Genitourinary Pathology

Other books in this series
GENITOURINARY PATHOLOGY
Copyright
Dedication
Contributors
Foreword
Preface
1 - Nonneoplastic Diseases of the Prostate
	The Prostate Gland
	Anatomy and Histology
		Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia
			Clinical Features
				Pathology Features
					Gross Findings
					Microscopic Findings
				Ancillary Studies
					Immunohistochemistry
				Differential Diagnosis
				Prognosis and Treatment
		Inflammatory and Inflammatory-Like Lesions of the Prostate
			Acute and Chronic Bacterial Prostatitis
				Clinical Features
				Pathologic Features
					Gross Findings
					Microscopic Findings
				Differential Diagnosis
				Prognosis and Treatment
			Nonspecific Granulomatous Prostatitis
				Clinical Features
				Pathologic Features
					Gross Findings
					Microscopic Findings
				Ancillary Studies
					Fine-Needle Aspiration Biopsy
					Immunohistochemistry
				Differential Diagnosis
				Prognosis and Treatment
			Infectious Granulomatous Prostatitis
				Clinical Features
				Pathologic Features
					Gross Findings
					Microscopic Findings
				Differential Diagnosis
				Treatment
			Postbiopsy Granuloma
				Clinical Features
				Pathologic Features
					Gross Findings
					Microscopic Findings
				Ancillary Studies
					Special Stains
				Differential Diagnosis
				Prognosis and Treatment
			Xanthoma
				Clinical Features
				Pathologic Features
					Microscopic Findings
				Ancillary Studies
					Immunohistochemistry
				Differential Diagnosis
				Prognosis and Treatment
			Malakoplakia
				Clinical Features
				Pathologic Features
					Gross Findings
					Microscopic Findings
				Ancillary Studies
					Histochemistry and Immunohistochemistry
				Differential Diagnosis
				Prognosis and Treatment
		Mimickers of Prostate Adenocarcinoma
			Atrophy
				Clinical Features
				Pathologic Features
					Gross Findings
					Microscopic Findings
				Ancillary Studies
					Immunohistochemistry
				Differential Diagnosis
				Prognosis and Treatment
			Adenosis (Atypical Adenomatous Hyperplasia)
				Clinical Features
				Pathologic Features
					Gross Findings
					Microscopic Findings
				Ancillary Studies
					Immunohistochemistry
				Differential Diagnosis
				Prognosis and Treatment
			Sclerosing Adenosis
				Clinical Features
				Pathologic Features
					Gross Findings
					Microscopic Findings
				Ancillary Studies
					Ultrastructural Examination
					Immunohistochemistry
				Differential Diagnosis
				Prognosis and Treatment
			Clear Cell Cribriform Hyperplasia
				Clinical Features
				Pathologic Features
					Gross Findings
					Microscopic Findings
				Ancillary Studies
					Immunohistochemistry
				Differential Diagnosis
				Prognosis and Treatment
			Basal Cell Hyperplasia
				Clinical Features
				Pathologic Features
					Gross Findings
					Microscopic Findings
				Ancillary Studies
					Immunohistochemistry
				Differential Diagnosis
				Prognosis and Treatment
			Nephrogenic Metaplasia Or Adenoma
				Clinical Features
				Pathologic Features
					Gross Findings
					Microscopic Findings
				Ancillary Studies
					Immunohistochemistry
				Differential Diagnosis
				Prognosis and Treatment
			Mesonephric Remnant Hyperplasia
				Clinical Features
				Pathologic Features
					Gross Findings
					Microscopic Findings
				Ancillary Studies
					Immunohistochemistry
				Differential Diagnosis
				Prognosis and Treatment
			Prostatic-Type Urethral Polyp
				Clinical Features
				Pathologic Features
					Gross Findings
					Microscopic Findings
				Ancillary Studies
					Immunohistochemistry
				Differential Diagnosis
				Prognosis and Treatment
			Verumontanum Mucosal Gland Hyperplasia
				Clinical Features
				Pathologic Features
					Gross Findings
					Microscopic Findings
				Ancillary Studies
					Immunohistochemistry
				Differential Diagnosis
				Prognosis and Treatment
		Normal Nonprostatic Tissue in Prostate Specimens
			Seminal Vesicles and Ejaculatory Ducts
				Pathologic Features
					Gross Findings
					Microscopic Findings
				Ancillary Studies
					Immunohistochemistry
				Differential Diagnosis
				Prognosis and Treatment
			Cowper Glands
				Clinical Features
				Pathologic Features
