Granularity in the Verbalization of Events and Objects: A cross-linguistic study

Granularity in the Verbalization of Events and Objects
Editorial page
Title page
Copyright page
Dedication page
Table of contents
Chapter 1 Introduction
	1.1 Research problem
	1.2 Previous research and open questions
		1.2.1 Contrastive lexicology
		1.2.2 Lexicalization patterns
		1.2.3 Thinking for speaking
		1.2.4 Semantic typology
		1.2.5 Object naming
		1.2.6 Open issues
	1.3 Research question
	1.4 A preliminary definition of granularity
	1.5 Scope of the study
	1.6 Structure of the book
Chapter 2 Theoretical background
	2.1 Introduction
	2.2 The verbalization of experience
	2.3 Lexicalization
		2.3.1 Definition
		2.3.2 Principles of lexicalization
	2.4 Domains and fields
		2.4.1 Definition
		2.4.2 Determining conceptual domains and their boundaries
	2.5 Granularity
		2.5.1 Definition
		2.5.2 Granularity in the lexicon
			2.5.2.1 Hierarchical relations between lexical items
			2.5.2.2 Lexicalization and dimensions of lexical differentiation
		2.5.3 Granularity in language use
			2.5.3.1 Competition between generality and specificity
			2.5.3.2 Determinants of choice between generality and specificity
		2.5.4 Operationalization of granularity
			2.5.4.1 Type frequency
			2.5.4.2 Token frequency
			2.5.4.3 Diversity
			2.5.4.4 Categorization and granularity
			2.5.4.5 Semantic analysis
	2.6 Verbs and nouns – Events and objects
		2.6.1 The relevance of verbs and nouns
		2.6.2 The semantic organization of verbs and nouns
		2.6.3 Implications for granularity
	2.7 The Granularity Hypothesis
	2.8 Potential objections to the granularity hypothesis
	2.9 Language sketches
		2.9.1 The language sample
		2.9.2 German
			2.9.2.1 Verbs
			2.9.2.2 Nouns
		2.9.3 English
			2.9.3.1 Verbs
			2.9.3.2 Nouns
		2.9.4 Greek
			2.9.4.1 Verbs
			2.9.4.2 Nouns
		2.9.5 Turkish
			2.9.5.1 Verbs
			2.9.5.2 Nouns
Chapter 3 Data collection and methodological decisions
	3.1 Introduction
	3.2 Object of study
	3.3 Method
		3.3.1 Elicitation
		3.3.2 Stimuli
			3.3.2.1 Video stimuli
			3.3.2.2 Picture stimuli
		3.3.3 Experimental design
		3.3.4 Participants and procedure
		3.3.5 Data set, data coding, and analysis
			3.3.5.1 Video stimuli
			3.3.5.2 Pictures
		3.3.6 The formal unit of analysis
	3.4 Problems in event categorization
Chapter 4 Events of putting and taking
	4.1 Definition
	4.2 Lexical encoding and differentiation
	4.3 Dimensions of lexical differentiation
		4.3.1 Properties of the Figure
			4.3.1.1 Kind or nature of the Figure
			4.3.1.2 Shape of the Figure
			4.3.1.3 Size (big or small) and multiplicity (single or numerous) of the Figure
			4.3.1.3 Spatial orientation of the Figure
		4.3.2 Properties of the Ground/Source
			4.3.2.1 Animacy
			4.3.2.2 Kind/physical constituency of the Ground
			4.3.2.3 Form of support
		4.3.3 Spatial relationship of Figure to Ground (Figure/Ground configuration)
			4.3.3.1 Type of containment
			4.3.3.2 Other types of containment
		4.3.4 Path
			4.3.4.1 Direction of caused motion
			4.3.4.2 Trajectory of the placement
		4.3.5 Manner
		4.3.6 Agent
			4.3.6.1 Agentive/manual control
			4.3.6.2 Intentionality
		4.3.7 Force dynamics
		4.3.8 Combination of dimensions
			4.3.8.1 Properties of the Figure and the Ground
			4.3.8.2 Properties of the Figure and Spatial relationship of Figure to Ground
		4.3.9 Etic grid and stimuli
	4.4 Empirical results
		4.4.1 General remarks
		4.4.2 Events of putting
			4.4.2.1 Type frequency
			4.4.2.2 Token frequency
			4.4.2.3 Diversity
			4.4.2.4 Categorization
			4.4.2.5 Semantic analysis
			4.4.2.6 Summary
		4.4.3 Events of taking
			4.4.3.1 Type frequency
