Gulf Conference on Sustainable Built Environment

Foreword
Contents
Part I: Sustainable Built Environment: An Overview
	Roadmap for a Sustainable Built Environment: A Science-Based Multidisciplinary Research
		1 Introduction
		2 Focus Areas
			2.1 Focus Area A: Nanoengineered Sustainable Construction Materials for Durability in Aggressive Environments
			2.2 Focus Area B: Ground Motion Modeling and Structural Monitoring for Performance-Based Engineering and Reliability
			2.3 Focus Area C: Enhanced Operational Energy Efficiency and Life Cycle Performance of Buildings and Cities in Kuwait
		3 Project Team and Activities
			3.1 Students
			3.2 Capacity Building
			3.3 Outreach
			3.4 Educational Impact
			3.5 Potential for Industry Development
			3.6 Managerial Challenges
			3.7 Benefits of the First Signature Project Between MIT and Kuwait
		4 Gulf Conference on Sustainable Built Environment
		5 Conclusions
		References
	Kuwait-MIT Collaborative Signature Project: Sustainability of Kuwait’s Built Environment
		1 Introduction
		2 Third Kuwait Master Plan
		3 Kuwait Seismic Condition
		4 Kuwait-MIT Center for Natural Resources and the Environment
		5 Major Achievements of the Collaborative Project
		6 Conclusions
		7. Appendix
		References
Part II: Sustainable Construction Materials
	Challenges and Opportunities for Concrete in the Digital Era
		1 The Present State of Affairs
		2 The Digital Context
		3 What Can We Do?
			3.1 Nanoengineering the Cohesive Hydrates (C-(A)-S-H)
				3.1.1 Atomic-Scale Engineering
				3.1.2 Mesoscale Engineering
				3.1.3 Bioinspired Engineering
			3.2 Better Cement with Less Clinker
			3.3 Better Concrete with Less Cement
			3.4 Use Locally Available Materials and Skills
			3.5 Smart Design: Topology Optimization, Architectural Geometry, and Origamics
			3.6 Toward Rebar-Free Concrete
			3.7 Robotic Construction
			3.8 Toward a Data-Based Circular Economy of Concrete
		References
	Sustainability of Carbon Fiber-Reinforced Polymers in Construction
		1 Trigger of Need of CFRP Research for Applications in Construction
		2 CFRP Tendons
		3 CFRP Strips for Strengthening
			3.1 Opposition Against the Brittle Material CFRP
			3.2 Ibach Bridge Near Lucerne: World’s First Application of CFRP in Construction
		4 Proof of Reliability
			4.1 Cable-Stayed Stork Bridge in Winterthur
			4.2 Continuous Two-Span Road Bridge Verdasio
			4.3 Pedestrian Bridge Kleine Emme Near Lucerne
			4.4 Posttensioned Dintelhaven Highway Bridge in Rotterdam
		5 Update 2019 for Visions of the 1970s and 1980s.
			5.1 The Arctic City
			5.2 CFRP Bridges Across the Strait of Gibraltar
			5.3 Submersible Tunnel Across the Strait of Gibraltar
		6 About the Sustainability of CFRP
		7 What Is Next?
		8 Final Remarks
		References
	On the Behaviour of Recycled Aggregate Concrete Incorporating Slag
		1 Introduction
		2 Materials
			2.1 Materials and Mixture Design
				2.1.1 Binders
				2.1.2 Aggregates
			2.2 Concrete Mixes
			2.3 Preparation, Casting, and Curing Regimes for Specimens
		3 Experimental Program
			3.1 Compressive Strength Test
			3.2 Water Penetration Test
			3.3 Water Absorption Test
			3.4 Drying Shrinkage Test
			3.5 Alkali Silica Reactivity
			3.6 Sulphate Attack
		4 Results and Discussion
			4.1 Workability
			4.2 Compressive Strength
				4.2.1 Recycled Coarse Aggregate (RCA)
				4.2.2 Introducing 25% GGBS
			4.3 Water Penetration
			4.4 Water Absorption by Immersion
			4.5 Drying Shrinkage
			4.6 Alkali Silica Reactivity
			4.7 Sulphate Resistance
		5 Conclusions
		References
	Ecological Cementitious Material Based on Combination Between Natural Pozzolan and Polymer Admixture
		1 Introduction
		2 Materials and Methods
			2.1 Material
				2.1.1 Cement
				2.1.2 Natural Pozzolan
				2.1.3 Polymeric Admixtures
				2.1.4 Mixing Water
				2.1.5 Sand
			2.2 Methods
				2.2.1 Porosity Methods
				2.2.2 Capillary Absorption Methods
				2.2.3 Compressive Strength Methods
		3 Results and Discussion
			3.1 Physicochemical Properties of Hydraulic Binders at Base of PN Add
				3.1.1 Chemical Compositions
				3.1.2 Physical–Chemical Properties
				3.1.3 Mechanical Properties
