کلمات کلیدی مربوط به کتاب کتاب راهنمای کمپوست و استفاده از کمپوست در باغبانی ارگانیک: کشاورزی، کشاورزی
در صورت تبدیل فایل کتاب Handbook for Composting and Compost Use in Organic Horticulture به فرمت های PDF، EPUB، AZW3، MOBI و یا DJVU می توانید به پشتیبان اطلاع دهید تا فایل مورد نظر را تبدیل نمایند.
توجه داشته باشید کتاب کتاب راهنمای کمپوست و استفاده از کمپوست در باغبانی ارگانیک نسخه زبان اصلی می باشد و کتاب ترجمه شده به فارسی نمی باشد. وبسایت اینترنشنال لایبرری ارائه دهنده کتاب های زبان اصلی می باشد و هیچ گونه کتاب ترجمه شده یا نوشته شده به فارسی را ارائه نمی دهد.
BioGreenhouse COST Action FA 1105, www.biogreenhouse.org, 2016.
—108. —ISBN: 978-94-6257-749-7-108
The Growers Handbook on Compost is
divided into nine chapters:
Chapter 1 presents
the ecosystem approach in organic farming, explaining the
concept of resilience and biodiversity, and how different farm
management styles may incline more towards risk management or
towards building long-term resilience. Soil ecosystem
resilience is at the basis of organic farming systems, and the
chapter highlights how compost can contribute to building
resilience into the ecosystem services that the soil provides.
When soil imbalance occurs, it is important for the grower to
have a good understanding of the different aspects of his or
her own soil, before deciding what management options are
available. The chapter also explains how a visual soil
assessment in the form of a spade test can be carried out, to
identify the area in which soil problems exist. From there,
soil management decisions can be made, regarding the right type
and quality of soil amendments, the application rate, and/or
the depth and frequency of tillage.
Chapter 2 starts
with a brief overview of the characteristics of different
feedstocks which can be used in the composting process, and
addresses specifically the nutrient contents of different types
of manure. Depending on the carbon and nitrogen contents,
manure can either be directly composted or mixed with
structure- and carbon rich-materials. It also discusses the
effects of the application of fresh manure compared to
composted manure on amended soil. The next part of the chapter
discusses the technical aspects of the composting process and
the requirements for the preparation of starting mixes.
Different compost types are described. The last part of the
chapter gives an overview of the different composting systems
that are applied in Europe: from farmer-field edge methods to
commercial hall composting.
Chapter 3 discusses
the microbiology of the composting process. The most important
groups of microorganisms involved in the composting process are
discussed. The feedstocks that are used in compost production
determine the availability of energy in the form of various
organic compounds and the presence of nutrients, notably
nitrogen. The roles of different microorganisms in the
transformation of organic compounds and nitrogen in the various
stages of the composting process are discussed. The different
phases of the hot composting process are discussed in detail,
including the role of specific bacteria and fungi. Finally
stability and maturity are defined and the difference between
them is explained.
In
Chapter 4, the
management of the composting process is described in terms of
parameters that are necessary to control production, including
temperature, moisture content, oxygen content and available
nitrogen. The maturity level at the end of the composting
process can be determined by several tests. The last part of
this chapter discusses the most important quality aspects of
the final compost product. These include nutrient contents, pH
value, salt contents, heavy metal contents, the intensity of
colour extracts, and the presence of pathogens and weeds.
Chapter 5 describes
the hygienization aspects of composting. This includes not only
plant pathogens and weeds, but also animal and human pathogens.
The mechanisms through which pathogens are eradicated during
the composting process are described, and the relevant aspects
of risk pathogens are discussed. The next part of the chapter
describes the main entries for plant pathogens and human
pathogens in compost feedstocks. The last part of the chapter
describes the critical aspects of the composting process, where
improper handling may lead to failure of inactivation of
pathogens.
In
Chapter 6 the
phenomenon of natural disease suppression is described: What is
it exactly and how can it be recognized in practice.
Furthermore, the chapter deals with the use of compost to
increase disease suppression and how compost may aid to combat
soil-borne diseases such as plant pathogenic fungi, bacteria
and nematodes.
Chapter 7 describes
the main differences between compost (produce aerobically) and
digestate (resulting from anaerobic digestion). Both have
specific characteristics which influence their utilization.
Digestate has a stronger but shorter term fertilization effect
than compost, but compost has better medium- and long-term
effects on humus content and soil structure than digestate. So,
depending on the target use, compost and digestate have
specific advantages and disadvantages, opportunities and
limits.
Chapter 8 describes
how compost influences diverse properties of soil and growing
media such as water content and nutrient supply. In addition,
it is indicated how the quality of the compost can be measured.
Chapter 9 describes
how growers can assess compost quality in order to choose the
appropriate compost for the target application. There is a
range of different methods that can help the grower to choose:
observation with own senses, simple chemical analyses and
bio-tests. In this chapter, these methods are briefly described
and the interpretation of the obtained results is discussed.