			4.4.3.2 Token frequency
			4.4.3.3 Diversity
			4.4.3.4 Categorization
			4.4.3.5 Semantic analysis
			4.4.3.6 Summary
Chapter 5 Events of dressing and undressing
	5.1 Definition
	5.2 Lexical encoding and differentiation
	5.3 Dimensions of lexical differentiation
		5.3.1 Caused motion and Path
		5.3.2 Figure
			5.3.2.1 Type/kind of Figure
			5.3.2.2 Article of dress
		5.3.3 Ground
			5.3.3.1 The torso/extremity split
			5.3.3.2 Other splits
		5.3.4 Relation between Figure and Ground
		5.3.5 Manner
			5.3.5.1 Manner of attachment
			5.3.5.2 Manner of dressing/undressing
		5.3.6 Result
		5.3.7 Combination of dimensions
		5.3.8 Etic grid and stimuli
	5.4 Empirical results
		5.4.1 General remarks
		5.4.2 Dressing events
			5.4.2.1 Type frequency
			5.4.2.2 Token frequency
			5.4.2.3 Diversity
			5.4.2.4 Categorization
			5.4.2.5 Semantic analysis
			5.4.2.6 Summary
		5.4.3 Undressing events
			5.4.3.1 Type frequency
			5.4.3.2 Token frequency
			5.4.3.3 Diversity
			5.4.3.4 Categorization
			5.4.3.5 Semantic analysis
			5.4.3.6 Summary
Chapter 6 Events of eating and drinking
	6.1 Definition
	6.2 Lexical encoding and differentiation
	6.3 Dimensions of lexical differentiation
		6.3.1 Agent
		6.3.2 Theme and properties of the Theme
		6.3.3 Manner
		6.3.4 Instrument
		6.3.5 Source
		6.3.6 Degree
		6.3.7 Combination of dimensions
			6.3.7.1 Manner and Theme
			6.3.7.2 Manner and Degree
		6.3.8 Etic grid and stimuli
	6.4 Empirical results
		6.4.1 General remarks
		6.4.2 Eating events
			6.4.2.1 Type frequency
			6.4.2.2 Token frequency
			6.4.2.3 Diversity
			6.4.2.4 Categorization
			6.4.2.5 Semantic analysis
			6.4.2.6 Summary
		6.4.3 Drinking events
			6.4.3.1 Type frequency
			6.4.3.2 Token frequency
			6.4.3.3 Diversity
			6.4.3.4 Categorization
			6.4.3.5 Semantic analysis
			6.4.3.6 Summary
Chapter 7 Events of cutting and breaking
	7.1 Definition
	7.2 Lexical encoding and differentiation
	7.3 Dimensions of lexical differentiation
		7.3.1 Theme and properties of the affected object
		7.3.2 Instrument
		7.3.3 Manner
		7.3.4 Result
		7.3.5 Other dimensions
		7.3.6 Combination of dimensions
			7.3.6.1 Theme and Instrument
			7.3.6.2 Theme and Result
			7.3.6.3 Theme and Manner
			7.3.6.4 Theme, Manner, and Instrument
		7.3.7 Etic grid and stimuli
	7.4 Empirical results
		7.4.1 General remarks
		7.4.2 Type frequency
		7.4.3 Token frequency
		7.4.4 Diversity
		7.4.5 Categorization
		7.4.6 Semantic analysis
		7.4.7 Summary
Chapter 8 Events of hitting and kicking
	8.1 Definition
	8.2 Lexical encoding and differentiation
	8.3 Dimensions of lexical differentiation
		8.3.1 Patient and properties of the affected entity
		8.3.2 Instrument
		8.3.3 Manner
		8.3.4 Result
		8.3.5 Other dimensions
		8.3.6 Combination of dimensions
			8.3.6.1 Instrument and Manner
			8.3.6.2 Manner and Result
			8.3.6.3 Patient, Manner and Result
			8.3.6.4 Manner, Instrument and Result
		8.3.7 Etic grid and stimuli
	8.4 Empirical results
		8.4.1 General remarks
		8.4.2 Type frequency
		8.4.3 Token frequency
		8.4.4 Diversity
		8.4.5 Categorization
		8.4.6 Semantic analysis
		8.4.7 Summary
Chapter 9 Events of opening and closing
	9.1 Definition
	9.2 Lexical encoding and differentiation
	9.3 Dimensions of lexical differentiation
		9.3.1 Theme/Location
		9.3.2 Instrument
		9.3.3 Manner
		9.3.4 Result
		9.3.5 Combination of dimensions
		9.3.6 Etic grid and stimuli
	9.4 Empirical results
		9.4.1 General remarks
		9.4.2 Events of opening
			9.4.2.1 Type frequency
			9.4.2.2 Token frequency
			9.4.2.3 Diversity
			9.4.2.4 Categorization
			9.4.2.5 Semantic analysis
			9.4.2.6 Summary
		9.4.3 Events of closing
			9.4.3.1 Type frequency