			3.2 Mechanical Properties of Mortar and/or Concrete in Hardened State
				3.2.1 Porosity
				3.2.2 Capillary Absorption
				3.2.3 Compressive Strength
				3.2.4 Gain of Compressive Strength
		4 Conclusion
		References
	Modeling the Rutting Behavior of Asphalt Mixtures Obtained by Accelerated Testing Device
		1 Introduction and Background
			1.1 Rutting
			1.2 Finite Element Method
		2 Research Methodology
			2.1 Task I: Measuring the Mechanical and the Rutting Performance Properties of the Asphalt Mixture
			2.2 Task II: Establishing the Material Model
			2.3 Task III: Establishing the Boundary Conditions and Mesh Size
			2.4 Task IV: Establishing the Loading Method
			2.5 Task V: Verifying the Model
		3 Results and Analysis
			3.1 Mechanical and Rutting Properties of the Evaluated Mixtures
			3.2 Power Law Model Results
			3.3 Strain Results
		4 Summary of the Findings
			4.1 Conclusions
			4.2 Recommendations for Future Work
		References
	Design and Manufacturing a Miniature Reynolds Apparatus for Testing Nanofluids
		1 Introduction
		2 Rheological Properties of Nanofluids
		3 Methodology
		4 Results and Analysis
			4.1 Fluid Models
			4.2 Laminar Fluid Flows
		5 CFD Simulations
			5.1 Non-Newtonian Fluid Flow Simulations
		6 Summary of Findings
		Appendix: 3D Solidworks Drawings
		References
	Effect of Aluminosilicate Nanoparticles on Cement Blends Containing Volcanic Ash and Metakaolin
		1 Background
		2 Experimental Procedure
			2.1 Materials and Methods
			2.2 Characterization of Aluminosilicate NPs
		3 Discussion
			3.1 In Situ Raman Study
			3.2 BET Microstructural Analysis
			3.3 Nanoindentation Test
		4 Conclusion
		References
	Compressed Earth Blocks: A Sustainable Construction Alternative
		1 Introduction
		2 Site Investigation
		3 Mix Designs
			3.1 Stabilizers
			3.2 Testing Protocol
		4 Results
		5 Discussion
		6 Future Work
		7 Conclusion
		References
	Historic Heritage Protection as Part of Sustainable Growth
		1 Introduction
		2 Defining and Identification of Historic Architectonic Sites
		3 Rules of Restoration and Conservation of Historic Architectonic Objects
		4 Examples of Diversified Restoration and Conservation of Architectonic Monuments in Poland
		5 Selected Financial Aspects of Architectonic Monument Restoration and Conservation
		6 Conclusions
		References
	Archaeological Science in the Arabian Gulf: A Study of Bronze Age Pottery from Kuwait Using Portable X-Ray Fluorescence (pXRF)
		1 Introduction
			1.1 Kuwait Archaeology Toward Scientific Perspective
			1.2 Failaka Island: A Key of Dilmun Power
		2 Methodology and Samples
			2.1 Portable X-Ray Fluorescence (pXRF): Sampling Preparation
		3 Results
			3.1 Principal Component Analysis for Ceramic Sherds of All Kuwait and Bahrain Sites
		4 Discussion
			4.1 pXRF Group A
			4.2 pXRF Group B
			4.3 pXRF Group C
			4.4 pXRF Group “Outlier”
		5 Conclusion
		References
Part III: Structural Monitoring, Assessment, and Engineering
	Sustainable Design of Earthquake-Resistant Buildings Through Case Studies
		1 Introduction
		2 The Concept of CONE Model
		3 Case Study 1: An Emergency Hospital in South of Switzerland
			3.1 Modeling Assumptions
				3.1.1 Longitudinal Direction
				3.1.2 Lateral (Short) Direction
			3.2 Numerical Investigation
				3.2.1 Pile-Group Effect
					Target Displacements
				3.2.2 Nonlinear Pushover Analysis
				3.2.3 Dynamic Stiffness of Pile Groups
				3.2.4 The Finite-Element Simulation
				3.2.5 Dynamic Analysis of an Emergency Hospital in South of Switzerland
		4 Case Study 2: Dynamic Analysis of the World Tallest Silo in Zurich, Switzerland
			4.1 Structural Concept
			4.2 Modeling and Dynamic Analysis
		5 Case Study 3: Dynamic Analysis of the Green Building at MIT Campus
			5.1 Site Condition
			5.2 Modeling and Dynamic Analysis
		6 Conclusion
		References
	Experimental Verification of Inelastic Energy Demand Spectrum Using SDOF Steel Specimens on Shaking Table
		1 Introduction
		2 Methodology
		3 Experimental Tests
			3.1 Experimental Study Setup and Process and Instrumentation
			3.2 Normalized Input Energy Spectrum [2]
		4 Results and Discussion
		5 Conclusion
		References
