Geotechnical Centrifuge Technology

Book Cover......Page 1
Half-Title......Page 2
Title......Page 3
Copyright......Page 4
Preface......Page 5
Foreword......Page 7
Contributors......Page 13
Contents......Page 14
1.1.1 The germ of an idea and the first experiments (to 1939)......Page 20
1.1.2 The post-war generation (1939–73)......Page 22
1.1.4 Recognition and the years of production......Page 24
1.2.1 Machine configurations......Page 25
1.2.2.2 Modelling of construction.......Page 29
1.2.2.3 Larger sites and regional problems.......Page 30
1.2.3 Loadings other than gravity......Page 31
1.3 Where will it end?......Page 34
References......Page 36
2.1 Introduction......Page 39
2.2.1 Linear dimensions......Page 40
2.2.2 Consolidation (diffusion) and seepage......Page 43
2.3 Scaling laws for dynamic models......Page 45
2.4.1 Particle size effects......Page 47
2.4.2 Rotational acceleration field......Page 48
2.4.3 Construction effects......Page 49
2.5 Model tests......Page 50
2.6 Summary......Page 52
References......Page 53
3.2 Geotechnical centrifuges......Page 54
3.3 Containers......Page 57
3.4 Test design......Page 59
3.5 Model preparation......Page 62
3.6 Fluid control......Page 66
3.7 Actuation......Page 67
3.8 Instrumentation......Page 71
3.9 Data acquisition......Page 75
3.10 Test conduct......Page 77
References......Page 78
4.1.1 General principles......Page 81
4.1.2 Embedded walls in dry granular material......Page 82
4.1.3 Embedded walls in clay......Page 86
4.1.4 Other construction and excavation techniques......Page 96
4.2.1 Background......Page 98
4.2.2 Line loads behind L-shaped walls......Page 99
4.2.3 Cyclic loading of L-shaped walls......Page 100
4.3.1 Reinforced soil walls......Page 103
4.3.2 Soil nailing......Page 109
4.4 Concluding remarks......Page 110
References......Page 111
5.1 Introduction......Page 113
5.2.1 Modelling considerations......Page 114
5.2.2 Projects......Page 115
5.3.1 Modelling considerations......Page 118
5.3.2 Model tests......Page 121
5.4.1 Modelling considerations......Page 123
5.4.2 Tunnels in sand......Page 125
5.4.3 Tunnels in silt......Page 127
5.4.4 Tunnels in clay......Page 129
References......Page 135
6.2 Shallow foundations......Page 139
6.2.1 Brief review of bearing capacity formulae......Page 140
6.2.2.1 Modelling of models.......Page 142
6.2.2.2 Scale effect.......Page 145
6.2.2.3 Effect of depth of embedment.......Page 150
6.2.2.4 Effect of anisotropy.......Page 151
6.2.2.5 Combined loading.......Page 152
6.2.2.6 Effects of slopes near footings.......Page 154
6.2.2.7 Some modelling considerations.......Page 156
6.2.3 Shallow foundations on cohesive soils......Page 160
6.2.3.1 Normally consolidated clay.......Page 161
6.2.3.2 Multi-layer of cohesive soils.......Page 162
6.3 Pile foundations......Page 163
6.3.1.2 Modelling of models.......Page 165
6.3.1.3 Bearing capacity factor.......Page 166
6.3.1.4 Full-scale field tests.......Page 168
6.3.1.5 Cyclic loading.......Page 169
6.3.2.1 Governing equation.......Page 170
6.3.2.2 Effect of installation.......Page 172
6.3.2.3 Modelling of models.......Page 173
6.3.2.4 p–y curves.......Page 176
6.3.2.5 Effects of pile roughness and installation in slopes.......Page 178
6.3.2.7 Full-scale test.......Page 179
6.3.2.9 Pile groups.......Page 180
6.3.3.1 Pile dimensions and materials.......Page 181
6.3.3.2 Method of installation.......Page 182
6.3.3.3 Rate of installation.......Page 184
6.4.1 Piled bridge abutment......Page 185