			9.4.3.2 Token frequency
			9.4.3.3 Diversity
			9.4.3.4 Categorization
			9.4.3.5 Semantic analysis
			9.4.3.6 Summary
Chapter 10 Events of washing
	10.1 Definition
	10.2 Lexical encoding and differentiation
	10.3 Dimensions of lexical differentiation
		10.3.1 Theme
		10.3.2 Instrument
		10.3.3 Medium
		10.3.4 Location/Source
		10.3.5 Result
		10.3.6 Other dimensions
		10.3.7 Combination of dimensions
		10.3.8 Etic grid and stimuli
	10.4 Empirical results
		10.4.1 General remarks
		10.4.2 Type frequency
		10.4.3 Token frequency
		10.4.4 Diversity
		10.4.5 Categorization
		10.4.6 Semantic analysis
		10.4.7 Summary
Chapter 11 Motion events
	11.1 Definition
	11.2 Lexical encoding and differentiation
	11.3 Dimensions of lexical differentiation
		11.3.1 Figure
		11.3.2 Ground
		11.3.3 Path
		11.3.4 Source
		11.3.5 Goal
		11.3.6 Manner
		11.3.7 Etic grid and stimuli
	11.4 Empirical results
		11.4.1 General remarks
		11.4.2 Type frequency
		11.4.3 Token frequency
		11.4.4 Diversity
		11.4.5 Categorization
		11.4.6 Semantic analysis
		11.4.7 Summary
Chapter 12 Aqua motion
	12.1 Definition
	12.2 Lexical encoding and differentiation
	12.3 Dimensions of lexical differentiation
		12.3.1 Figure and properties of the Figure
		12.3.2 Ground
		12.3.3 Motion and path
		12.3.4 Manner
		12.3.5 Combination of dimensions
		12.3.6 Etic grid and stimuli
	12.4 Empirical results
		12.4.1 General remarks
		12.4.2 Type frequency
		12.4.3 Token frequency
		12.4.4 Diversity
		12.4.5 Categorization
		12.4.6 Semantic analysis
		12.4.7 Summary
Chapter 13 Drinking vessels
	13.1 Definition
	13.2 Lexical encoding and differentiation
	13.3 Dimensions of lexical differentiation
		13.3.1 Purpose/Function
		13.3.2 Material
		13.3.3 Shape or appearance
		13.3.4 Size
		13.3.5 Substance
		13.3.6 Other dimensions
		13.3.7 Etic grid and stimuli
	13.4 Empirical results
		13.4.1 General remarks
		13.4.2 Type frequency
		13.4.3 Token frequency
		13.4.4 Diversity
		13.4.5 Categorization
		13.4.6 Semantic analysis
		13.4.7 Summary
Chapter 14 Sitting objects
	14.1 Definition
	14.2 Lexical encoding and differentiation
	14.3 Dimensions of lexical differentiation
		14.3.1 Function or purpose
		14.3.2 Size
		14.3.3 Appearance
		14.3.4 Material
		14.3.5 Design
		14.3.6 Etic grid and stimuli
	14.4 Empirical results
		14.4.1 General remarks
		14.4.2 Type frequency
		14.4.3 Token frequency
		14.4.4 Diversity
		14.4.5 Categorization
		14.4.6 Semantic analysis
		14.4.7 Summary
Chapter 15 Clothing items
	15.1 Definition
	15.2 Lexical encoding and differentiation
	15.3 Dimensions of lexical differentiation
		15.3.1 Overview
		15.3.2 Etic grid and stimuli
	15.4 Empirical results
		15.4.1 General remarks
		15.4.2 Type frequency
		15.4.3 Token frequency
		15.4.4 Diversity
		15.4.5 Categorization
		15.4.6 Semantic analysis
		15.4.7 Summary
Chapter 16 Theoretical discussion
	16.1 Introduction
	16.2 Empirical results
		16.2.1 Preliminaries
		16.2.2 Type frequency
		16.2.3 Token frequency
		16.2.4 Type-token ratio
		16.2.5 Mean number of verbs or nouns per stimulus
		16.2.6 Simpson’s D
		16.2.7 Multidimensional scaling
		16.2.8 Semantic analysis
	16.3 Granularity and complex events
		16.3.1 Partonomic hierarchies, complex events, and event segmentation
		16.3.2 Empirical observations
	16.4 Widening the scope
		16.4.1 Location and posture
		16.4.2 Body parts
		16.4.3 Spatial prepositions
	16.5 Towards an explanation
		16.5.1 Word structure
			16.5.1.1 Verbs
			16.5.1.2 Nouns
		16.5.2 Hidden and overt complexity
		16.5.3 Thinking for speaking – language and cognition
		16.5.4 Conclusion
Chapter 17 Conclusion and outlook
References
Appendix
Index