					Gross Findings
					Microscopic Findings
				Ancillary Studies
					Immunohistochemistry and Special Stains
				Differential Diagnosis
			Paraganglion
				Clinical Features
				Pathologic Features
					Gross Findings
					Microscopic Findings
				Ancillary Studies
					Immunohistochemistry
				Differential Diagnosis
			Skeletal Muscle within Prostate Gland
			Benign Glands in Perineural Space
			Distorted Rectal Tissue Admixed with Prostate
			Metaplastic Changes in the Prostate
				Urothelial Metaplasia
					Mucinous Metaplasia
					Squamous Metaplasia
					Paneth Cell–Like Change
			Prostatic Infarct
				Clinical Features
				Pathologic Features
					Gross Findings
					Microscopic Findings
				Ancillary Studies
					Immunohistochemistry
				Differential Diagnosis
				Prognosis and Treatment
		Benign Stromal Lesions of the Prostate
			Blue Nevus
				Clinical Features
				Pathologic Features
					Gross Findings
					Microscopic Findings
				Ancillary Studies
					Immunohistochemistry
				Differential Diagnosis
				Prognosis and Treatment
			Endometriosis
			Elastosis
	Suggested Readings
		Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia
		Acute and Chronic Bacterial Prostatitis
		Nonspecific Granulomatous Prostatitis
		Infectious Granulomatous Prostatitis
		Postbiopsy Granuloma
		Xanthoma
		Malakoplakia
		Atrophy
		Adenosis (Atypical Adenomatous Hyperplasia)
		Sclerosing Adenosis
		Clear Cell Cribriform Hyperplasia
		Basal Cell Hyperplasia
		Nephrogenic Metaplasia/Adenoma
		Mesonephric Remnant Hyperplasia
		Prostatic-Type Urethral Polyp
		Verumontanum Mucosal Gland Hyperplasia
		Seminal Vesicles and Ejaculatory Ducts
		Cowper Glands
		Paraganglion
		Skeletal Muscle within Prostate Gland
		Benign Glands in Perineural Space
		Metaplastic Changes in the Prostate
		Prostatic Infarct
		Blue Nevus
		Endometriosis
		Elastosis
2 - Neoplastic Diseases of the Prostate
	Prostatic Intraepithelial Neoplasia
		Clinical Features
			Age and Race Distribution
				Prevalence of High-Grade Prostatic Intraepithelial Neoplasia in Surgical Prostate Specimens
					Molecular and Genetic Aspects of High-Grade Prostatic Intraepithelial Neoplasia
					Clinical Signs and Symptoms
				Radiologic Features
				Pathologic Features
					Gross Findings
					Microscopic Findings
				Ancillary Studies
					Immunohistochemistry
				Differential Diagnosis
				Prognosis and Treatment
		Prostate Carcinoma
			Clinical Features
				Prevalence
					Etiology
					Molecular Biology
					Clinical Signs and Symptoms
					Diagnosis
						Prostate-Specific Antigen
						Prostate Needle Biopsy
						Transurethral Resection of the Prostate
						Transrectal Ultrasound Scan
						Computed Tomographic Scan and Magnetic Resonance Imaging
						Radioimmunoscintigraphy
				Pathologic Features
					Gross Findings
						Patterns of Spread and Metastasis
					Microscopic Findings
						Architecture
						Cytoplasm
						Nuclei
						Intraluminal Content
						Stroma
						Cancer-Specific Features
					Histologic Variants Of Prostate Carcinoma
						Atrophic Carcinoma
						Pseudohyperplastic Carcinoma
						Microcystic Adenocarcinoma
						Foamy Gland Carcinoma
						Mucinous (Colloid) Carcinoma
						Prostatic Intraepithelial Neoplasia–Like Adenocarcinoma
						Signet-Ring–Like Carcinoma
						Sarcomatoid Carcinoma (Carcinosarcoma)
						Large-Cell Neuroendocrine Carcinoma
						Pleomorphic Giant Cell Carcinoma
						Lymphoepithelioma-Like Carcinoma
						Adenocarcinoma with Diffuse Aberrant p63 Expression
					Treatment Effects
						Radiation Therapy Effects
						Androgen Deprivation
						Cryotherapy
						High-Intensity Focused Ultrasound Scan
				Ancillary Studies
					Immunohistochemistry
						Prostate-Specific Antigen
						Prostate-Specific Acid Phosphatase
						Cytokeratins
						Basal Cell Markers
						α-Methylacyl-Coenzyme A Racemase
						NKX3.1
						Prostein
						ERG
				Differential Diagnosis
				Prognosis and Treatment
					Gleason Grading System
						Gleason Pattern 1
						Gleason Pattern 2
						Gleason Pattern 3
						Gleason Pattern 4
						Gleason Pattern 5
					Prostate Cancer Staging
		Ductal Adenocarcinoma
			Clinical Features
				Pathologic Features
					Gross Findings
					Microscopic Findings
