Handbook of Mass Measurement

Handbook of MASS MEASUREMENT......Page 1
Preface......Page 4
The Authors......Page 7
Contents......Page 9
References......Page 22
Prior to the Metric System of Measurement Units......Page 23
The Kilogram and the Pound[......Page 27
In the Early United States......Page 29
Summary......Page 30
The Role of Measurement in Technology......Page 31
The Role of Measurement in Science......Page 33
References......Page 34
Report by John Quincy Adams......Page 36
Experimental......Page 37
1984 NBS Measurements......Page 38
Comparisons with the International Prototype......Page 39
Conclusions Drawn from the Third Veri.cation......Page 40
References......Page 42
Ultraviolet–Ozone Cleaning......Page 43
Conclusions......Page 44
Results......Page 45
Surface Effects in Ambient Conditions......Page 46
Introduction......Page 47
Experimental Procedures......Page 48
Results......Page 49
Mass Comparator......Page 50
Introduction......Page 51
Summary and Conclusions......Page 52
Results and Conclusions......Page 53
INM Mass Comparator......Page 54
References......Page 55
Solvent Cleaning......Page 57
Effect of Solvent Cleaning and Steam Washing......Page 58
Cleaning at National Physical Laboratory, United Kingdom (NPL)......Page 59
Cleaning Procedures......Page 60
Cleaning of Stainless Steel Mass Standards at NIST6......Page 61
References......Page 62
Determination of Mass Difference......Page 63
References......Page 70
F Test......Page 71
Normal Distribution of Measurements......Page 72
Student’s t......Page 73
References......Page 74
NIST Guidelines......Page 75
Combined Standard Uncertainty......Page 76
Example of Determination of Uncertainty......Page 77
References......Page 78
Introduction......Page 79
Best Fit......Page 82
Simplest Example......Page 83
Sequences......Page 84
Design A.1.2......Page 85
Design C.10......Page 86
Design A.1.2......Page 87
Design 16......Page 88
Design A.1.2......Page 89
Design C.10......Page 90
Design 16......Page 91
Calculations of Various Values Associated with Design 16 and the 5- kg, 2- kg1, 2- kg2, and 1- kg Weights......Page 92
Calculations of Various Values Associated with the A.1.2 Design Solution for the 1-kg and   1-kg Weights and 500 g through   100 g......Page 94
50 g – 10 g NIST Data......Page 96
5 g – 1 g NIST Data......Page 97
0.05 g – 0.01 g NIST Data......Page 98
0.005 g – 0.001 g NIST Data......Page 99
Commentary......Page 100
References......Page 102
Calibration of the Screen......Page 103
Calibration of the Built-in Weights......Page 104
Reference......Page 105
The Analytical Balance and the Mass Unit......Page 106
The Mechanical Balance......Page 107
The Servo System......Page 108
The Force Balance......Page 109
Computer Compatibility......Page 110
Black Box Comparison......Page 111
References......Page 112
Buoyant Force and Buoyancy Correction......Page 113
Application of the Simple Buoyancy Correction Factor to Weighing on a Single- Pan Two- Knife Analytical Balance......Page 115
Electronic Balance Calibration and Use......Page 116
Usual Case for Which the Air Density Is Not the Reference Value......Page 119
Examples of Effects of Failure to Make Buoyancy Corrections......Page 120
Weighing of Syringes1......Page 121
References......Page 122
Introduction......Page 123
Development of the Jones Air Density Equation......Page 124
Apparent Molecular Weight of Air,......Page 125
Compressibility Factor,......Page 127
Effective Water Vapor Pressure,......Page 128
Enhancement Factor,......Page 129
The Jones Air Density Equation2......Page 130
Partial Derivatives, (
 /
Yi ), for the Nonenvironmental Quantities......Page 132
Partial Derivatives, (
 /
Yi )·(SDi ), for the Nonenvironmental Quantities......Page 133
Use of Constant Values of F, Z, and Ma in the Air Density Equation......Page 134
Introduction......Page 135
Results and Conclusions......Page 136
Results and Conclusions......Page 137
Air Density......Page 138
Melting Point of Ice......Page 140
Triple Point of Water......Page 141
Steam Point......Page 142
Relative Humidity......Page 144
Pressure......Page 145
Mass Calibration......Page 147
Experimental Details......Page 149
Temperature......Page 150
Conclusions......Page 151
References......Page 152
Introduction......Page 154
Electronic Modi.cations......Page 155
Fluorocarbon Liquid......Page 156
Principles of Use of the Submersible Balance......Page 157
Measurements......Page 158
