook References Section VIII Models of Nuclear Structure 51 Model for Independent Particle Motion Contents Introduction Independent Particle Model Spherical Shell Model Deformed Shell Model Cranked Shell Model Spatial Densities of the Single-Particle States Microscopic+Macroscopic Models Self-Consistent Approaches: Covariant Density Functional Theory Manifestation of Independent Particle Motion in Non-rotating and Rotating Nuclei Global Shell Structure at Spin Zero Superheavy Nuclei Superdeformation at High Spin The Phenomenon of Band Termination Single-Particle States in Deformed Nuclei Non-rotating Nuclei Rotating Nuclei in the Pairing Regime Single-Particle and Polarization Effects Due to the Occupation of Single-Particle Orbitals Conclusions References 52 Model for Collective Motion Contents Introduction Nuclear Shape Parameters Nuclear Surface Oscillations The Rotation-Vibration Model Microscopic Derivation of the Collective Hamiltonian General Concepts of the Generator Coordinate Method The Gaussian Overlap Approximation Microscopic Collective Hamiltonian Based on Density Functional Theory The Five-Dimensional Collective Hamiltonian Shape Coexistence in 76Kr Quadrupole-Octupole Collective Hamiltonian for Pear-Shaped Nuclei Time-Dependent GCM+GOA for Nuclear Fission Further Reading References 53 Models for Pairing Phenomena Contents Effects of Nucleon Pairing The Pairing Mechanism The Pairing Forces Pairing Models The Seniority Model The BCS Model The BCS Approximation The BCS Approximation with Resonant States The Generalized Bogoliubov Transformation The Hartree-Fock-Bogoliubov Theory Selected Topics The Generalized Bogoliubov Transformation and Continuum Spectra Phenomenological Pairing Force: Finite Range vs. Zero Range Pairing Correlations and Nuclear Size Blocking Effects Issues with Particle Number Exact Solutions for Pairing Hamiltonian Particle Number Projection Further Reading References 54 Algebraic Models of Nuclei Contents Introduction Symmetry Methods in Quantum Many-Body Systems Many-Particle States in Second Quantization Dynamical Algebras Dynamical Symmetries Particle-Number Non-conserving Dynamical Algebras Partial Dynamical Symmetries Symmetry in the Shell Model The Nuclear Shell Model Pairing and Quasi-spin SU(2) Deformation and SU(3) Pairing with Neutrons and Protons Symmetry in the Interacting Boson Model The Interacting Boson Model Dynamical Symmetries The Classical Limit Bosons with F Spin Bosons with Isospin Bosons with Intrinsic Spin and Isospin Concluding Remarks References 55 Nuclear Density Functional Theory (DFT) Contents Introduction (with a Few Historical Remarks) Hartree-Fock with Density-Dependent Forces From HF to DFT General Motivation and DFT for Coulomb Systems The Nuclear Case Generalized Local Densities and Generalized EDFs Symmetry Breaking and Pairing Correlations Examples of Calculations Appendix: Functional Derivatives References 56 Relativistic Density Functional Theories Contents Introduction A Brief History Advantages of Relativistic DFT Achievements of Relativistic DFT Relativistic DFT in This Chapter Dirac Equation with Scalar and Vector Potentials Meson-Exchange Functionals Nuclear Matter with the σ-ω Model Nonlinear and Density-Dependent Couplings Point-Coupling Functionals Nuclear Landscape Summary and Further Reading References 57 Model for Collective Vibration Contents Introduction The Exact Equation of Motion for Nuclear Response and Approximate Methods Nuclear Spectral Calculations Implications for Astrophysics and Outlook References 58 Configuration Interaction Approach to Atomic Nuclei: The Shell Model Contents Introduction Shell Structure and Magic Numbers: Traditional View Shell-Model Calculation: CI Calculation Beyond the IPM Valence Shell and Hamiltonian Many-Body Schrödinger Equation Single-Particle Energies for the Shell Model Effective NN Interaction for the Shell Model Example of Shell-Model Calculation Monte Carlo Shell Model: Computational Breakthrough and More Basic Formulation Advanced Generation of Basis Vectors by Variational Method Extrapolation to Exact Energy Eigenvalue Additional Remarks on the MCSM Shell Evolution Due to Monopole Interaction Monopole Matrix Element and Monopole Interaction Central, 2-Body Spin-Orbit and Tensor Parts of the NN Interaction Monopole Interaction of the Central Force Monopole Interaction of the Tensor Force Monopole Interaction Effects from the Central and Tensor Forces Combined N=34 New Magic Number as a Consequence of the Shell Evolution Monopole Interaction of the 2-Body Spin-Orbit Force Monopole Interaction from the Three-Nucleon Force Short Summary of This Section Correlations Among Valence Nucleons and Monte Carlo Shell Model Shape Deformation, Quadrupole Interaction, and Rotational Band Type II Shell Evolution A Doubly Closed Nucleus 68Ni Deformed Shapes and Potential Energy Surface Deformation Parameters and Comparison to Calculations with Gogny Interaction T-Plot Analysis Shell Evolution and Surface Deformation Short Summary of This Section Remarks References 59 Symmetry Restoration Methods Contents Introduction Symmetry and Group Representations Symmetry Breaking in Mean-Field Approximations Symmetry Restoration Methods Generator Coordinate Method (GCM) Construction of Projection Operators Basic Properties of a Projection Operator The Projection Operator from Group Theory Some Typical Examples The Space-Reversal