				Ancillary Studies
					Immunohistochemistry
				Differential Diagnosis
				Prognosis and Treatment
		Intraductal Carcinoma
			Clinical Features
				Pathologic Features
					Gross Findings
					Microscopic Findings
				Ancillary Studies
					Immunohistochemistry
				Differential Diagnosis
				Prognosis and Treatment
		Urothelial Carcinoma
			Clinical Features
				Pathologic Features
					Gross Findings
					Microscopic Findings
				Ancillary Studies
					Immunohistochemistry
				Differential Diagnosis
				Prognosis and Treatment
		Neuroendocrine Tumors
			Clinical Features
				Pathologic Features
					Gross Findings
					Microscopic Findings
				Ancillary Studies
					Immunohistochemistry
				Differential Diagnosis
				Prognosis and Treatment
		Basal Carcinoma
			Clinical Features
				Pathologic Features
					Gross Findings
					Microscopic Findings
				Ancillary Studies
					Immunohistochemistry
				Differential Diagnosis
				Prognosis and Treatment
		Squamous Neoplasms
			Clinical Features
				Pathologic Features
					Gross Findings
					Microscopic Findings
				Ancillary Studies
					Immunohistochemistry
				Differential Diagnosis
				Prognosis and Treatment
		Tumors of Specialized Prostatic Stroma
			Clinical Features
				Pathologic Features
					Gross Findings
					Microscopic Findings
				Ancillary Studies
					Immunohistochemistry
				Differential Diagnosis
				Prognosis and Treatment
		Other Prostatic Mesenchymal Tumors
		Hematolymphoid, Secondary, and Miscellaneous Tumors
			Hematolymphoid Tumors
			Secondary Tumors that Involve the Prostate
			Miscellaneous Tumors
		Diseases of the Seminal Vesicle
	Suggested Readings
		Prostatic Intraepithelial Neoplasia
		Prostate Carcinoma
		Prostate Cancer Grading and Staging
		Ductal Adenocarcinoma
		Intraductal Carcinoma
		Urothelial Carcinoma
		Neuroendocrine Tumors
		Basal Carcinoma
		Squamous Neoplasms
		Tumors of the Specialized Prostatic Stroma
		Other Prostatic Mesenchymal Tumors
		Hematolymphoid, Secondary, and Miscellaneous Tumors
		Diseases of the Seminal Vesicle
3 - Nonneoplastic Diseases of the Urinary Bladder
	Anatomy and Histology
		Reactive Proliferative Changes of the Urothelium
			Clinical Features
				Pathologic Features
					Gross Findings
					Microscopic Findings
				Ancillary Studies
					Immunohistochemistry
				Differential Diagnosis
				Prognosis and Treatment
		Metaplasia of the Urothelium
			Squamous Metaplasia
				Clinical Features
				Pathologic Features
					Gross Findings
					Microscopic Findings
				Prognosis and Treatment
			Intestinal Metaplasia
				Clinical Features
				Pathologic Features
				Differential Diagnosis
				Prognosis and Treatment
			Nephrogenic Adenoma or Metaplasia
				Clinical Features
				Pathologic Features
					Gross Findings
					Microscopic Findings
				Ancillary Studies
					Immunohistochemistry
				Differential Diagnosis
				Prognosis and Treatment
		Inflammation and Infection
			Polypoid Cystitis
				Clinical Features
				Pathologic Features
					Gross Findings
					Microscopic Findings
				Differential Diagnosis
				Prognosis and Treatment
			Follicular Cystitis
			Giant Cell Cystitis
			Interstitial Cystitis
				Clinical Features
				Pathologic Features
					Gross Findings
					Microscopic Findings
				Differential Diagnosis
				Prognosis and Treatment
			Eosinophilic Cystitis
				Clinical Features
				Pathologic Features
					Gross Findings
					Microscopic Findings
				Prognosis and Treatment
			Infectious Cystitis
				Clinical Features
				Pathologic Features
					Gross Findings
					Microscopic Findings
				Differential Diagnosis
				Prognosis and Treatment
				Clinical Features
				Pathologic Features
					Gross Findings
					Microscopic Findings
				Ancillary Studies
				Differential Diagnosis
				Prognosis and Treatment
		Therapy-Related Changes
			Granulomatous Cystitis After Bacillus Calmette-Guerin Therapy
				Clinical Features
				Pathologic Feature
					Microscopic Findings
				Ancillary Studies
			Postsurgical Granulomas
				Clinical Features
				Pathologic Features
			Radiation Cystitis
				Clinical Features
				Pathologic Features
					Gross Findings
					Microscopic Findings
				Differential Diagnosis
			Chemotherapy-Induced Cystitis
