Green Recovery with Resilience and High Quality Development: CCICED Annual Policy Report 2021

Expert Board
	Editorial Board
Preface
Acknowledgements
Contents
Introduction: The Green Development Epoch
	A Green Economic Epoch
	Short-Term and Long-Wave Cycles
	Science, Technology, and Innovation
	High-Quality Development
	Growth, Equality, and Green Development
	References
Part I Global Governance and Ecological Civilization
1 Global Climate Governance and China’s Role
	1.1 Foreword
		1.1.1 Green and Low-Carbon Development Has Become an Important Direction for Global Economic and Social Development
		1.1.2 The Carbon Neutrality Vision Is Compatible with China’s Climate Policy
		1.1.3 Green Low-Carbon Development Under the Carbon Neutrality Vision Represents an Important Connotation of High-Quality Development
	1.2 Opportunities and Challenges
		1.2.1 Opportunities
		1.2.2 Challenges
	1.3 China’s Mid- and Long-Term Climate Goals, Roadmap and Policy Guarantee System
		1.3.1 Phased Goals and Roadmap
		1.3.2 Transition Pathways Towards Mid- and Long-Term Climate Goals
		1.3.3 Policy Guarantee System
	1.4 A Market Mechanism Centred on Carbon Pricing
		1.4.1 About Carbon Pricing
		1.4.2 Carbon Pricing Has Been Continuously Practiced Worldwide
		1.4.3 Progress and Problems of China’s Carbon Pricing Mechanism
		1.4.4 Suggestions for Promoting the Gradual Improvement of China’s Carbon Pricing System
	1.5 Global Climate Cooperation in the New Era and China’s Role
		1.5.1 State of Global Climate Cooperation After the Pandemic
		1.5.2 Suggestions for Strengthening International Climate Cooperation
	1.6 Policy Recommendations
		1.6.1 Gradually Establish and Improve an Absolute Carbon Emission Cap Under the Guidance of the Carbon Peaking and Carbon Neutrality Goals
		1.6.2 Achieve Both Economic Recovery and Low-Carbon Development by Actively Carrying Out Deep Decarbonization Efforts in Key Industries
		1.6.3 Build a New Power Generation Paradigm with Low-Carbon Energy at Its Core, Accelerate Coal Control and the Large-Scale Deployment of Renewable Energy
		1.6.4 Accelerate the Development of Carbon Pricing, Carbon Market and Carbon Finance Mechanisms and Promote Green Finance
		1.6.5 Strengthen International Exchanges and Extensively Participate and Lead the Global Climate Governance and Implement the Paris Agreement
	Appendix: Gender Equality Analysis
	References
2 Post-2020 Global Biodiversity Conservation
	2.1 Background
	2.2 Elevating Nature Agenda for an Ambitious and Transformational Post-2020 Global Biodiversity Framework (GBF)
		2.2.1 High Level Movement Analysis on Global Nature Agenda
		2.2.2 Initiatives from Other Parts of the World on Translating Political Signals to National Actions
		2.2.3 Progress of the Post-2020 Global Biodiversity Framework
		2.2.4 Prepared for Acceleration of Immediate Implementation of the GBF After the COP15
	2.3 Global and Regional Approaches for Post-2020 Protected Area Priorities
		2.3.1 Countries’ Differentiated Responsibilities in Fulfilling Global Conservation Area Targets
		2.3.2 Cost-Effective Priorities for the Expansion of Global Terrestrial Protected Areas: Setting Post-2020 Global and National Targets
		2.3.3 Regional Scalable Priorities for National Biodiversity and Carbon Conservation Planning in Asia
	2.4 Technical Optimization for Ecological Conservation Redline (ECR) Delimitation
		2.4.1 ECR is an Area with Important Special Ecological Functions that Should Be Strictly Protected
		2.4.2 Optimization of Methods for Identification of Important Biodiversity Conservation Areas
		2.4.3 Identification of the ECR Areas with Important Carbon Sequestration Functions
		2.4.4 Design and Development of an Automated Identification Platform of ECR
		2.4.5 Suggestions on International Promotion of ECR
	2.5 Cross-Cutting Nature of Biodiversity: Mainstreaming and Synergies
		2.5.1 Mainstreaming Biodiversity Across Government and Society as Well as Enhancing Synergies among Environmental and Sustainable Development Agendas are Key Contributions to Realising a Broader Agenda for Societal Transformative Change
		2.5.2 Building Meaningful Linkages Between the GBF and the LTAM to Strengthen the CBD’s Mainstreaming Agenda
		2.5.3 Insights from Mainstreaming Biodiversity in Climate Policy, the Urban Sphere, the Financial Sector and Environmental Accounting