	Image-Based Dynamic Response Measurement of a Full-Scale, Multistory Structure Tested on a Shake Table
		1 Introduction
		2 Methodology
		3 Experimental Setup
		4 Results and Discussion
		5 Conclusion
		References
	Determination of Input Energy Profile in Structures Through Seismic Interferometry
		1 Introduction
			1.1 Energy-Based Design
			1.2 Seismic Interferometry
		2 Methodology
		3 Results and Discussion
		4 Conclusion
		References
	Structural Health Monitoring System for Al-Hamra Tower in Kuwait City
		1 Introduction
		2 Research Methodologies
		3 Results and Discussions
		4 Summary and Conclusion
		References
Part IV: Energy Efficiency and Life Cycle Analysis
	Disaster Resilience and Sustainability of Infrastructures: Relationships and Quantification Methods
		1 Introduction: Threats and Challenges
		2 Resilience and Sustainability and Their Relationships
			2.1 Resilience
			2.2 Sustainability
			2.3 Contrasts and Relationships
		3 Infrastructure Sustainability: Quantification Methods
		4 Disaster Resilience of Infrastructure: Quantification Methods
		5 Disaster-Resilient Infrastructure
		6 Case Study: Climate-Resilient Infrastructure
		References
	What Can GCC Countries Learn from Well-Established Green Power Markets in Other Countries?
		1 Introduction
		2 GCC Background
			2.1 Bahrain
				2.1.1 Current Economic Status
				2.1.2 Electricity Sector and Future Plans
			2.2 Kuwait
				2.2.1 Current Economic Status
				2.2.2 Electricity Sector and Future Plans
			2.3 Oman
				2.3.1 Current Economic Status
				2.3.2 Electricity Sector and Future Plans
			2.4 Qatar
				2.4.1 Current Economic Status
				2.4.2 Electricity Sector and Future Plans
			2.5 Saudi Arabia
				2.5.1 Current Economic Status
				2.5.2 Electricity Sector and Future Plans
			2.6 United Arab Emirates
				2.6.1 Current Economic Status
				2.6.2 Electricity Sector and Future Plans
		3 Lessons from Other Countries
			3.1 Opportunities
			3.2 Challenges
			3.3 Policy Enabling Environment
		4 Concluding Remarks
		References
	Analysis of Optimal Energy Performance for Commercial Buildings in the GCC Region
		1 Introduction
		2 Literature Review
			2.1 United Arab Emirates
			2.2 Oman
			2.3 Qatar
			2.4 Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
			2.5 Kuwait
			2.6 Bahrain
			2.7 Review Summary
		3 Analysis Methodology
			3.1 Commercial Building’s Baseline Features
				3.1.1 Construction
				3.1.2 Fenestration
				3.1.3 Internal Loads
				3.1.4 HVAC System
			3.2 Parametric and Sensitivity Analyses
			3.3 Building Optimization Analysis
		4 Selected Results
			4.1 Baseline Design’s Results
			4.2 Parametric Analyses Results
			4.3 Optimization Analyses Results
				4.3.1 Bahrain
				4.3.2 Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
				4.3.3 Kuwait
				4.3.4 Oman
				4.3.5 Qatar
				4.3.6 United Arab Emirates
				4.3.7 Summary of Optimization Analysis
		5 Summary and Conclusions
		References
	Nanocomposite Windows Converting Solar Power into Electricity for Self-Sustaining Buildings
		1 Introduction
		2 Polymer Nanocomposite LSC Films Deposited in Vacuum
			2.1 Fabrication
			2.2 Results and Discussion
		3 Polymer Nanocomposite LSC Films Deposited in Ambient Air
			3.1 Fabrication
			3.2 Results and Discussion
		4 Conclusions
		References
	Atrium Design and the Science of Daylighting: A Comparative Field Study
		1 Introduction
		2 Daylight Instrumental Metrics
		3 Occupant Well-Being as a Design Criteria
			3.1 Daylight Health Effective Metrics
		4 Field Study
		5 Results
			5.1 Lewis Integrative Science Building
			5.2 Straub Hall
		6 Discussion
		7 Conclusion
		References
	Early Adopter Nation for Electric Vehicles: The Case of Iceland
		1 Introduction
		2 Literature Review
		3 Objectives and Challenges
		4 Methodology: The Instruments and Participants
		5 Qualitative Research Approach: Implementation of Vancouver School Phenomenology
			5.1 Step 1: Selection of Dialogue Researchers (The Sample)
			5.2 Step 2: Phenomenology Starts in Tranquility
			5.3 Step 3: Starting a Dialogue (The Data Collection)
			5.4 Step 4: Defining the Answers, Expression and Terminology
			5.5 Step 5: Finding the Theme: Putting Ideas Into Words, Coding