				Clinical Features
				Pathologic Features
					Gross Findings
					Microscopic Findings
				Differential Diagnosis
		Müllerian Lesions
			Endometriosis
				Clinical Features
				Pathologic Features
					Gross Findings
					Microscopic Findings
				Differential Diagnosis
				Prognosis and Treatment
			Endocervicosis
				Clinical Features
				Pathologic Features
					Gross Findings
					Microscopic Findings
				Differential Diagnosis
				Prognosis and Treatment
		Developmental Malformation
			Bladder Exstrophy
				Clinical Features
				Pathologic Features
					Gross Findings
					Microscopic Findings
				Prognosis and Treatment
			Urachal Anomaly
				Clinical Features
				Pathologic Features
					Gross Findings
					Microscopic Findings
				Differential Diagnosis
				Prognosis and Treatment
		Bladder Diverticulum
			Clinical Features
				Pathologic Features
					Gross Findings
					Microscopic Findings
				Prognosis and Treatment
		Amyloidosis
			Clinical Features
				Pathologic Features
					Gross Findings
					Microscopic Findings
				Ancillary Studies
				Prognosis and Treatment
		Ectopic Prostate Tissue
			Clinical Features
				Pathologic Features
					Gross Findings
					Microscopic Findings
				Ancillary Studies
					Immunohistochemistry
				Differential Diagnosis
				Prognosis and Treatment
	Suggested Readings
		Anatomy and Histology
		Reactive Proliferative Changes of the Urothelium
		Metaplasia of the Urothelium
		Inflammation and Infection
		Therapy-Related Changes
		Müllerian Lesions
		Developmental Malformation
		Bladder Diverticulum
		Amyloidosis
		Ectopic Prostate Tissue
4 - Neoplasms of the Urinary Bladder
	Epithelial Neoplasms of the Urinary Bladder
	Urothelial (Transitional Cell) Neoplasms
	Flat Urothelial Lesions
		Reactive Atypia
			Clinical Features
				Pathologic Features
					Gross Findings
					Microscopic Findings
				Ancillary Studies
					Immunohistochemistry
				Differential Diagnosis
				Prognosis and Treatment
		Flat Urothelial Hyperplasia
			Clinical Features
				Pathologic Features
					Gross Findings
					Microscopic Findings
				Ancillary Studies
					Cytogenetics
				Differential Diagnosis
				Prognosis and Treatment
		Urothelial Dysplasia and Atypia of Uncertain Significance
			Clinical Features
				Pathologic Features
					Gross Findings
					Microscopic Findings
				Ancillary Studies
					Immunohistochemistry
					Cytogenetics
				Differential Diagnosis
				Prognosis and Treatment
		Urothelial Carcinoma in Situ
			Clinical Features
				Pathologic Features
					Gross Findings
					Microscopic Findings
				Ancillary Studies
					Immunohistochemistry
				Differential Diagnosis
				Prognosis and Treatment
	Papillary Urothelial Neoplasia
		Urothelial Papilloma
			Clinical Features
				Pathologic Features
					Gross Findings
					Microscopic Findings
				Ancillary Studies
					Immunohistochemistry
				Differential Diagnosis
				Prognosis and Treatment
		Inverted Papilloma
			Clinical Features
				Pathologic Features
					Gross Findings
					Microscopic Findings
				Differential Diagnosis
				Prognosis and Treatment
		Papillary Urothelial Neoplasm of Low Malignant Potential
			Clinical Features
				Pathologic Features
					Gross Findings
					Microscopic Findings
				Differential Diagnosis
				Prognosis and Treatment
		Noninvasive Low-Grade Papillary Urothelial Carcinoma
			Clinical Features
				Pathologic Features
					Gross Findings
					Microscopic Findings
				Ancillary Studies
					Immunohistochemistry
				Differential Diagnosis
				Prognosis and Treatment
		Noninvasive High-Grade Papillary Urothelial Carcinoma
			Clinical Features
				Pathologic Features
					Gross Findings
					Microscopic Findings
				Ancillary Studies
					Immunohistochemistry
				Differential Diagnosis
				Prognosis and Treatment
		Invasive Urothelial Carcinoma
			Etiology of Urothelial Bladder Cancer
				Molecular Biology
				Genetic Susceptibility
				Clinical Features
					Imaging Features
					Tumor Spread and Staging
				Pathologic Features
					Gross Findings
					Microscopic Findings
					Histologic Variants
						Infiltrating Urothelial Carcinoma with Squamous Differentiation
						Infiltrating Urothelial Carcinoma with Glandular Differentiation