Symmetry Z2 The Gauge Symmetry U(1) The Rotational Symmetry SO(3) Isospin Symmetry SU(2) Approximate Treatments with Power Expansions Electric Multiple Transitions Some Illustrative Applications Impact of Particle-Number Projection in Low-Lying States The Densities of Symmetry-Restored States Dynamical Correlation Energies Triaxiality in Atomic Nuclei with Shape Coexistence Dynamical and Static Octupole Deformation Evolution of Shell Structure in Neutron-Rich Nuclei Concluding Remarks References 60 Quantum Microscopic Dynamical Approaches Contents Introduction Many-Body States One-Particle States Two Distinguishable Particles Independent Particles Correlated Particles Two Indistinguishable Fermions Many-Fermion States Why Can\'t the Many-Body Time-Dependent Schrödinger Equation Be Solved Exactly? Variational Principles Variational Principle with the Dirac Action Variational Space Time-Dependent Hartree-Fock (TDHF) Theory TDHF Equation Liouville Form of the TDHF Equation Solving TDHF Static HF Examples of TDHF Applications Limitations of TDHF Justification of the Mean-Field Approximation Random-Phase Approximation (RPA) Harmonic Approximation Transition Amplitude Linear Response Theory Strength Function from the TDHF Evolution Reduced Electric Transition Probability and Deformation Parameters Giant Resonances RPA Equation RPA Modes Widths of Giant Resonances TDHF Versus RPA Time-Dependent Hartree-Fock-Bogoliubov Theory Manifestation of Pairing Including Correlations Via Symmetry Breaking Translational Invariance Rotational Invariance Pairing Correlations Through Breaking of Gauge Invariance Generalized One-Body Density Matrix Quasi-particle Vacuum Non-conservation of Particle Number TDHFB Equation Static HFB Equation Restoring a Good Particle Number Some Applications of TDHFB Pairing Vibrations Fusion Barrier Balian-Vénéroni Variational Principle Balian-Vénéroni Action Exact Evolution Schrödinger Equation Heisenberg Equation TDHF from the BV Variational Principle Time-Dependent Random-Phase Approximation References Section IX Tensor Interaction in Nuclei 61 Hadrons from Quarks and Chiral Symmetry Contents Introduction Chiral Symmetry and Its Spontaneous Breaking Overview with Some History Possible Scenario One Pion Exchange Potential Chiral Symmetry The Linear Sigma Model The NJL Model Hadrons Mesons Baryons Quark Model Wave Functions Magnetic Moments Heavy Baryons Axial Vector Coupling Constants Neutron Beta Decay Quark Model Estimate Other Transitions Exotic Hadrons X(3872) Pc Pentaquarks Remarks and Comments References 62 Pion Exchange Interaction in Bonn Potential and Relativistic and Non-relativistic Framework in Nuclear Matter Contents Introduction Charged-Dependent Bonn Potential with Pseudovector Coupling The Nuclear Matter in BHF and RBHF Models Several New Relativistic Ab Initio Methods The Hartree-Fock with UCOM Model The Relativistic Hartree-Fock Model with High Momentum Components Summaries and Perspectives References 63 Extended Hartree-Fock Theory with Strong Tensor Correlation and the Tensor-Optimized Shell Model Contents The Nucleon-Nucleon Interaction Brueckner-Hartree-Fock Theory with Effective Interaction Extended Hartree-Fock Theory with Correlation Tensor-Optimized Shell Model Description of Light Nuclei in TOSM Role of the Delta Excitation in Light Nuclei Summary and Perspectives References 64 Measurements of NN Correlations in Nuclei Contents Introduction What Are Short-Range Correlations (SRC)? Tensor Interactions and SRC Pairs Methods of Studying SRC in Nuclei Measurements of SRC in Nuclei pN Pair Dominance Inverse Kinematics Measurements The Transition from Tensor to Central Correlations CM Motion of Pairs Counting SRC Pairs SRCs and Scale Separation Summary and Outlook References 65 Many-Body Correlations in Light Nuclei with the Tensor-Optimized Antisymmetrized Molecular Dynamics Contents Introduction Deuteron Properties Tensor-Optimized Antisymmetrized Molecular Dynamics (TOAMD) Wave Function Cluster Expansion of the Correlated Operators Energy Variation Many-Body Matrix Elements in TOAMD Results Successive Variation Many-Body Correlation Comparison with Jastrow Method Momentum Distribution 5He New Cluster Expansion Summary References 66 Effects of Tensor Interactions in Nuclei Contents Binding of Deuteron and Light Nuclei Magnetic Moments of Mirror Nuclei Spin-Orbit Coupling s1/2 and p1/2 Mixing in a Halo Nucleus 11Li High-Momentum Component in Wave Function Theoretical Considerations Electron Scattering Experiments With Strong Interacting Probes Summary References Section X Mesonic- and Hypernuclei 67 What Is Hypernuclear Physics and Why Studying Hypernuclear Physics Is Important Contents Hyperons Experimental Overview Theoretical Overview References 68 High-Precision γ-Ray Spectroscopy of Hypernuclei Contents Overview of Hypernuclear γ-Ray Spectroscopy Structure of Hypernuclei and Their γ Transitions Physics Motivations of Hypernuclear γ-Ray Spectroscopy Experimental Methods Production of Hypernuclei Measurement of γ Rays Experimental Setup An Example: J-PARC E13 Experiment Study of N Interaction Spin-Spin Interaction from s-shell Hypernuclei p-shell Hypernuclei Revealing Spin-Dependent N Interactions 7Li 9Be 16O and 15N 10B, 11B, and 12C 13C Consistency Test for the Spin-Dependent Interactions Test of Theoretical N Interaction Models sd-shell Hypernuclei Study of Charge Symmetry Breaking (CSB) N Interaction in Nuclear Matter (N N Three-Body Force) Study of Impurity Effects Study of Baryon Properties in Nuclei Summary References 69 Hypernuclei Contents From Hypernuclei to Hypernuclei - Atoms Narrow Width Puzzle of Hypernuclei Bound States of Hypernuclei Nucleus Potential in Medium-Heavy Nuclei Summary of Hypernuclei References 70 Experimental Aspect of S = -2 Hypernuclei Contents Introduction Hypernuclei and Nuclear Emulsion S = -2 Experiments Using Nuclear Emulsion Principles of Doubly Strange Hypernuclei Production and Event Filtering E176 (KEK-PS) E373 (KEK-PS) E07 (J-PARC) Scanning and Analysis Method in the E07 Experiment Event Scanning Optical Microscope Position Alignment Between SSD and the Top Emulsion Sheet Scanning of - Candidate Tracks Predicted by SSD Position Alignment for Sheet by Sheet of the Emulsion Tracking in the Emulsion Sheet Event Categorization Range-Energy Calibration Estimating the Number of the Event by At-Rest Captured - Hyperon with Multiple Coulomb Scattering Charge Measurement of Tracks in the Emulsion Sheet Mass Reconstruction X-Ray Microscopy Instead of Optical Microscope Overall-Scanning Method Searching in Whole Volume of the Emulsion Detected Samples of S = -2 Hypernuclei Double- Hypernucleus Early Days Before the E373 Experiment The Nagara Event The Demachi-Yanagi Event The Mikage Event The Hida Event The Mino Event The D001 Event Characteristics of Double- Hypernuclei Hypernucleus Two Events of Twin Hypernucleus from the E176 Experiment The Kiso Event The Kinka Event The Ibuki Event The Irrawaddy Event Characteristics of Hypernucleus (15 C Hypernuclei and Nuclear s- and p-States) Absorbing Elements and Trapping Probability of Strangeness by - Capture at Rest Nuclear Elements Absorbing - Hyperons in the Emulsion Trapping Probabilities of Strangeness Double- Hypernuclei and the H Dibaryon Future Prospect References 71 Theoretical Studies in S=-1 and S=-2 Hypernuclei Contents Introduction The Three-Body nnΛ System The Gaussian Expansion Method Results for nnΛ Resonant State of nnΛ Superheavy Hydrogen Λ Hypernucleus 6ΛH The Neutron-Rich He Isotope Λ Hypernucleus 7ΛHe Structure of S=-2 Hypernuclei The Double-Λ Hypernucleus 10ΛΛBe The Double-Λ Hypernucleus 11ΛΛBe s-Shell Double-Λ Hypernuclei and ΛΛ-ΞN Coupling Structure of Ξ Hypernuclei Structure of the Ξ Hypernucleus 7ΞH Structure of the Ξ Hypernucleus 10ΞLi Structure of the s-Shell Ξ Hypernuclei Summary References 72 Theoretical Study of Deeply Bound Pionic Atoms with an Introduction to Mesonic Nuclei Contents Introduction to Physics of Mesonic Atoms and Mesonic Nuclei Pion–Nucleus Interaction Structure of Deeply Bound Pionic Atoms Hadron Reactions Proposed for the Pionic Atom Formation (d, 3He) Reactions for the Formation of the Deeply Bound Pionic Atoms Summary and Conclusion References 73 Pionic Atoms in Experiment Contents Introduction X-ray Spectroscopy Stopped Pion Method Spectroscopy by Sodium Iodide and Germanium Detectors Transition-Edge Sensor Diffraction Spectrometer Laser Spectroscopy of Pionic Helium Atoms Reaction Spectroscopy Structure of Deeply Bound Pionic Atoms Nuclear Reaction Spectroscopy Formation Cross Section and Kinematics Discovery of Deeply Bound Pionic Atoms in (d,3He) Reactions Experimental Procedure Pionic Pb Spectra 208Pb(d,3He) Reaction 206Pb(d,3He) Reaction Achievements in Spectroscopy of Pionic Pb Atoms Pionic Atoms and Chiral Symmetry Pionic Sn Isotopes and Isovector b1 Parameter Reaction Spectroscopy with Improved Precision Scattering-Angle-Dependent Cross Section Toward Higher Accuracy Deduction of Chiral Condensate in Medium Future Perspectives in Meson-in-Nucleus Experiments Conclusion References 74 Kaonic Nuclei from the Experimental Viewpoint Contents Introduction The Minimal Isospin-Spin Configuration of ``barKNN\'\' Kaonic Atom Spectroscopy An Era of Kaonic Nuclear Bound State Explorations Stopped Kaon-Induced Reaction barss-Pair Creation via barp Annihilation barss-Pair Creation via pp Collision barss-Pair Creation via the (π+,K+) Reaction In-Flight K- Reaction Missing Mass Spectroscopy in the In-Flight K- Reaction on 12 C Observation of the Simplest Kaonic Nuclear Bound State Confirmation of the Event Concentration Near M(K-pp) Dibaryon-``X\'\' Candidates and Internal Isospin-Spin Configurations Relative Formation Yields of the Dibaryon-``X\'\' Candidates From Observation to Discovery Toward an Absolute Determination of the Spin-Parity Perspective on the Systematic Kaonic Nuclear Bound State Study References 75 Theory of Kaon-Nuclear Systems Contents Introduction The Λ(1405) Resonance K-p Correlation Functions barKN Interaction and Few-Body Kaonic Nuclei Kaonic Atoms Many-Body Physics and Kaons in Baryonic Matter Summary References 76 The η- and η\'-Nucleus Interactions and the Search for η, η\'- Mesic States Contents Introduction The η\' and η Mesons with Coupling to Anomalous Glue Medium Modifications Modeling the η\' and η in Medium The η -Nucleus Interaction and the Search for η Mesic States The η\' -Nucleus Interaction and the Search for η\' Mesic States The η\' -Nucleus Potential Determination of the η\'-Proton Scattering Length Determination of the Imaginary Part of the η\'-Nucleus Potential From Measurements of the Transparency Ratio Determination of the Real Part of the η\' Nucleus Potential by Measuring Excitation Functions and/or Momentum Distributions Parameters of the