Green Infrastructure and Urban Climate Resilience: An Introduction

Background
Contents
About the Authors
1 Green Infrastructure (GI)
	1.1 Background
	1.2 Nature-Based Solutions (NbS)
	1.3 Ecosystem Services (ESS)
	1.4 What is Green Infrastructure?
	1.5 Classification of Green Infrastructure
		1.5.1 Green Roofs
		1.5.2 Green Walls and Green Facades
		1.5.3 Green Spaces: Street Trees and Grass
		1.5.4 Permeable Pavements
		1.5.5 Rain Gardens
		1.5.6 Bioswales
		1.5.7 Bioretention Ponds
		1.5.8 Constructed Wetlands
		1.5.9 Drainage Corridors
		1.5.10 Rainwater Harvesting
	1.6 Green and Gray Infrastructures
	References
2 Climate Resilience and Sustainable Cities
	2.1 Climate Change and Built Environment
		2.1.1 Critical Impacts of Climate Change on Built Environment
		2.1.2 Climate Change Triggered by Built Environment
	2.2 Urban Climate Change
	2.3 How Do Cities Develop Climate Resilience?
		2.3.1 Water Management
		2.3.2 Management of Flood Risk
		2.3.3 Building Resilience to Drought
		2.3.4 Mitigating UHI Effect
		2.3.5 Lowering Bulk Energy Demands
		2.3.6 Improving Coastal Resilience
	2.4 Building Climate Resilience: Through Adaptation, Mitigation, Environmental Engineering, and Learning Approach
		2.4.1 Learning-Based Approach
		2.4.2 Climate Engineering
		2.4.3 Climate Change Adaptation
		2.4.4 Climate Change Mitigation
		2.4.5 Delivering National Climate Action Through Decarbonized Cities
	2.5 Sustainable Development Goals
	2.6 Interlinking City Development with Sustainability
		2.6.1 Sustainable Cities
	2.7 SMART Green Cities
		2.7.1 SMART Growth Principles
	2.8 Compact City and Inclusion of Smart Green Concepts
	2.9 Why Do We Need Ecological Cities?
	References
3 Urbanization and Sustainable Urban Planning
	3.1 Urban Sprawl and Its Implications
	3.2 Urbanization
	3.3 Cities
	3.4 Megacities
	3.5 Urban Planning (UP)
		3.5.1 Urban Planning Team
		3.5.2 Components of Urban Plan
	3.6 Sustainable Urban Planning Designs
		3.6.1 Sponge City
		3.6.2 Decentralized Urban Design (DUD)
		3.6.3 Water-Sensitive Urban Design (WSUD)
		3.6.4 Low Impact Development Design (LID)
		3.6.5 Sustainable Development Urban Design
		3.6.6 Healthy Water Cycle
	References
4 Green Buildings
	4.1 Implications of Green Buildings
	4.2 Environmental Assessment Schemes for Buildings
	4.3 Green Building Rating Systems
		4.3.1 Components of Green Building Rating Systems
		4.3.2 Integrating Resilience Aspect to Green Building Rating Systems
		4.3.3 Green Building Organizations
		4.3.4 Green Building Certification
	4.4 Different Types of Green Building Rating Systems Across the World Countries
		4.4.1 Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design (LEED) Rating System
		4.4.2 BREEAM Rating System
		4.4.3 CASBEE Rating System
		4.4.4 Green Star Rating System
		4.4.5 Envision
		4.4.6 Green Globes
		4.4.7 Pearl: Estimada
		4.4.8 Haute Qualité Environnementale (HQE™)
		4.4.9 Deutsche Gesellschaft für Nachhaltiges Bauen (DNGB)
		4.4.10 Sustainable Building (SB) Tool
		4.4.11 GBI
		4.4.12 Green Rating for Integrated Habitat Assessment (GRIHA)
		4.4.13 ITACA
		4.4.14 Neighborhood Development
	4.5 Architectural Perspective in Green Building Designing
		4.5.1 Functionality
		4.5.2 Productivity and Health
		4.5.3 Accessibility
		4.5.4 Aesthetics
		4.5.5 Cost-Effectiveness