						Infiltrating Urothelial Carcinoma, Nested Variant
						Infiltrating Urothelial Carcinoma, Large Nested Variant
						Infiltrating Urothelial Carcinoma, Microcystic Variant
						Infiltrating Urothelial Carcinoma, Micropapillary Variant
						Infiltrating Urothelial Carcinoma, Lymphoepithelioma-like
						Plasmacytoid (Lymphoma-Like) Variant
						Osteoclast-Rich Undifferentiated Carcinoma
						Pleomorphic Giant Cell Carcinoma
						Urothelial Carcinoma, With Syncytiotrophoblastic Giant Cells
						Lipid Cell Variant
						Sarcomatoid Variant (With or Without Heterologous Elements)
				Ancillary Studies
					Immunohistochemistry
				Differential Diagnosis
				Prognosis and Treatment
		Squamous Cell Carcinoma
			Clinical Features
				Pathologic Features
					Gross Findings
					Microscopic Findings
				Differential Diagnosis
				Prognosis and Treatment
		Adenocarcinoma (Nonurachal)
			Clinical Features
				Pathologic Features
					Gross Findings
					Microscopic Findings
				Ancillary Studies
					Immunohistochemistry
				Differential Diagnosis
				Prognosis and Treatment
		Urachal Carcinoma
			Pathologic Features
				Gross Findings
					Microscopic Findings
				Differential Diagnosis
				Prognosis and Treatment
		Small Cell Carcinoma
			Clinical Features
				Pathologic Features
					Gross Findings
					Microscopic Findings
				Ancillary Studies
					Immunohistochemistry
				Differential Diagnosis
				Prognosis and Treatment
	Papillary Nonurothelial Lesions
		Condyloma Acuminata
			Clinical Features
				Pathologic Features
					Gross Findings
					Microscopic Findings
				Differential Diagnosis
				Prognosis and Treatment
		Squamous Papilloma
		Villous Adenoma
			Clinical Features
				Pathologic Features
					Gross Findings
					Microscopic Findings
				Ancillary Studies
					Immunohistochemistry
				Differential Diagnosis
				Prognosis and Treatment
	Nonepithelial Neoplasms of the Urinary Bladder
	Benign Mesenchymal Lesions
		Myofibroblastic Proliferations (Inflammatory Myofibroblastic Tumor)
			Clinical Feature
				Pathologic Features
					Gross Findings
					Microscopic Findings
				Ancillary Studies
					Immunohistochemistry
				Differential Diagnosis
		Leiomyoma
			Pathologic Features
				Gross Findings
					Microscopic Findings
				Differential Diagnosis
		Neurofibroma
			Pathologic Features
				Gross Findings
					Microscopic Findings
				Ancillary Studies
					Immunohistochemistry
				Differential Diagnosis
		Benign Vascular Lesions
			Pathologic Features
				Gross Findings
					Microscopic Findings
				Differential Diagnosis
		Solitary Fibrous Tumor
			Pathologic Features
				Gross Findings
					Microscopic Findings
				Ancillary Studies
					Immunohistochemistry
				Differential Diagnosis
	Malignant Mesenchymal Neoplasms
		Rhabdomyosarcoma
			Pathologic Features
				Gross Findings
					Microscopic Findings
				Ancillary Studies
					Immunohistochemistry
				Differential Diagnosis
				Prognosis and Treatment
		Leiomyosarcoma
			Clinical Features
				Pathologic Features
					Gross Findings
					Microscopic Findings
				Ancillary Studies
					Immunohistochemistry
				Differential Diagnosis
				Prognosis and Treatment
		Germ Cell Differentiation
			Trophoblastic
			Dermoid Cyst
			Yolk Sac Tumor
		Hematologic Malignancies
			Clinical Features
				Pathologic Features
					Gross Findings
					Microscopic Findings
				Differential Diagnosis
				Prognosis and Treatment
	Miscellaneous Lesions
		Melanoma
			Clinical Features
				Pathologic Features
					Gross Findings
					Microscopic Findings
				Ancillary Studies
					Immunohistochemistry
				Differential Diagnosis
				Prognosis and Treatment
		Paraganglioma
			Clinical Features
				Pathologic Features
					Gross Findings
					Microscopic Findings
				Ancillary Studies
					Immunohistochemistry
				Differential Diagnosis
				Prognosis and Treatment
		Carcinoid Tumors
		Granular Cell Tumor
		Metastatic Tumors and Secondary Extension
			Clinical Features
				Gross Findings
					Microscopic Findings
				Ancillary Studies
					Immunohistochemistry
				Differential Diagnosis
	Suggested Reading
		Reactive Atypia
		Flat Urothelial Hyperplasia
		Urothelial Dysplasia
		Urothelial Carcinoma In Situ
		Urothelial Papilloma