		2.5.4 Seizing the Opportunity of the GBF to Enhance International Biodiversity Governance by Making Use of Synergies
		2.5.5 Recommendations Summary on Mainstreaming and Synergies
	2.6 Post-2020 Socio-ecological Security, Resilience and Recovery
		2.6.1 Introduction
		2.6.2 From Emergencies to Ecological Civilization [35]
		2.6.3 Resilience: Why so Important?
		2.6.4 Gender Gaps
	2.7 Overall Recommendations on Post-2020 Biodiversity Conservation
		2.7.1 Strive Towards Highly Effective Implementation of the GBF 2021–2025
		2.7.2 Based on China’s Theory of Green is Gold and the Practice of Ecological Civilization, Promote the Nature Agenda to International Platform and Translate Ambitions into Practical Actions
		2.7.3 Share with Other Countries China’s Experiences on Implementation of Ecological Functional Zoning and Related Topics
		2.7.4 Accelerate Work Towards Social-Ecological Security, Resilience, and Gender Equality for the Health and Wellbeing of All People on Our One Planet
	Appendix 1: Table S1 Characteristics of Each CBD Party
	Appendix 2: Additional Comments on Improvements to the Text of the Draft GBF
	Appendix 3: Specific Recommendations to the First GBF Draft
	References
3 Global Ocean Governance and Ecological Civilization
	3.1 Introduction
	3.2 Sustainable Management of China’s Offshore Capture Fisheries
		3.2.1 China’s Coastal Capture Fisheries
		3.2.2 Coastal Capture Fishery Management System
		3.2.3 The Institutional Framework of China’s Marine Ecological Economy
	3.3 China’s Offshore Environmental Pollution and Its Treatment
		3.3.1 Eutrophication and Mitigation Actions in the China Coastal Sea
		3.3.2 Ecological Environmental Problems and Policies of Marine Plastic Debris and Microplastics
		3.3.3 Sources, Distributions and Trend of Mercury Pollution in Marine Environment
	3.4 Policy Recommendations
	3.5 Future Ocean Research Roadmap for CCICED
		3.5.1 Ocean in the Framework of the CCICED
		3.5.2 International Framing of Future CCICED Ocean Efforts
		3.5.3 Identifying and Prioritizing Ocean Issues for the Future
		3.5.4 Seamap for the Ocean Future
	References
Part II Green Urbanization and Environmental Improvement
4 Green Reshaping of China\'s Urbanization in the Context of Global Carbon Neutrality
	4.1 Introduction
	4.2 The New Background of Green Urbanization: Global Carbon Neutrality
		4.2.1 The End of the Traditional Industrial Era, the Opening of a New Era of Development
		4.2.2 Green Urbanization Under the “Three New” Pattern
		4.2.3 The Development Model as the Foundation of Urbanization Has Undergone Profound Changes
	4.3 Overall Strategy of Green Urbanization in the Context of Global Carbon Neutrality
		4.3.1 Strategic Tasks of Green Urbanization
		4.3.2 The Key Conditions That Determine Urbanization Are Undergoing Profound Changes
		4.3.3 The Meaning of Green Urbanization
	4.4 Carbon Peak and Carbon Neutrality in Cities
		4.4.1 Current Status of Carbon Peaks in Chinese Cities
		4.4.2 Urban “Dual Carbon” Goal: How to Proceed in an Orderly Manner
		4.4.3 How Far is Urban Emission Reduction from Green Transformation
		4.4.4 The Public’s Recognition of “Dual Carbon”: Residents of Some High-Carbon Cities Are More Supportive of “Dual Carbon”
	4.5 Urban Renewal from the Perspective of Ecological Civilization
		4.5.1 Urban Renewal Has Become a Central Task
		4.5.2 Outstanding Problems in Urban Renewal
		4.5.3 Urban Renewal: Traditional Industrialization Thinking Versus Ecological Civilization Thinking
	4.6 The Changing Trend of China’s Urbanization: Local Urbanization
		4.6.1 China’s Local Urbanization Trend
		4.6.2 City Scale and Economic Development
	4.7 Green Rural Revitalization Under the Background of Urban–Rural Coordination
	4.8 From GDP Orientation to Well-Being Orientation: Urbanization in the New Development Era
	4.9 Policy Recommendations
		4.9.1 General Idea
		4.9.2 Specific Areas: Four Policy Pillars
	References
Part III Innovation, Sustainable Production, and Consumption