		4.5.6 Historical Preservation
		4.5.7 Safety and Security
		4.5.8 Sustainability
	4.6 Key Architectural Design Aspects in GI Development
		4.6.1 Building Location and Orientation
		4.6.2 Building Massing
		4.6.3 Incorporating Sunlight
		4.6.4 Enhancing Views
		4.6.5 Incorporating Wind Flow
		4.6.6 Space Organization
		4.6.7 Special Building Elements
		4.6.8 Material Selection
	References
5 Assessment, Quantification, and Valuation of Green Infrastructure
	5.1 Assessing the Economic Value of Green Infrastructures
		5.1.1 Life Cycle Assessment (LCA)
		5.1.2 Cost–Benefit Analysis (CBA)
		5.1.3 Cost-Effectiveness Analysis
	5.2 Quantification of Green Infrastructure
	5.3 Green Infrastructure Valuation
		5.3.1 Green Infrastructure Valuation Tools
		5.3.2 Valuation Methodology
	5.4 Total Economic Value (TEV)
	5.5 Fiscal Assessment of Non-market Environmental Goods
		5.5.1 Revealed Preference Valuation Method
		5.5.2 Stated Preference Methods
		5.5.3 Benefit Transfer (BT)
		5.5.4 Avoided Cost Method
	5.6 Global Case Studies on Economic Valuation of GI
		5.6.1 Indices to Measure Urban Greenness
		5.6.2 Outdoor Thermal Comfort
		5.6.3 Economic Evaluation of Green Roof
		5.6.4 Coastal Protection Models
		5.6.5 Economic Valuation for Urban Strategic Planning
		5.6.6 Carbon Assessment Models
		5.6.7 Air Pollution Models
		5.6.8 Willingness to Pay
	References
6 Urban Resilience and Frameworks
	6.1 Introduction to Resilience
	6.2 Urban Resilience
		6.2.1 Temporal and Spatial Scale of Urban Resilience
		6.2.2 Infrastructure Resilience
	6.3 Ten Essentials of City Resilience
		6.3.1 Organize for Disaster Resilience
		6.3.2 Identify, Understand, and Use Current and Future Risk Scenarios
		6.3.3 Strengthen Financial Capability for Resilience
		6.3.4 Pursue Resilient Urban Development and Design
		6.3.5 Safeguard Natural Buffers to Enhance the Protective Functions Offered by Natural Capital
		6.3.6 Strengthen Institutional Capacity for Resilience
		6.3.7 Understand and Strengthen Societal Capacity for Resilience
		6.3.8 Increase Infrastructure Resilience
		6.3.9 Ensure Effective Disaster Response
		6.3.10 Expedite Recovery and Build Back Better
	6.4 Role of GI in Building Urban Resilience
		6.4.1 Systematic Approach in GI Adaptation for UR
	6.5 Globalizing Urban Resilience
		6.5.1 C40
		6.5.2 U20
	6.6 International Urban Resilience Frameworks/Models
		6.6.1 Rockefeller Foundation’s City Resilience Index (CRI)
		6.6.2 UNISDR’s Disaster Resilience Scorecard
		6.6.3 Comprehensive Resilience Assessment Framework for Transport Systems in Urban Areas
		6.6.4 Urban Resilience in Climate Change Adaptation: A Conceptual Framework
		6.6.5 Resilience Maturity Model (RMM)
		6.6.6 Urban Resilience Index
		6.6.7 Integrated Framework for Urban Resilience
		6.6.8 UDRI Framework: Urban Design Resilience Index
		6.6.9 A Framework for Adaptive Co-management and Design for Operationalizing Urban Resilience
		6.6.10 PEOPLES Resilience Framework
		6.6.11 Knowledge Product Evaluation (KnoPE)
		6.6.12 Complex Adaptive System Framework (CAS)
		6.6.13 Local Government Self-Assessment Tool (LGSAT)
		6.6.14 Adaptive Cycle Model
		6.6.15 Dynamic Models (DM)
		6.6.16 Community Flood Resilience Categorization Framework
		6.6.17 Hyogo Framework for Action (HFA)