		Inverted Papilloma
		Papillary Urothelial Neoplasm of Low Malignant Potential
		Low-Grade and High-Grade Papillary Urothelial Carcinoma
		Invasive Urothelial Carcinoma
		Squamous Cell Carcinoma
		Urachal and Nonurachal Adenocarcinoma
		Small Cell Carcinoma
		Condyloma Acuminata and Squamous Papilloma
		Villous Adenoma
		Inflammatory Myofibroblastic Tumor
		Leiomyoma
		Neurofibroma
		Hemangioma
		Solitary Fibrous Tumor
		Rhabdomyosarcoma
		Leiomyosarcomas
		Germ Cell Tumors
		Hematologic Malignancies
		Melanoma
		Paraganglioma
		Carcinoid Tumors
		Granular Cell Tumors
		Metastatic Neoplasms of the Urinary Bladder
5 - Nonneoplastic Diseases of the Kidney
	Gross and Histologic Features of the Normal Kidney
	Cortex
	Medulla
	Vasculature
	Renal Lymphatic System
	Collecting System
	Congenital anomalies and Cystic Kidney Diseases
	Cystic Kidney Diseases
		Autosomal Dominant Polycystic Kidney Disease
			Clinical Features
				Radiologic Features
				Pathologic Features
					Gross Findings
					Microscopic Findings
				Differential Diagnosis
				Prognosis and Treatment
		Autosomal Recessive Polycystic Kidney Disease
			Clinical Features
				Radiologic Features
				Pathologic Features
					Gross Findings
					Microscopic Findings
				Differential Diagnosis
				Prognosis and Treatment
		Renal Dysplasia
			Clinical Features
				Radiologic Features
				Pathologic Features
					Gross Findings
					Microscopic Findings
				Ancillary Studies
				Differential Diagnosis
				Prognosis and Treatment
		Acquired Cystic Kidney Disease
			Clinical Features
				Radiologic Features
				Pathologic Features
					Gross Findings
					Microscopic Findings
				Differential Diagnosis
				Prognosis and Treatment
	Abnormalities in Form and Position
		Malrotation, Renal Ectopia, and Renal Fusion
			Rotation Anomaly
				Renal Ectopia
					Renal Fusion
				Clinical Features
				Radiologic Features
				Pathologic Features
					Gross Findings
						Malrotation
						Renal Ectopia
						Renal Fusion
					Microscopic Findings
				Prognosis and Treatment
		Renal Agenesis
			Clinical Features
				Radiologic Features
				Pathologic Features
					Gross Findings
				Differential Diagnosis
				Prognosis and Treatment
	Vascular Diseases
	Benign Nephrosclerosis
		Pathologic Features
			Gross Findings
				Microscopic Findings
				Differential Diagnosis
				Prognosis and Treatment
		Malignant Nephrosclerosis
			Pathologic Features
				Gross Findings
					Microscopic Findings
				Differential Diagnosis
				Prognosis and Treatment
		Renal Artery Stenosis
			Pathologic Features
				Gross Findings
					Microscopic Findings
				Differential Diagnosis
				Prognosis and Treatment
		Cortical and Mixed Cortical and Medullary Necrosis
			Pathologic Features
				Gross Findings
					Microscopic Findings
				Prognosis and Treatment
		Embolic Renal Disease and Infarcts
			Pathologic Features
				Gross Findings
					Microscopic Findings
				Differential Diagnosis
				Prognosis and Treatment
		Papillary Necrosis
			Pathologic Features
				Gross Findings
					Microscopic Findings
				Differential Diagnosis
				Prognosis and Treatment
		Renal Artery Dissection
			Pathologic Features
				Gross Findings
					Microscopic Findings
				Prognosis and Treatment
		Renal Artery Aneurysm
			Pathologic Features
				Gross Findings
					Microscopic Findings
				Prognosis and Treatment
	Tubulointerstitial Diseases
	Acute Tubulointerstitial Diseases
		Acute Tubular Injury (Acute Tubular Necrosis)
			Clinical Features
				Pathologic Features
					Gross Findings
					Microscopic Findings
				Differential Diagnosis
				Prognosis and Treatment
		Acute Interstitial Nephritis
			Clinical Features
				Pathologic Features
					Gross Findings
					Microscopic Findings
				Ancillary Studies
					Immunohistochemistry
					Ultrastructural Features
				Differential Diagnosis
				Prognosis and Treatment
		Acute Pyelonephritis
			Clinical Features
				Pathologic Features
					Gross Findings
					Microscopic Findings
				Differential Diagnosis
				Prognosis and Treatment
	Chronic Tubulointerstitial Disease
		Chronic Pyelonephritis
		Reflux Nephropathy (Chronic Nonobstructive Pyelonephritis)
		Chronic Obstructive Pyelonephritis
			Clinical Features
				Pathologic Features