5 Green Transition and Sustainable Social Governance
	5.1 Introduction
	5.2 Economic Contribution Analysis and Comprehensive Evaluation of China’s Green Consumption
		5.2.1 Empirical Analysis of the Economic Contribution of Green Consumption
		5.2.2 Construction and Comprehensive Evaluation of China’s Green Consumption Index
	5.3 Case Studies on Green Production and Consumption Industries and Fields in China
		5.3.1 The Green Tax System of China’s Automobile Industry Based on Carbon Neutrality
		5.3.2 Green Design Policy for China’s Iron and Steel Industry
		5.3.3 Eco-design Policies and Standards for Incineration Facilities in China
		5.3.4 Green Consumption Policy for China’s Food
		5.3.5 Green Label Certification Policy
	5.4 International Experience: Accelerating and Deepening the Green Transition
		5.4.1 Urgency of Action
		5.4.2 Responding to the COVID-19 Pandemic with Green Recovery Plans
		5.4.3 Supranational Level: The European Union Green Deal and the Green Recovery Plan
		5.4.4 National Government Strategies on Corona Recovery and Green Transitions
		5.4.5 Promoting Low Carbon Transitions
		5.4.6 Electric Mobility
		5.4.7 Circular Economy and Eco-design
		5.4.8 Sustainable Food Systems
		5.4.9 Gender
	5.5 Policy Recommendations
		5.5.1 China’s “14th Five-Year Plan” Has Entered an “In-Depth” Green Transition Period with the Promotion of Green Production and Consumption Patterns Moving into a Substantive Stage of Practice, and Important Changes Will Occur
		5.5.2 Several Specific Policy Issues Still Need to Be Addressed in Order to Launch the Green Production and Consumption Campaign in China in a Bid to Accomplish the Relevant Targets Set Out in the “14th Five-Year Plan”
		5.5.3 Conducting Green Taxation Reform in the Automobile Industry
		5.5.4 Introducing Green Design Policies for the Iron and Steel Industry
		5.5.5 Employing the Concept and Methodology of Eco-design to Upgrade Waste Incineration Facilities into Green Facilities that Provide Products for Enhancing Living Environment
		5.5.6 Exercising a Sustainable (Green) Food Consumption Policy
		5.5.7 Accelerating and Deepening the Green Consumption Transition: International Experiences
	References
6 Major Green Technology Innovation and Implementation Mechanism
	6.1 Introduction
		6.1.1 Significance of Community Green Renewal
		6.1.2 Vision, Criteria and Goals of Community Green Renewal
	6.2 Global Experience and Practice: From City to Community
		6.2.1 Decarbonization Paths for Cities/Communities from an International Perspective
		6.2.2 Experience on Green Renovation Technologies in Domestic and Foreign Communities
	6.3 Characteristics of Carbon Emission in Cities and Communities
		6.3.1 Selection of Cities and Communities as Cases
		6.3.2 Basic Information on the Communities and Socio-economic Characteristics of the Population
		6.3.3 Data Collection, Measurement, and Analysis of Carbon Emission in the Communities
		6.3.4 Structure of Carbon Emission and Analysis of Influence Factors in These Communities
	6.4 Path of Carbon Emission Reduction in Urban Communities with Double Carbon Targets
		6.4.1 Outlook for Future Carbon Emissions in Urban Communities and Decarbonization Challenges
		6.4.2 Recommendations on Community Green Renewal and Green Technology Under the Goals of “Peaking Carbon Emissions by 2030” and “Achieving Carbon Neutrality by 2060”
		6.4.3 Promoting a Green Lifestyle Through Community Green Renewal
	6.5 Mechanism Guarantee of China’s Urban Green Transformation
		6.5.1 Promotion of Digitized Green Transition in Chinese Cities
		6.5.2 Creation of the Enabling Environment for Deployment of Green Technologies
		6.5.3 Gender and Population-Group Perspectives: Sharing and Public Participation
	6.6 Policy Suggestions
		6.6.1 Suggestions on Promotion of Carbon Neutrality and Green Development of Cities and Communities
		6.6.2 Policy Suggestions on Green Technologies in Community Renewal
	Appendix 1: An In-Depth Analysis on the Sharing Economy and the Climate?