η\'-Nucleus Potential Direct Searches for η\' Mesic States Search for η\'-Mesic States in the 12C(p,d)11 C η\' Reaction Search for η\'-Mesic States in the 12C(γ,p) Reaction Conclusions References Section XI Quark Nuclear Physics 77 Quantum Chromodynamics, Quark Confinement, and Chiral Symmetry Breaking: A Bridge Between Elementary Particle Physics and Nuclear Physics Contents Introduction Quantum Chromodynamics (QCD): A Miraculous Theory Lattice QCD: Robust Numerical Method for Nonperturbative QCD Lattice QCD Monte Carlo Method to Deal with Millions of Integrals Lattice Gauge Action: Standard Plaquette Action Lattice Quark Action: Difficulties in Expressing ``Spinors\'\' at the Classical Level Most Importance Sampling: Nonperturbative QCD Vacua Generated on Lattices Lattice QCD Limitation on the Sign Problem: Minkowski Space or Finite Density Development of Various Techniques on QCD and Effective Models Spontaneous Chiral Symmetry Breaking and Anomalies in QCD Chiral Symmetry and Its Spontaneous Breaking in QCD Spontaneous Symmetry Breaking and Nambu-Goldstone Theorem in QCD Vafa-Witten Theorem: What Symmetry Can Be Spontaneously Broken in QCD? Chiral Condensate : Quark-pair Condensed Nontrivial QCD Vacuum Banks-Casher Relation on the Chiral Condensate and Dirac Eigenmodes Quantum Anomalies in QCD Quark Confinement in Mesons and Baryons Quark Confinement in Mesons: Quark and Antiquark Potential Quark Confinement in Baryons: Three-Quark Potential Large Gluonic Excitation Energy and Success of the Quark Model Quark Confinement in Multi-quark Exotic Hadrons Lattice QCD Formalism for Multi-quarks: Multi-quark Wilson Loop One-Gluon-Exchange (OGE) Coulomb Plus Multi-Y Ansatz QCD-Based Quark Model Hamiltonian Applicable to Multi-quarks Quark Confinement Mechanism Richardson Potential: A Consequence of Infrared Strong Coupling Dual Superconductor Picture for Quark Confinement Maximally Abelian (MA) Gauge, MA Projection, and Abelianization of QCD Hodge Decomposition, Monopole Projection, and Monopole Dominance Lattice QCD Evidence of Infrared Monopole Condensation Relation Between Confinement and Chiral Symmetry Breaking Some Independence of Confinement from Chiral Symmetry Breaking Correlation of Chiral Symmetry Breaking with QCD-Monopoles Summary and Conclusion References 78 Spontaneous Breaking of Chiral Symmetry in QCD Contents Introduction Chiral Symmetry in QCD Spontaneous Symmetry Breaking Nambu-Goldstone Theorem Projection Operator Method Application to QCD Effective Lagrangian Application to QCD Anomalous Nambu-Goldstone Modes in a High-Density Quark Matter Generalized Nambu-Goldstone Theorem Example: SU(2) x U(1) Model Type-A NG Modes Type-B NG Modes Application of Projection Operator Method to Non-Lorentz Invariant Systems Effective Lagrangian in Non-Lorentz Invariant Systems Concluding Remarks References 79 QCD Vacuum as Dual Superconductor: Quark Confinement and Topology Contents Introduction Monopoles as Agents of Confinement: Compact Abelian Models Compact QED in Two Spatial Dimensions Photons and Monopoles Sine-Gordon Model as the Dual Field for Monopoles Monopoles Generate Mass Gap and Charge Confinement Monopole Density Mass Gap Generation Confinement of Electric Charges and Monopole Dominance Photons and Monopoles on the Lattice Lattice Compact U(1) Gauge Model Lattice Monopoles Asymptotic Freedom: Continuum Limit of cU(1) vs. Yang-Mills Lattice Theory Numerical Simulations and Monopole Dominance Short Summary Confinement in cU(1) in 4d Space-Time Monopole Condensation in the Confining Phase Deriving the Dual Gauge Model Breaking the Scale Symmetry Confining String in the Dual Superconductor Picture Duality Structure of Confining String Short Summary Dual Superconductor Mechanism in Yang-Mills Theory Abelian Monopoles in Pure Gluon Vacuum? Abelian Projection in Non-Abelian Gauge Theory No Matter Fields Available? Abelian Projection: ``It does not Matter\'\' A Composite Matter Field = An Artificial (Unphysical) Matter Field? Stability of Abelian Monopoles? Too Many Composite Matter Fields to Choose from? Dual Superconductor in Lattice Yang-Mills Theory Analytical Theory: A Brief Summary Abelian and Monopole Dominance Condensation of Monopoles Type of Dual Superconductivity in Yang-Mills Theory Abelian Monopoles in Yang-Mills Theory as Physical Objects Gauge Invariance of Dual Superconductivity Monopoles and Chiral Symmetry Breaking Conclusions References 80 Quark Nuclear Physics for Hadrons and Nuclei in the Dual Ginzburg-Landau Theory Contents Introduction Magnetic Vortex and Monopole in Abelian Gauge of QCD The QCD Lagrangian Toward the Dual Ginzburg-Landau Theory Linear Potential in the DGL Theory Chiral Symmetry Breaking in the DGL Theory Meson Spectra in Pion Channel in the DGL Theory The String Tension and Ring Solution in the DGL Theory Confinement-Deconfinement Phase Transition in the DGL Theory Monopoles and Instantons Hadrons in the DGL Theory Dual Ginzburg-Landau Theory in Quark-Hadron Matter Summary and Perspectives References 81 Quark Nuclear Physics with Heavy Quarks Contents The Role of Heavy Quarks Heavy-Light Mesons, Quarkonia, Baryons with Two or More Heavy Quarks The Potential and the Phenomenology of Quarkonium Nonrelativistic Effective Field Theories Nonrelativistic QCD Potential Nonrelativistic QCD Weakly Coupled pNRQCD The Perturbative QCD Potential Strongly Coupled pNRQCD The Nonperturbative QCD