					Gross Findings
					Microscopic Findings
				Differential Diagnosis
				Prognosis and Treatment
		Xanthogranulomatous Pyelonephritis
			Clinical Features
				Pathologic Features
					Gross Findings
					Microscopic Findings
				Ancillary Studies
					Immunohistochemistry
				Differential Diagnosis
				Prognosis and Treatment
		Malakoplakia
			Clinical Features
				Pathologic Features
					Gross Findings
					Microscopic Findings
				Differential Diagnosis
				Prognosis and Treatment
	Suggested Readings
		Gross and Histologic Features of the Normal Kidney
		Cystic Kidney Diseases
		Autosomal Dominant Polycystic Kidney Disease
		Autosomal Recessive Polycystic Kidney Disease
		Renal Dysplasia
		Acquired Cystic Kidney Disease
		Malrotation
		Renal Ectopia
		Renal Fusion
		Renal Agenesis
		Benign and Malignant Nephrosclerosis
		Renal Artery Stenosis
		Cortical and Mixed Cortical and Medullary Necrosis
		Embolic Renal Disease and Infarcts
		Papillary Necrosis
		Renal Artery Dissection
		Renal Artery Aneurysm
		Acute Tubular Injury
		Acute Tubulointerstitial Nephritis
		Acute Pyelonephritis
		Chronic Pyelonephritis
		Xanthogranulomatous Pyelonephritis
		Malakoplakia
6 - Neoplasms of the Kidney
	Renal Cell TUMORS
		Clear Cell Renal Cell Carcinoma
			Clinical Features
				Pathologic Features
					Gross Findings
					Microscopic Findings
				Ancillary Studies
					Ultrastructural Features
					Immunohistochemistry
					Molecular Genetics
					Fine-Needle Aspiration Biopsy
				Differential Diagnosis
				Grading
				Staging
				Prognosis and Treatment
		Multilocular Cystic Renal Cell Neoplasm of Low Malignant Potential
			Clinical Features
				Pathologic Features
					Gross Findings
					Microscopic Findings
				Ancillary Studies
					Immunohistochemistry
					Molecular Genetics
				Differential Diagnosis
				Prognosis and Treatment
		Papillary Renal Cell Carcinoma
			Clinical Features
				Pathologic Features
					Gross Findings
					Microscopic Findings
				Ancillary Studies
					Ultrastructural Features
					Immunohistochemistry
					Molecular Genetics
					Fine-Needle Aspiration Biopsy
				Differential Diagnosis
				Prognosis and Treatment
		Clear Cell (Tubulo)Papillary Renal Cell Carcinoma
			Clinical Features
				Pathologic Features
					Gross Findings
					Microscopic Findings
				Ancillary Studies
					Immunohistochemistry
					Molecular Genetics
				Differential Diagnosis
				Prognosis and Treatment
		Chromophobe Renal Cell Carcinoma
			Clinical Features
				Pathologic Features
					Gross Findings
					Microscopic Findings
				Ancillary Studies
					Ultrastructural Features
					Immunohistochemistry
					Molecular Genetics
					Fine-Needle Aspiration Biopsy
				Differential Diagnosis
				Prognosis and Treatment
	Renal Oncocytic Tumor
		Carcinoma of the Collecting Ducts of Bellini
			Clinical Features
				Pathologic Features
					Gross Findings
					Microscopic Findings
				Ancillary Studies
					Ultrastructural Features
					Immunohistochemistry
					Molecular Genetics
					Fine-Needle Aspiration Biopsy
				Differential Diagnosis
				Prognosis and Treatment
		Renal Medullary Carcinoma
			Clinical Features
				Pathologic Features
					Gross Findings
					Microscopic Findings
				Ancillary Studies
					Immunohistochemistry
					Molecular Genetics
				Differential Diagnosis
				Prognosis and Treatment
		Microphthalmia/TFE Family Translocation Renal Cell Carcinoma
			Renal Carcinomas Associated with Xp11.2 Translocations/Tfe3 Gene Fusions
				Clinical Features
				Pathologic Features
					Gross Findings
					Microscopic Findings
				Ancillary Studies
					Ultrastructural Features
					Immunohistochemistry
					Molecular Genetics
				Differential Diagnosis
				Prognosis and Treatment
			t(6;11) Renal Cell Carcinoma
		Postneuroblastoma Renal Cell Carcinoma
		Mucinous Tubular and Spindle Cell Renal Carcinoma
		Tubulocystic Renal Cell Carcinoma
			Clinical Features
				Pathologic Features
					Gross Findings
					Microscopic Findings
				Ancillary Studies
					Ultrastructural Features
					Immunohistochemistry
					Molecular Genetics
				Differential Diagnosis
				Prognosis and Treatment
		Acquired Cystic Disease–Associated Renal Cell Carcinoma
			Clinical Features