6.4.2 Pile-raft foundation......Page 186
6.5 Summary......Page 187
References......Page 188
7.1 Introduction......Page 192
7.2 Dynamic scaling and distortions in dynamic modelling......Page 193
7.3.1 The role of the centrifuge in earthquake engineering......Page 200
7.3.2 Techniques for achieving earthquake shaking on a centrifuge: earthquake actuators......Page 203
7.3.3 Model containers to reduce boundary effects......Page 205
7.3.4 Modelling the effects of earthquakes on retaining walls......Page 210
7.4.1 Containment......Page 212
7.4.2 Instrumentation......Page 213
7.4.3 Blast modelling of pile foundations......Page 214
7.5 Dynamic modelling......Page 217
References......Page 218
Notation......Page 220
8.1 Introduction......Page 222
8.2.1 Mass transport......Page 223
8.2.3 Contaminant transport......Page 225
8.3.1 Scaling laws......Page 227
8.3.1.2 Heat transport.......Page 228
8.3.1.3 Contaminant transport.......Page 229
8.3.2 Dimensionless groups......Page 230
8.3.2.2 Mass transport Peclet number.......Page 231
8.3.2.3 Rayleigh numbers.......Page 232
8.3.2.4 Inter-region transfer numbers.......Page 235
8.3.3.1 Assumption of laminar flow.......Page 236
8.3.3.3 Modelling internal solute sources and sinks.......Page 237
8.3.3.4 Modelling inter-region contaminant transport.......Page 238
8.3.4 Benefits of centrifuge modelling......Page 239
8.3.5.3 Resistivity probes.......Page 240
8.4.1.1 Model tests.......Page 245
8.4.1.3 Summary.......Page 247
8.4.2 Remediation of contaminated land......Page 248
8.4.2.2 Test procedure.......Page 249
8.4.2.4 Summary.......Page 250
8.4.3 Density-driven flow and hydrodynamic clean-up......Page 251
8.4.3.1 Centrifuge model.......Page 252
8.4.3.4 Summary.......Page 253
8.4.4.1 Background.......Page 255
8.4.4.2 Experimental programme.......Page 256
8.4.4.3 Predicting dispersion in a prototype.......Page 257
8.4.4.4 A scaling law for pollutant spread.......Page 258
8.4.5.2 Model tests.......Page 260
8.4.5.4 Summary.......Page 262
8.4.6.2 Model tests.......Page 263
8.4.6.3 Verification of results.......Page 264
8.4.7.2 Model tests.......Page 266
8.4.7.4 Summary.......Page 267
8.5.1.2 Model tests.......Page 269
8.5.1.4 Summary.......Page 271
8.5.2.2 Physical modelling.......Page 274
8.5.2.3 Results and discussion.......Page 275
8.5.3.2 Physical modelling.......Page 278
8.5.3.3 Test results.......Page 282
References......Page 287
9.1 Introduction......Page 291
9.2.2 Scaling laws......Page 292
9.2.3.1 Sea ice.......Page 293
9.2.3.2 Frozen soil.......Page 294
9.2.5.1 Creep.......Page 295
9.2.5.2 Crushing, buckling and crack propagation.......Page 296
9.2.6 Summary......Page 297
9.3.2 Classification of cold regions tests by heat transfer......Page 298
9.3.3 Temperature ranges......Page 299
9.3.5 Preparation of frozen soil......Page 300
9.4.1 Introduction......Page 301
9.4.2 Cold sources......Page 302
9.4.3 Heat sources......Page 304
9.4.4.2 Transfer of energy to the free surface of a model.......Page 305
9.4.4.4 Heat exchange within the model.......Page 307
9.4.6 Safety......Page 308
9.5.1 Package design......Page 310
9.5.2 Ancillary equipment......Page 311
9.6.2 Sea ice growth and indentation......Page 312
9.6.3 Thaw settlement of pipelines......Page 313
9.6.4 Pipeline frost heave......Page 314
9.7 Conclusions......Page 316
Pure conduction between model surface and heat exchanging plate......Page 318
Natural convection between soil surface and cold plate......Page 319
References......Page 320
Index......Page 322