Potential Spectra, Transitions, Decays and Production, and SM Parameters Extractions Confinement and Low-Energy QCD Models BOEFT and X Y Z Exotics pNRQCD at Finite T, Open Quantum System, and Quarkonium in Medium Outlook References 82 Generalization of Global Symmetry and Its Applications to QCD-Related Physics Contents Introduction Symmetry => Topological Defects Generalized Symmetry = Topological Defects Confinement-Deconfinement Phases and One-Form Symmetry Fradkin-Shenker\'s (Non-)complementarity Gauging of Generalized Symmetry \'t Hooft Anomaly and Anomaly Matching Physics of theta Angle: Application of the ZN[1] Symmetry for YM Theory Applications to 4d QCD with Fundamental Quarks Summary References 83 Chiral Magnetic Effect: A Brief Introduction Contents Chirality of Fermions Chirality of Gauge Fields Chiral Anomaly Chiral Magnetic Effect Chiral Magnetic Effect as a Probe of Topology Chiral Magnetic Effect in Heavy Ion Collisions Broader Connections References 84 Crossover Between Quark Nuclear Matter and Condensed-Matter Physics Contents Introduction and Summary Phases of Nuclear and Quark Matter Nuclear Matter Nuclear Superfluidity and Superconductivity Meson Condensation Theoretical Approaches to Meson Condensation Meson Condensation in Chiral Perturbation Theory Color Superconductivity The Zoo of Color-Superconducting Phases BCS–BEC Crossover and Quark–Hadron Continuity Quark–Hadron Continuity Topological Order and Higher-Form Symmetry Chiral Soliton Lattice Physical Realizations of CSL Topological Transport Phenomena of Quark Matter Berry Phase of Quark Matter Chiral Magnetic Effect and Related Phenomena References 85 Hadrons, Quark-Gluon Plasma, and Neutron Stars Contents Introduction Hadrons and Hadron-Hadron Interactions Hadrons with Light Quarks (u, d, s) and Flavor SU(3) Symmetry Quark-Quark Interactions Hadron Structure and Exotic Hadrons Exotic Hadron Production from Heavy-Ion Collisions Hadron-Hadron Interaction Models and Theories Femtoscopic Study of Hadron-Hadron Interactions Quark-Gluon Plasma QCD Phase Transition History and Evidence of QGP Formation Early Thermalization QCD Phase Diagram Neutron Stars and Nuclear Matter Equation of State Mass and Radius of Neutron Stars Nuclear Matter EOS and Symmetry Energy Hyperon Puzzle and Dense QCD Summary References Section XII Cosmic and Galactic Chemical Evolution 86 Equation of State in Neutron Stars and Supernovae Contents Introduction: Matter in the Cosmos Properties of Neutron Stars and Supernovae Observations and the Properties of Matter The Structure of Neutron Star and Equation of State Basic Properties of Dense Matter Ideal Fermi Gas Nuclear Matter Nuclear Matter Theories Composition Inside Neutron Stars Matter in Core-Collapse Supernovae Evolution of Matter and Neutrinos Nuclear Statistical Equilibrium Collapse of the Fe Core and Weak Interactions Core Bounce Toward the Explosion Influence of Nuclear Physics on Supernovae Birth of Proto-neutron Star Formation of Black Hole Matter in Merger of Neutron Stars Quarks in Neutron Star Matter Free Quark Gas Quark Star Hybrid Hadron-Quark Equations of State: First- or Second-Order Phase Transitions Hadron-Quark Mixed Phases Hybrid Hadron-Quark Equations of State: Crossover Scenario Three-Window Modeling Three-Window Model in Practice Interactions in Strongly Correlated Quark Matter Diquark Pairings in Color Superconductivity (CSC) Quarkyonic Matter References 87 Galactic Chemical Evolution, Astronomical Observation from Metal-Poor Stars to the Solar System Contents Introduction Constraints on Nucleosynthesis Yields Direct Observations of Stars, Stellar Ejecta, and Explosive Events CNO Cycle, 3α-Process, S-Process in Low-Mass Evolved Stars Li (7Be) in Novae Metals Produced by Massive Stars and Supernova Explosions R-Process in Merging Events of Binary Neutron Stars Very Metal-Poor Stars to Constrain First Stars and Explosive Events First Stars\' Masses and Explosion Mechanisms R-Process and Another Neutron-Capture Process in the Early Universe Primordial Li Binary Systems C- and S-process Elements Recorded by Mass Transfer Events Enrichment History in the Universe Solar-System Abundances Stellar Abundances for a Variety of Ages and Structures Observational Constraints on the Chemical Enrichment Histories of Galactic Stellar Populations The Milky Way Bulge The Milky Way Disk System The Milky Way Halo and Its Substructures Local Group Galaxies Abundance Analysis: Methods and Uncertainties Sample Selection Determination of Elemental Abundances High-Resolution Spectra Atomic and Molecular Line Data Model Atmospheres Stellar Parameters Error Sources, Relative Analysis to Minimize Errors Isotope Ratios References 88 Chemo-dynamical Evolution of Galaxies Contents Introduction Galactic Chemical Evolution The Metal Ejection Terms in GCE Nucleosynthesis Yields The Galactic Terms in GCE The Origin of Elements The [X/Fe]–[Fe/H] Relations The First Galaxies The First Chemical Enrichment Chemodynamical Evolution of Galaxies Modeling of Baryon Physics Various Big Simulations Galactic Archaeology Extra-galactic Archaeology Conclusions and Future Prospects References 89 Cosmic Radioactivity and Galactic Chemical Evolution Contents Cosmic Gas and the Role of Radioactivities Modelling Compositional Evolution of Cosmic Gas Concept and Equations Stars Star Formation The Masses of Stars The Lifetimes of Stars and Their Remnants The