	Appendix 2: Smart City Quayside in Toronto
	Appendix 3: Calculation Method of Carbon Emissions from Community Energy Use
	Appendix 4: Calculation Method of Carbon Emissions from Residential Travel
	References
Part IV Green Energy, Investment, and Trade
7 Enhancing Environmental Management for BRI Projects to Boost Green BRI and 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development
	7.1 Introduction
		7.1.1 Promote BRI Towards High-Quality Development
		7.1.2 The Green Silk Road Provides New Impetus for the Implementation of 2030 Sustainable Development Goals
		7.1.3 BRI Investment Features the Growth of Scale and Green-Oriented Growth
		7.1.4 Motives and the Goals of Environment Management for BRI Projects
	7.2 Environmental Management System for China Overseas Investment
		7.2.1 Environmental Management Policies for China Overseas Investment
		7.2.2 Features of Environmental Management Legislative Framework for China Oversea Investment
		7.2.3 Summary
	7.3 Experiences of Environmental Management in International DFI and ODA
		7.3.1 International DFI Experiences for ESRM
		7.3.2 Environmental Management Mechanisms for ODA of Japan and South Korea
		7.3.3 Summary
	7.4 Policy Recommendations
		7.4.1 Priority Areas for Boosting Sustainable Development in Overseas BRI Projects
		7.4.2 Policy Recommendations for Non-governmental Entities to Practice Environmental Management for BRI Investment and Financing
		7.4.3 Five Key Pillars for Full Lifecycle Environmental Management in BRI Projects
	References
8 Global Green Supply Chain
	8.1 Introduction
		8.1.1 Research Background
		8.1.2 Review of Outcomes of the Phase 1 Special Policy Study
		8.1.3 Opportunities Related to Green Value Chains in China in the Current Economic Context
		8.1.4 Challenges to Achieving Green Value Chains in China
		8.1.5 Main Research Topics
	8.2 Greening the Production and Sourcing of Soft Commodities in Value Chains
		8.2.1 Emerging Norms for Legality, Sustainability and Traceability in Soft Commodity Value Chains
		8.2.2 Due Diligence and Traceability Measures for Soft Commodities
	8.3 Accelerating Circular Economy Throughout the Value Chain
		8.3.1 Why Embracing Circular Economy Is Important for Greening Value Chains?
		8.3.2 Five Enablers of Circular Economy in China’s Value Chains
	8.4 Policy Recommendations
		8.4.1 Pursue Six Priorities in the New Development Phase for China on Green Value Chains
		8.4.2 Accelerate the Development of China’s Green Value Chain Promotion Mechanism
	References
9 Green Finance
	9.1 Introduction
	9.2 Develop Ecological Protection Finance and Advancing the Nature-Positive Principle
		9.2.1 Development of Finance and Nature-Positive Principle
		9.2.2 Definition and Attributes of the Nature-Positive Principle
		9.2.3 Framework for a Nature-Positive Transition of the Financial System
		9.2.4 Enabler: The Role of Fintech
	9.3 “Throttling”: Ensuring that Funds Flow to Support Conservation
		9.3.1 Practices of Chinese Institutional Investors in Conservation Finance
		9.3.2 The Impact of Agricultural Subsidy Policy on Financial Institutions
	9.4 “Broaden Sources”: Increasing Green Funding Sources
		9.4.1 The Innovation of Conservation Financial Instruments
		9.4.2 Debt and Biodiversity Conservation
	9.5 Policy Recommendations
		9.5.1 Recommendations for China’s Institutional Investors in Conservation Finance
		9.5.2 Suggestions for Financial Institutions in the Agricultural Subsidy Chain Based on the Nature-Positive Principle
		9.5.3 Suggestions on the Innovation of Conservation Financial Instruments
		9.5.4 How China Can Show Global Leadership in Developing Green Sovereign Debt Markets
	References
Annex A Overview: 2021 Policy Recommendations of the China Council for International Cooperation on Environment and Development
A.1 Enhance Global Ecosystem Integrity, Prioritize Nature Agendas, and Promote a New Development Pattern of Harmony Between Nature and Humanity
A.1.1 Coordinate and Implement the Carbon-Peaking and Carbon-Neutrality Targets
A.1.2 Mainstream Biodiversity Conservation
A.1.3 Strengthen Integrated Management of Land and Sea, and Promote Integrated Ocean Management Based on Ecosystems