		6.6.18 Sendai Framework for Disaster Risk Reduction
		6.6.19 Community Resilience
	References
7 Multifunctionality of Green Resilient Region
	7.1 Green Infrastructure Multifunctionality
	7.2 Assessing and Mapping GI Multifunctionality
	7.3 Classification of GI Multifunctionality
	7.4 Urban Planning for GI Multifunctionality
	7.5 Spatial Planning for GI Multifunctionality
		7.5.1 GI Planning Principles
		7.5.2 Approaches Addressing Governance Process
		7.5.3 Tradeoffs, Synergies, and Spatial Conflicts in GI Planning for Multifunctionality
	7.6 Quantification of Multifunctionality
		7.6.1 Connectivity Measurement
		7.6.2 Multicriteria Decision Analysis (MCDA)
		7.6.3 Green Infrastructure Spatial Planning (GISP) Model
		7.6.4 Exploratory Spatial Data Analysis (ESDA)
		7.6.5 Morphological Spatial Pattern Analysis (MSPA)
		7.6.6 Zonation
	7.7 Role of Green Infrastructure in Protecting the Ecosystem Functions and Services
		7.7.1 Vegetation
		7.7.2 Urban Agriculture
		7.7.3 Green Roofs
	7.8 Multifunctional Benefits of Green Infrastructure in Community Development
	7.9 Role of GI in Supporting the Development of Green Economy
		7.9.1 Strategic and Instrumental Components in Achieving Resilience
		7.9.2 Green Economy and Entrepreneurship
		7.9.3 Benefits of Green Entrepreneurship
	7.10 The Role of GI in Promoting Societal Health and Wellbeing
		7.10.1 Air Quality
		7.10.2 Physical Activity
		7.10.3 Social Cohesion
		7.10.4 Stress Reduction
		7.10.5 Urban Resilience and Health
		7.10.6 Health Concerns in Disaster Risk Reduction
	References
8 Policies Related to Green Infrastructure and Urban Resilience
	8.1 GI Policy Development
	8.2 GI Policy Planning
		8.2.1 Policy Integration
		8.2.2 Policy Instruments
	8.3 GI Policy Adoption in Global Context
		8.3.1 UK
		8.3.2 Germany
		8.3.3 Europe
		8.3.4 China
		8.3.5 India
		8.3.6 UK, Parris, Japan, Canada
		8.3.7 Ireland
		8.3.8 USA
		8.3.9 Asia
		8.3.10 Canada
		8.3.11 Ethiopia
	8.4 GI Policy Barriers
	8.5 Urban Resilience Policies
		8.5.1 Science-Policy-Practice
		8.5.2 Policy Space, Nature of Power, and Citizen Participation
	8.6 Urban Climate Policies
		8.6.1 Policy Measures
	8.7 Health Related Urban Policies
	References
9 Challenges and Future Perspectives in Adopting Green Infrastructures
	9.1 Challenges Encountered in the Wide Adoption of Green Infrastructure
		9.1.1 Design Standards
		9.1.2 Policies
		9.1.3 Governance
		9.1.4 Socioeconomic Conditions
		9.1.5 Financeability
		9.1.6 Innovation
		9.1.7 Administrative and Political
		9.1.8 Technical
	9.2 Potential GI Disservices in Incorporating GI into Buildings
	9.3 Global Challenges and Opportunities in Building Urban Climate Resilience
	9.4 Future Perspectives to Build a Climate Resilient Green City
		9.4.1 Conceptualizing the Concept of Urban Green Infrastructure and Governance
		9.4.2 Innovative Funding Tools and Techniques
		9.4.3 Strategic Planning and Standardized Policy Agendas
		9.4.4 Transparent and Flexible Decision Making
		9.4.5 GI Valuation
		9.4.6 Setting GI Benchmarks
		9.4.7 Smart Growth and Smart Conservation
		9.4.8 Adopting the Mitigation Hierarchy of Green Infrastructure
		9.4.9 Community Engagement and Collective Impact
		9.4.10 Intersection of GI and Community Health
		9.4.11 Smart Green Infrastructure: Automation of UGI
	References