Role of Binary Evolution Yields of Stable and Radioactive Isotopes The Interstellar Medium Gas and Dust Scales of Interstellar Medium Processes Magnetic Fields The Role of Massive-Star Groups Gaseous Flows Into and Out of a Galaxy Cosmic Rays Structure of Our Galaxy The Bulge and the Centre The Disk(s) Spiral Arms Recent Progress in Modelling Chemical Evolution Radioactive Isotopes and Compositional Evolution The Long-Lived Radioactivities and Nucleocosmochronology The Content of 26Al and 60Fe in the Galaxy Gamma Rays From Interstellar 26Al Comments on Other Observations of 26Al and 60Fe Radioactive Nuclei in Cosmic Rays 60Fe and 244Pu in Sediments Solar System Formation and Short-Lived Radioactivities Summary References Section XIII Nuclear and Particle Processes in Big Bang Cosmology 90 Overview of Big Bang Cosmology Contents Introduction Einstein\'s Equations Derivation of the Robertson-Walker Metric The Einstein Tensor Energy Conservation Friedmann Equation Horizons and Distances References 91 Big Bang Thermodynamics and Cosmic Relics Contents Densities and Pressure The Friedmann Equation Simplified Entropy Baryon-to-Photon Ratio Vacuum Energy Density and Dark Energy Cosmic Quintessence Relic Abundances and Nonequilibrium Thermodynamics The Boltzmann Equation Abundance of Weakly Interacting Dark Matter Neutrino Decoupling Photon Decoupling and the CMB References 92 Big Bang Nucleosynthesis: Nuclear Physics in the Early Universe Contents Introduction Theory: Cosmological Light-Element Production Helium Production in Early Universe and the Sun: A Comparison Nuclear Reactions and BBN Uncertainties Astronomical and Cosmological Observables for BBN Light-Element Abundances The Cosmic Microwave Background: An Independent Baryometer Standard BBN: Concordance, Implications, and the Lithium Problem BBN Probes of New Physics Summary and Future Prospects References 93 Inflation, Perturbations, and Structure Formation Contents Introduction Shortcomings of the Standard Big Bang The Horizon Problem The Flatness Problem The Monopole Problem The Smallness Problem The Structure Formation Problem The Initial Conditions Problem Inflation Basics Slow Roll Approximation Slow Roll Parameters Inflation Effective Potentials End of Inflation Warm Inflation How Much Inflation Occurs Evolution of Scales Initial Conditions for Inflation Vacuum Fluctuations of the Inflation Field and the Primordial Power Spectrum Power Spectrum of Primordial Fluctuations Gravity Waves Fluctuations and the CMB Power Spectrum Growth of Structure Growth of Structure in the Linear Regime CMB Anisotropies Transfer Functions and Computation of the CMB Power Spectra Formation of Large-Scale Structure References Section XIV Evolution of Stars and Nucleosynthesis 94 Nuclear Reactions in Evolving Stars (and Their Theoretical Prediction) Contents Describing Nuclear Composition Changes via Nuclear Reaction Rates Stellar Burning Stages Hydrogen Burning The PP-Cycles The CNO-Cycles Helium Burning Main Reactions Neutron Production in Helium Burning Carbon, Neon, and Oxygen Burning Carbon Burning Neon Burning Oxygen Burning Silicon Burning Nuclear Burning in Explosive Environments Burning Timescales for Explosive He, C, Ne, O, and Si-Burning Special Features of Explosive Si-Burning The r-process Explosive H-Burning What Type of Reactions Are Needed in Explosive Burning? Thermonuclear Rates and the Hauser-Feshbach Formalism Particle Transmission Coefficients γ-Transmission Coefficients Fission Level Densities Width Fluctuation Corrections Cross Section Applications Summary References 95 Experimental Nuclear Astrophysics Contents Stellar Reaction Rates Experimental Goals and Concepts Experimental Tools and Technologies Stable Beam Facilities Accelerators Underground Accelerators Inverse Kinematic Experiments with Heavy Ion Beams Accelerators for Surrogate Reaction Studies Plasma Fusion Experiments Radioactive Beam Facilities ISOL Beams Fragmentation Techniques Gamma-Induced Reaction Studies Neutron Sources Reaction-Induced Sources Neutron Spallation Sources Photoneutron Sources Nuclear Reactors Neutron Traps Direct Reaction Studies with Charged Particles Reactions with Stable Particles Direct Reaction Studies Inverse Reaction Studies (Gamma Measurements, Recoil Separators) Time Reversal Studies (Photon Beam) Indirect or Surrogate Reaction Studies Reactions with Neutron Beams Integral Measurements Differential Cross Section Measurements Experiments at Reaction-Driven Neutron Beams Experiments at White Neutron Sources Studies with Reactor Neutrons Extrapolation Theory Extrapolation Techniques Hauser Feshbach Statistical Model R-Matrix Phenomenology R-Matrix Uncertainties R-Matrix Extrapolation References 96 Slow Neutron-Capture Process in Evolved Stars Contents Brief Introduction The Standard Weak s Process in Non-rotating Massive Stars S Process Production During He-Core Burning S Process Production During C-Shell Burning The ``Not So Weak\'\' s Process in Rotating Massive Stars Rotation-Induced Mixing and Production of Primary 22Ne and 14N Impact of Rotation on the s Process Relative Contributions Between Helium and Carbon Burning and Total s Process Yields as a Function of Mass and Metallicity Comparison Between Models and Observations Production of Elements at the Sr and Ba Peaks The Very Low-Z Stars: The Case of CEMP-No Stars Production of p Nuclei Stellar Uncertainties Key Nuclear Uncertainties Conclusions References 97 Weak Interactions in Evolving Stars Contents Evolution of High-Density ONeMg Cores Weak Rates in sd-Shell and Cooling of the Core by Urca Process Electron-Capture and β-Decay Rates in sd-Shell Cooling of the ONeMg Core by Nuclear Urca Processes Electron-Capture on 20Ne and Heating of the ONeMg Core Electron-Capture Rates for the Forbidden Transition 20Ne (0g.s.