Green Sustainable Process for Chemical and Environmental Engineering and Science: Switchable Solvents

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Green Sustainable Process for Chemical and Environmental Engineering and Science: Switchable Solvents
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Contents
Contributors
Chapter 1: Switchable solvents for bio-refinery applications
	1. Introduction
	2. Concept of biorefinery
	3. Switchable solvents for biorefinery
		3.1. Switchable polarity solvents
		3.2. Switchable hydrophilicity solvents (SHSs)
		3.3. Switchable water (SW)
	4. Concluding remarks and future perspectives
	References
Chapter 2: Polarity-changing solvents for CO2 capture
	1. Introduction
		1.1. Switchable hydrophobicity solvents (SHSs)
		1.2. Switchable water
		1.3. Switchable polarity solvents
		1.4. CO2-binding organic liquids (CO2-BOL)
	2. Switchable solvent for CO2 capture
		2.1. Investigation of thermodynamic and molecular CO2 capturing process using switchable solvent
		2.2. SPS solvent for CO2 capture
			2.2.1. Use of SPS as solvent for CO2 capture from flue gas
			2.2.2. Use of SPS as solvent for CO2 capture from streams with high pressure
		2.3. CO2-BOL solvent for CO2 capture
	3. Switchable ionic liquid solvent for CO2 capture
	4. Conclusions
	References
Chapter 3: Applications of switchable solvents in science and technology
	1. Introduction
		1.1. Switchable polarity solvents (SPSs)
		1.2. Switchable hydrophilicity solvents (SHSs)
			1.2.1. Criteria of selection for SHS
	2. Switchable water (SW)
	3. Technological and analytical applications of switchable solvents
		3.1. Applications of SPSs
			3.1.1. SPS as extraction media
			3.1.2. SPSs in CO2 detection
			3.1.3. SPSs as CO2 capture
			3.1.4. SPSs as CO2 capture for high-pressure streams
		3.2. Applications of SHSs
	4. Conclusions
	References
Chapter 4: Switchable solvents for CO2 capture
	1. Introduction
	2. Environmental challenges due to CO2
	3. Switchable solvents for the detection of CO2
	4. Switchable solvents for CO2 extraction
		4.1. Traditional ionic liquids versus switchable solvents
		4.2. CO2 capture from flue gases
		4.3. CO2 capture under high pressure
	5. Reversible ionic liquid solvents for the capture of CO2
	6. Conclusions
	Acknowledgments
	References
Chapter 5: Switchable water
	1. Introduction
	2. Switchable polarity solvents
	3. Switchable hydrophilicity solvents
	4. Switchable water
	5. Conclusion
	References
Chapter 6: Switchable solvents as alternative solvents for green chemistry
	1. Introduction
	2. Discovery of switchable solvents
	3. Types of switchable solvents
		3.1. Switchable-polarity solvents (SPS)
		3.2. SHS (switchable-hydrophilicity solvents)
		3.3. Switchable water
		3.4. Synthesis/preparation of SS
	4. Chemistry and development of SS
		4.1. SPS
		4.2. SHS
		4.3. SW
	5. Generally desirable properties of SS [76]
	6. Acceptability of switchable solvents for green chemistry
	7. Applications of switchable solvents as green alternatives [46, 78, 79]
		7.1. Water treatment [80]
		7.2. Soybean oil extraction
		7.3. Solid particles cleaning
		7.4. Residual motor oil recovery
		7.5. SS as a reaction medium
		7.6. Polystyrene recovery from polystyrene foam
		7.7. Other applications
	8. Future prospects and conclusions
	References
Chapter 7: Nanomaterials synthesis in switchable solvents
	1. Introduction
	2. Ionic liquids as switchable solvents
	3. Reverse micelles for nanoparticles synthesis
	4. Reverse micro-emulsions for nanoparticle synthesis
	5. Reversible capping agents based on amines
	6. Conclusion
	References
Chapter 8: CO2-triggered switchable polarity solvents and their advancements
	1. Introduction
	2. Chemistry of CO2-triggered SPS
	3. CO2-triggered SPS
		3.1. SPS as CO2 capture for production of syngas
		3.2. SPS acts as a catalyst for the production of biodiesel
		3.3. SPS as a ligand for catalyst removal in ATRP
		3.4. SPS as solvent for microextraction of Cd(II) ions
		3.5. SPS as solvent for determination of amino acids in biological samples
		3.6. SPS as catalysts for the synthesis of 16-Arlydiene steroids
	4. Challenges and future considerations
	5. Conclusion
	References
Chapter 9: Switchable green solvents for lipids extraction from microalgae
	1. Introduction
	2. Green solvents
		2.1. Green/renewable solvents
		2.2. Lipid extraction by green solvents
	3. Microalgae lipid and extraction process
		3.1. Downstream processing
		3.2. Lipid extraction paths
			3.2.1. Biomass preference
			3.2.2. Biomass processing
			3.2.3. Nonsolvent-Mechanical approach
				Homogenization under high pressure (HPH)
				Expeller pressing
				Bead beating or bead mills
				Sonication
				Microwave
				Pulsed electric field (PEF)
				Process of enzymatic hydrolysis
				Supercritical fluid extraction
				Subcritical water hydrolysis
				Chemical hydrolysis
		3.3. Solvent-based extraction: Selection of extraction solvent
			3.3.1. Folch method
			3.3.2. Bligh and dyer method
		3.4. Lipid estimation methods
			3.4.1. Gravimetric
			3.4.2. Nile red staining
			3.4.3. Modified Nile red
			3.4.4. Sulfo Phospho Vanillin method (SPV) method
			3.4.5. TLC/HPLC method
			3.4.6. Comparative report on different analytical methods
	4. Perspective and conclusion
	References
	Further reading
Chapter 10: CO2 triggered switchable and tunable solvents for biocatalysis
	1. Introduction
	2. Tunable solvents for biocatalysis
	3. Switchable solvents for biocatalysis
		3.1. Switchable hydrophilicity solvents (SHS)
			3.1.1. SHS in catalysis
		3.2. Switchable water (SW)
		3.3. Switchable polarity solvent (SPS)
			3.3.1. SPS in biocatalysis
	4. Conclusions and future perspectives
	Acknowledgments
	References
Chapter 11: Basic synthesis and solvatochromic parameters in switchable solvents
	1. Introduction
	2. Chemical synthesis in a switchable solvent
	3. Theory on solvatochromism process
	4. Solvatochromic parameters
		4.1. Molar electronic transition energies; ETN
		4.2. Measurements of Kamlet-Taft parameters: Bipolarity (π*); hydrogen bond-donating (HBD) acidity (α); hydrogen bond-acc ...
	5. Conclusion
	References
Chapter 12: Switchable solvents for catalysis
	1. Introduction
	2. Switchable hydrophilic solvents
		2.1. Synthesis of hydrophilic switchable solvents
		2.2. SHS selection criteria
	3. Solvents with switchable polarity
		3.1. Synthesis of hydrophilic switchable solvents
	4. Switchable water
	5. Surface operation (switchable cationic/anionic surfactants)
	6. Materials that respond to stimuli
	7. Application of switchable solvents as catalyst
		7.1. Application of SHS to lipids from Botryococcus braunii to extract
		7.2. Direct catalyzed transesterification of biomass of insects for production of biodiesel
	8. Switchable solvents for biocatalysis
		8.1. SPS in biocatalysis
		8.2. SHS in biocatalysis
	9. Conclusions
	References
Index
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