A.2 With Urban Renewal, County Development, and Green Rural Revitalization as the Three Pillars, Create a New Model of Green Urbanization and a Low-Carbon Spatial Pattern
A.3 Empower Digital Technology Innovation for Sustainability, Jointly Promote Sustainable Production and Consumption, and Build Domestic and Global Green Value Chains
A.3.1 Build a Green Supply Chain Incorporating a Circular Economy
A.3.2 Promote Sustainable Production and Consumption
A.4 Actively Participate in International Environmental Governance, and Build Closer Partnerships for Green Development; Emphasize Extensive Consultation and Joint Contributions to International Green Principles and the Sharing of Development Achievements
Annex B CCICED Nature-Based Solutions (NbS) Special Policy Report
B.1 Introduction
B.2 Background and Definitions
B.3 Emerging Sectors, Systems and Places
B.3.1 Sustainable Food Systems
B.3.2 Terrestrial Ecosystems
B.3.3 Water Management
B.3.4 Sustainable Cities
B.3.5 Oceans
B.4 Tools and Case Studies
B.4.1 Maps and Spatial Planning
B.4.2 Case Studies
B.4.2.1 Coastal Flood Protection
B.4.2.2 Urban Green Infrastructure
B.4.2.3 Wetlands
B.4.2.4 Forests
B.5 Measuring NbS Outcomes and Benefits
B.5.1 Estimating Carbon Stocks
B.5.2 Estimating Costs and Benefits
B.6 Policies, Pathways, and Practices
Appendix B.1: Evaluating Nature-Based Solutions (Executive Summary)
Appendix B.2: CCICED Sub-working Group Nature-Based Solutions Meeting Summary April 6, 2021
Annex C Managing River Areas in Times of Climate Change
C.1 Summary
C.1.1 Purpose
C.1.2 Main Findings
C.1.3 Guiding Principles
C.2 Recommendations to CCICED
Annex D Progress on Environmental and Development Policies in China and Impact of CCICED’s Policy Recommendations (2020–2021)
D.1 Forward
D.2 Environmental and Development Planning
D.2.1 The Outline of the 14th FYP and the Long-Range Objectives Through the Year 2035
D.2.2 Eco-environmental Protection Planning and High-Quality Development of the Yellow River Basin
D.3 Ecosystem and Biodiversity Conservation
D.3.1 The 15th Conference of the Parties to the Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD COP 15) and Biodiversity Conservation
D.3.2 Continuous Advancement of the “Green Shield” Special Action
D.3.3 New Progress in Ecological Red Line Delineation and Ecological Protection
D.3.4 Exploration on Ecological Compensation Mechanisms and Value Realization Mechanisms for Ecological Products
D.4 Energy and Climate
D.4.1 Building New Power Systems Dominated by New Energy
D.4.2 Strengthening Energy Conservation and Energy Efficiency Improvement
D.4.3 Actively Promoting Co-control of GHG Emissions and Atmospheric Pollutants
D.4.4 Launching the National Carbon Market
D.4.5 Driving Low-Carbon Development Through Green Urbanization and Sustainable Consumption
D.5 Pollution Prevention and Control and Marine Governance
D.5.1 Air Pollution Prevention and Control
D.5.2 Water Pollution Prevention and Control
D.5.3 Soil Pollution Prevention and Control
D.5.4 Marine Ecological Protection
D.6 Environmental Governance and Rule of Law
D.6.1 Enactment and Enforcement of New Laws
D.6.2 Advancement of Reforms to Streamline Administration and Delegate Power, Improve Regulation and Upgrade Services
D.6.3 Regular Supervision of Ecological and Environmental Protection
D.6.4 Improvement of Ecological and Environmental Governance Efficiency
D.7 Regional and International Engagement
D.7.1 New Advances in Greening the “Belt and Road Initiative”
D.7.2 International Cooperation on Climate Change
D.7.3 Global Ocean Governance
D.8 Conclusions
Annex E Report on Gender Mainstreaming in SPS Research for the Period 2020–2021
E.1 Gender Equality and the International Framework
E.2 CCICED’s 2021 Gender-Related Work Through Special Policy Studies (SPSs): Key Observations
E.2.1 Biodiversity
E.2.2 Global Climate Governance
E.2.3 Global Ocean Governance
E.2.4 Global Green Value Chains
E.2.5 Green Belt and Road Initiative (BRI)
E.2.6 Green Finance
E.2.7 Green Technology
E.2.8 Green Transition/Consumption
E.3 Recommendations to CCICED for the Forthcoming Research Phases
Annex F CCICED Phase VI Composition (2017–2021)