+) → 20F (2g.s.+) Heating of the ONeMg Core and Evolution Toward Electron-Capture Supernovae References 98 Stellar Evolution and Nuclear Reaction Rate Uncertainties Contents Introduction Models and Parameters Reactions and Nuclear Network Input Physics Basics of Stellar Evolution Hydrogen Burning and Helium Burning Hydrogen Burning Helium Burning Carbon Ignition Carbon Burning to Fe Core Collapse Chemical Evolution of 28M Star Central Carbon Burning ONeMg Core Contraction and Carbon Shell Burning Oxygen Burning and Carbon Shell Burning Silicon Burning and Fe Core Thermal and Dynamical Evolution of 28M Star Evolution of Entropy and Temperature Evolution of Radius and Density Effects of O-Shell Burning U-V Curves Presupernova Structure and Compactness Evolution of 25M Star Chemical and Thermal Evolution of 25 M Star Structure Evolution of 25 M Star Mass Dependence of Compactness Parameter Compactness Parameter and Shell Burning V/U and Compactness Parameter Core Masses and V/U ``Collapse\'\' vs. ``Explosion\'\' BH Mass Distributions Nucleosynthesis Yields Concluding Remarks Appendix Impact of the 12C+12C Reaction Rate Dependence on Reaction Rate Discussion References 99 Thermal Evolution of Neutron Stars Contents Introduction Basic Equations and Input Physics Basic Equations and Methods of Solution Major Input Physical Parameters and Their Effects Equation of State (EOS) Composition Neutrino Emissivity Superfluidity of Constituent Particles Heating Pulsar Heating Magnetar Heating Neutron Star Thermal Evolution Models Pulsars Magnetars Summary and Conclusion References Section XV Neutrino Processes in Astrophysics 100 Neutrino Charged and Neutral Current Opacities in the Decoupling Region Contents Introduction Charged Current Interactions at High Density Concluding Remarks References 101 Nuclear Physics Constraints on Neutrino Astrophysics Contents Introduction Neutrino Scattering Around GeV Energy Region Formalism Comparison of Theoretical Results to the Data Gamow-Teller Transition for Neutrino-Induced Reaction Neutrino-Induced Reactions in SN Explosion GT Transition in Nuclear and Nuclear Astrophysics Other Effects on GT Transition in Stellar Evolution Nuclear Physics Input for Neutrino Process Nuclei Produced by the SN Neutrino Neutrino Flavor Oscillation Elements Abundances in ν-process Neutrinos in Nuclear Astrophysics Big Bang Nucleosynthesis Solar Neutrinos Thermal Neutrinos in Stellar Objects Summary and Conclusion References 102 Big Bang Nucleosynthesis Contents Introduction Neutrino and Weak Interaction Decoupling Nuclear Freeze-Out Entropy, the Evolution of the Neutrino Component, and the Cosmic Neutrino Background (CνB) BBN and the CνB as ``Laboratories\'\' for BSM Physics References 103 Neutrinos and Heavy Element Nucleosynthesis Contents Heavy Element Nucleosynthesis Neutrino Flavor Transformations in CCSNe and NSMs ν-Process Nucleosynthesis and Neutrinos νp-Process Nucleosynthesis and Neutrinos r-Process Nucleosynthesis and Neutrinos Summary References 104 Many-Body Collective Neutrino Oscillations: Recent Developments Contents Motivation: Supernovae, Mergers, and the Early Universe Introduction to Collective Neutrino Oscillations Many-Body Hamiltonian for Interacting Neutrinos Path Integral Formulation Beyond the Mean Field: Entanglement, Correlations, and Dynamical Phase Transitions Early Literature Single-Angle Approximation, Invariants, and Integrability Instabilities and Dynamical Phase Transitions Phase-Space Analysis Compact Representations for Studying Many-Body Effects Concluding Remarks References 105 Fast Flavor Transformations Contents Introduction Quantum Kinetic Equation The Fast Flavor Instability Direct Simulation Core-Collapse Supernovae and Neutron Star Mergers Future Directions References 106 Diffuse Supernova Neutrino Background Contents Introduction Diffuse Supernova Neutrino Background Average Neutrino Emission per Core-Collapse Core-Collapse Frequency in the Universe Diffuse Supernova Neutrino Background Estimates Detection of the Diffuse Supernova Neutrino Background Detection of the Electron Antineutrino Component Water Cherenkov Detectors Liquid Scintillator Detectors Detection of the Electron Neutrino Component Time Projection Chamber: Deep Underground Neutrino Experiment Detection of the Non-electron Neutrino Component Direct Dark Matter Detectors: Coherent Elastic Neutrino-Nucleus Scattering Detectors Cross-References References Section XVI Supernovae and Neutron Star Mergers 107 Nucleosynthesis and Tracer Methods in Type Ia Supernovae Contents Introduction Context and Scope Type Ia Supernovae: Historical Overview and Background Type Ia Supernova Progenitors and Explosion Models Modeling Nucleosynthesis in Simulations Tracer Particle Methods Observational Constraints Stable Ni from SN Ia Spectra Galactic Chemical Evolution Chemical Abundances in the Hot Intra-cluster Medium Direct Detection of Radioactive Isotopes Isotopic Ratios of Radioactive Isotopes from Late-Time Supernova Light Curves