Discussion......Page 159
Principles and Applications......Page 160
The Density of a Solid by Hydrostatic Weighing......Page 161
The Force Detector......Page 162
Water Density......Page 163
A General Algorithm for Hydrostatic Weighing......Page 164
The General Hydrostatic Weighing Equations......Page 165
Water Weighing......Page 166
Analysis......Page 167
Balance Selection......Page 168
Appendix 1 — Liquid Density by Hydrostatic Weighing......Page 169
Introduction......Page 170
The Method......Page 171
The Measurement of Liquid Density......Page 172
Error Analysis......Page 173
Apparatus......Page 174
References......Page 175
Density of Standard Mean Ocean Water......Page 177
Redeterminations of Water Density......Page 178
Measurements of Watanabe......Page 179
Measurements of Takenaka and Masui......Page 180
Density of Air-Saturated Water on ITS-90......Page 181
Effect of Isotopic Concentrations......Page 182
References......Page 183
Conventional Value of Weighing in Air......Page 185
Examples of Computation......Page 187
Discussion......Page 189
Conclusions......Page 191
References......Page 193
Uncertainties in the Determination of m Due
to Uncertainties in the Parameters in Eq. (16.2)......Page 194
Comparisons of Weights......Page 195
Comparison of a Stainless Steel E1 Weight with a Stainless Steel Standard of Mass S and Density 7.950 g/ cm3......Page 196
Comparison of E2 Weights with E1 Weights......Page 197
Uncertainty Trade-Offs......Page 198
Summary......Page 199
References......Page 200
The Fundamental Mass Comparison Relationship......Page 201
Uncertainties in the Determination of X Due to Uncertainties in the Parameters in Eq. ( 17.2)......Page 202
Buoyancy......Page 204
Magnetic Effects......Page 205
Cleaning......Page 206
Conclusions......Page 207
References......Page 208
Assignment of Mass......Page 210
References......Page 211
Introduction......Page 212
Experimental......Page 213
References......Page 214
Application of a Magnetic Force Equation......Page 215
References......Page 216
Magnitude of the Gravitational Con.guration Effect......Page 217
References......Page 218
Introduction......Page 219
Experimental......Page 221
References......Page 223
Environmental Controls and Instrumentation......Page 224
Balances......Page 225
Weighing......Page 226
Electronic Forces......Page 227
Convection......Page 228
References......Page 229
Check Standards......Page 230
Upgrading Control Chart Parameters......Page 231
Central Line, –......Page 232
Updating Control Charts......Page 233
References......Page 234
Summary......Page 235
Procedure — Option B, Use of Full-Electronic Balance......Page 236
Procedure — Option C, Use of Equal-Arm Balance......Page 237
Reference......Page 238
Type I Test......Page 239
Surveillance Limits......Page 241
Identification of Weights Whose Mass Has Changed......Page 242
References......Page 243
Introduction......Page 244
The Third Package......Page 245
The Measurements......Page 246
Data......Page 247
Analysis......Page 249
References......Page 252
The Piggyback Thought Balance Experiment......Page 254
The Laboratory Experiment......Page 256
Experimental Results......Page 257
References......Page 258
Pycnometer Calibration......Page 259
Air Density......Page 262
Water Density......Page 263
Analysis......Page 264
Data......Page 265
References......Page 266
Forces on an Object on a Pan of a Balance......Page 268
The Buoyant Force......Page 269
The Form of Buoyancy Correction Factors and Buoyancy Corrections......Page 270
Buoyancy Correction......Page 271
Application of the Simple Buoyancy Factor to Weighing on a Single- Pan Balance......Page 272
Apparent Mass......Page 273
Apparent Mass and the Single-Pan Two-Knife Direct Reading Analytical Balance......Page 274
Application of Buoyancy to Weighing on an Electronic Balance Electronic Balance Calibration and Use......Page 275
Application of Buoyancy Corrections in Usual Cases in Which the Air Density Is Not the Reference Value......Page 277
Appendix A.1: Examination for  Buoyancy Corrections in Weighing” Course......Page 290
Appendix A.2: Answers for Examination Questions for   Buoyancy Corrections in Weighing” Course......Page 293
Table B.1 Maximum Permissible Errors (MPE), in mg......Page 294
Table B.3 Density and Coef.cient of Linear Expansion of Pure Metals, Commercial Metals, and Alloys......Page 295
Appendix C. Linearity Test......Page 296