			5.6 Step 6: Starting to See a Holistic Picture from Everyone’s Perspective
			5.7 Step 7: Verifying the Holistic Picture with the Co-researcher
			5.8 Step 8: Realizing the Main Theme of Whole Research Outcome
			5.9 Step 9: Comparing the Outcome with the Data
			5.10 Step 10: Finding an Appropriate Name for the Outcome That Prescribes the Result and Its Interpretation
			5.11 Step 11: Verifying the Research Outcome and Interpretation with Some of the Co-researchers
			5.12 Step 12: Writing Up the Result for the Readers
		6 Validity and Credibility of the Vancouver School of Thoughts
		7 Threats to Validity and Credibility
		8 Findings of the Research
		9 Conclusion and Managerial Implication
		References
	3D Numerical Modeling for Assessing the Energy Performance of Single-Zone Buildings with and Without Phase Change Materials
		1 Introduction
		2 Objectives
		3 Problem Description, Numerical Model, and Design Variables
			3.1 Model Development and Benchmarking
			3.2 Window-to-Wall Ratios
			3.3 Wall and Roofing Systems
		4 Methodology
		5 Results and Discussion
			5.1 Yearly Energy Loads of Different Wall Systems
			5.2 Comparison of the Energy Loads of Optimum Test Wall against Reference Walls
		6 Yearly Energy Loads
			6.1 Effect of Window Orientation on the Yearly Energy Loads
			6.2 Effect of Short-Wave Solar Absorption Coefficient of the Roofing Systems on the Yearly Energy Loads
		7 Comparison of Energy Performance of Reference Buildings with Test Building
		8 Summary and Conclusions
		References
	Role of Green Buildings in Reduction of Energy Consumption
		1 Introduction
		2 Methodology
		3 Results and Discussion
			3.1 Energy Efficiency
				3.1.1 PV Solar System
				3.1.2 HVAC System
				3.1.3 Lighting
				3.1.4 Insulation
			3.2 Water Efficiency
				3.2.1 Reduction of Water Consumption
				3.2.2 Greywater Recycling
			3.3 Solid Waste Management
			3.4 Energy Simulation
			3.5 Total Energy Savings
		4 Conclusions
		References
	Long-Term Energy and Moisture Performance of Reflective and Non-reflective Roofing Systems with and Without Phase Change Materials Under Kuwaiti Climates
		1 Introduction
		2 Objectives
		3 Approach, Numerical Model, and Simulation Parameters
			3.1 Indoor and Outdoor Conditions
			3.2 Initial Conditions and Simulation Period
			3.3 Material Properties
			3.4 Short-Wave Solar Absorption Coefficient
			3.5 Properties of PCM
		4 Methodology
		5 Results and Discussions
			5.1 Effect of Short-Wave Solar Absorption Coefficient on the Hygrothermal Performance
		6 Energy Performance of Different Roofing Systems
			6.1 Yearly Energy Loads of Different Roofing Systems
			6.2 Yearly Cooling Loads of Different Roofing Systems
			6.3 Comparison of Energy Performance of Reference Roofing Systems with Test Roofing System
		7 Summary and Conclusions
		References
	Gender Differences in Thermal Comfort and Satisfaction in Offices in GCC and Asia
		1 Introduction
		2 Methods and Field Survey
			2.1 The Subject Sample
			2.2 Measurement of Other Environmental Parameters
			2.3 Determination of Proxy Scales for Measuring Environmental Satisfaction
		3 Results and Discussion
			3.1 Outdoor and Indoor Environments of the Surveyed Environments
			3.2 Gender Differences in Subjective Thermal Responses
			3.3 Comfort Temperature: Variations with Gender and Age and Body Mass Index (BMI)
			3.4 Comfort Temperature: Gender and Clothing Variations
			3.5 Environment Satisfaction in Asian Offices: Gender Variations
		4 Concluding Remarks
		References
Part V: Educational Issues
	Exploiting Building Information Model and Other Technologies in Facilities Management of an Educational Facility
		1 Introduction
		2 Methodology
			2.1 Building Information Model (BIM)
			2.2 Maintenance System Integrated with BIM
			2.3 Building Automation
			2.4 Inventory Management System
				2.4.1 Assets
				2.4.2 Stock and Spare Parts Inventory
		3 Results
		4 Conclusions
		References
	Shifting the Learning of Engineering Mechanics and Dynamics Paradigm from Hands-On Experiments to Mobile Virtual Labs
		1 Introduction and Background
		2 Methodology
		3 Conclusions and Recommendations
		References
Index