Supernova Remnants Outlook References 108 Nucleosynthesis in Neutrino-Heated Ejecta and Neutrino-Driven Winds of Core-Collapse Supernovae: Neutrino-Induced Nucleosynthesis Contents Introduction Nucleosynthesis in Neutrino-Heated Ejecta Nuclear Statistical Equilibrium (NSE) Nuclear Statistical Quasi-equilibrium (QSE) (No) r-Process, α-Process, and νp-Process Dependence on Progenitor Masses Contribution to Galactic as Well as Solar System Abundances Nucleosynthesis in Neutrino-Driven Winds Stationary Wind Solutions (No) r-Process in Neutrino-Driven Winds νp-Process in Neutrino-Driven Winds Summary References 109 Nucleosynthesis in Jet-Driven and Jet-Associated Supernovae Contents Introduction Dynamics of Jets Nucleosynthesis Processes Numerical Methods Dynamical Simulations Nuclear Reaction Networks and Tracer Particles Numerical Results Supernova Jets Long GRBs Observational Constraints Summary References 110 R-Process Nucleosynthesis in Neutron Star Merger Ejecta and Nuclear Dependences Contents Introduction NS Merger Simulations and the R-Process Sensitivity to Nuclear Masses Sensitivity to β-Decay Rates Sensitivity to Neutron Capture Rates Sensitivity to Fission Concluding Remarks References 111 Observations of R-Process Stars in the Milky Way and Dwarf Galaxies Contents Introduction R-Process Nucleosynthesis in the Cosmos Discovering R-Process Stars in the Milky Way Halo and Their Abundance Signatures How Much R-Process Material Is Found in Old Halo Stars? Frequency of R-Process Stars in the Galactic Halo The Universality of the R-Process Between Barium and Platinum Variations of Light Neutron-Capture Element Abundance Actinide Element Variations and Nucleocosmochronometry Candidate Astrophysical Sites of the r-Process Common Core-Collapse Supernovae Rare Core-Collapse Supernovae Neutron Star Mergers Distinguishing Factors Dwarf Galaxies: Nature\'s Best R-Process Laboratories The Need to Study Dwarf Galaxies to Learn About the R-Process R-Process Observables in Dwarf Galaxies General Properties of Dwarf Galaxies Chemical Enrichment and Evolution of Non-r-process Elements in Dwarf Galaxies R-Process Signatures in Dwarf Galaxies Stochastic R-Process Events in Ultra-faint Dwarf Galaxies The Rise of the R-Process: From Enrichment to Evolution Tidally Disrupted Dwarf Galaxies: Stellar Streams and Dissolved Galaxies State of the Art and Path Ahead Observational Constraints on the R-Process New Surveys and New Dwarf Galaxies New Instrumentation and Observational and Experimental Facilities References 112 Dynamics and Equation of State Dependencies of Relevance for Nucleosynthesis in Supernovae and Neutron Star Mergers Contents Dynamical Events of Neutron Stars and Their Equation of State Core-Collapse Supernovae Dynamical Evolution and types of explosions Neutrino-Driven Explosions Magnetorotational Explosions Stellar Explosions Triggered by Quark Deconfinement Closing Remarks Ejecta Components and Nucleosynthesis Region 1: Shock-Heated Ejecta Region 2: Neutrino-Heated Ejecta Region 3: Neutrino-Driven Wind Region 4: Preshock Helium Shell and Metal Core Closing Remarks Role of the Equation of State Neutron Excess in Early Ejecta of ECSN-Like Explosions Relevance of the Proto-Neutron Star Radius Relevance of the Symmetry Energy Relevance of the Nucleon Mean-Field Potentials Closing Remarks Compact Object Mergers Merger Dynamics and Phases Mass Ejection Nucleosynthesis Messengers Observations: GW170817 and More Equation-of-State Impact Outlook: Mergers Summary and Perspectives References 113 Measurements of Radioactive 60Fe and 244Pu Deposits on Earth and Moon Contents The Interstellar Medium and Radionuclides as Radioactive Clocks A Dynamic Galactic Neighborhood Why Radionuclides? Radionuclides Act Like Radioactive Clocks Cosmic Dust Flux and Incorporation of Interstellar Radionuclides in Archives Influx of Interstellar Nuclides – Cosmic Dust as a Vehicle for Entry into the Solar System Interstellar Versus Interplanetary Cosmic Matter Flux to Earth Deposits and Archives on Earth and the Moon Inclusion of Interstellar Nuclides in the Archives Dating of Archives and Relation to Time-Dependent Radionuclide Influx Pattern The Cases of 60Fe and 244Pu – Nearby Supernova Activity and Heavy Element Nucleosynthesis Production of 60Fe in Stars and Estimates of 60Fe Concentrations in the ISM Production of 244Pu and Estimates of 244Pu Concentrations in the ISM Interstellar Nuclide Concentrations in Archives and Estimates of Sample Size for a Measurement Accelerator Mass Spectrometry (AMS) – Direct Detection of Interstellar Traces on Earth or the Moon Direct Atom Counting of Rare Radionuclides and Isotope Ratio Measurements Sample Preparation of Fe, Pu, and Other Elements from Deep-Sea Repositories Experiments for the Direct Detection of Interstellar Signals in Terrestrial and Lunar Archives History I – Search for Primordial Radionuclides in Terrestrial Archives History II – First Searches for Interstellar Signatures in Lunar Archives and Terrestrial Rock The Era of Accelerator Mass Spectrometry Interstellar 60Fe – Experimental Results from Direct Detection by AMS Interstellar 244Pu – Experimental Results from Direct Detection by AMS Combined Set of 60Fe and 244Pu – Interpretation Other Nuclides: 26Al, 53Mn, Future Nuclides – Experimental Results from AMS Measurements Summary References Index
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