				Pathologic Features
					Gross Findings
					Microscopic Findings
				Ancillary Studies
					Immunohistochemistry
					Molecular Genetics
				Differential Diagnosis
				Prognosis and Treatment
		Hereditary Leiomyomatosis Renal Cell Carcinoma Syndrome
		Other Emerging New Renal Cell Carcinoma Entities
		Renal Cell Carcinoma, Unclassified
		Papillary Adenoma
			Clinical Features
				Pathologic Features
					Gross Findings
					Microscopic Findings
				Ancillary Studies
					Molecular Genetics
				Differential Diagnosis
				Prognosis and Treatment
		Oncocytoma
			Clinical Features
				Pathologic Features
					Gross Findings
					Microscopic Findings
				Ancillary Studies
					Ultrastructural Features
					Immunohistochemistry
					Molecular Genetics
					Fine-Needle Aspiration Biopsy
				Differential Diagnosis
				Prognosis and Treatment
	Metanephric Tumors
		Metanephric Adenoma
			Clinical Features
				Pathologic Features
					Gross Findings
					Microscopic Findings
				Ancillary Studies
					Immunohistochemistry
				Differential Diagnosis
				Prognosis and Treatment
		Metanephric Stromal Tumor
	Nephroblastic Tumors
		Nephroblastoma
			Clinical Features
				Pathologic Features
					Gross Findings
					Microscopic Findings
					Anaplasia
					Postchemotherapy Changes
				Ancillary Studies
					Ultrastructural Features
					Immunohistochemistry
					Molecular Genetics
				Differential Diagnosis
				Prognosis and Treatment
		Nephrogenic Rests and Nephroblastomatosis
			Clinical Features
				Pathologic Features
				Differential Diagnosis
				Prognosis and Treatment
		Cystic Partially Differentiated Nephroblastoma
			Clinical Features
				Pathologic Features
					Gross Findings
					Microscopic Findings
				Differential Diagnosis
				Prognosis and Treatment
	Soft Tissue Tumors
		Clear Cell Sarcoma
			Clinical Features
				Pathologic Features
					Gross Findings
					Microscopic Findings
				Ancillary Studies
					Ultrastructural Features
					Immunohistochemistry
				Differential Diagnosis
				Prognosis and Treatment
		Rhabdoid Tumor
			Clinical Features
				Pathologic Features
					Gross Findings
					Microscopic Findings
				Ancillary Studies
					Ultrastructural Features
					Immunohistochemistry
					Molecular Genetics
				Differential Diagnosis
				Prognosis and Treatment
		Congenital Mesoblastic Nephroma
			Clinical Features
				Pathologic Features
					Gross Findings
					Microscopic Findings
				Ancillary Studies
					Ultrastructural Features
					Immunohistochemistry
					Molecular Genetics
				Differential Diagnosis
				Prognosis and Treatment
		Ossifying Renal Tumor of Infancy
		Angiomyolipoma
			Clinical Features
				Pathologic Features
					Gross Findings
					Microscopic Findings
				Ancillary Studies
					Ultrastructural Features
					Immunohistochemistry
				Differential Diagnosis
				Prognosis and Treatment
		Epithelioid Angiomyolipoma
			Clinical Features
				Pathologic Features
					Gross Findings
					Microscopic Findings
				Ancillary Studies
					Immunohistochemistry
				Differential Diagnosis
				Prognosis and Treatment
		Juxtaglomerular Cell Tumor
		Renomedullary Interstitial Cell Tumor
			Clinical Features
				Pathologic Features
					Gross Findings
					Microscopic Findings
				Differential Diagnosis
				Prognosis and Treatment
		Cystic Nephroma and Mixed Epithelial and Stromal Tumor
			Clinical Features
				Pathologic Features
					Gross Findings
					Microscopic Findings
				Ancillary Studies
					Immunohistochemistry
				Differential Diagnosis
				Prognosis and Treatment
		Miscellaneous Mesenchymal Tumors
	Neural/Neuroendocrine Tumors
		Renal Carcinoid Tumor
			Clinical Features
				Pathologic Features
					Gross Findings
					Microscopic Findings
				Ancillary Studies
					Ultrastructural Features
					Immunohistochemistry
				Differential Diagnosis
				Prognosis and Treatment
		Neuroendocrine Carcinoma of the Kidney
		Primitive Neuroectodermal Tumor/Ewing Sarcoma
			Clinical Features
				Pathologic Features
					Gross Findings
					Microscopic Findings
				Ancillary Studies
					Immunohistochemistry
					Molecular Genetics
				Prognosis and Treatment
		Neuroblastoma
		Lymphoid Tumors
	Suggested Reading
		Clear Cell Renal Cell Carcinoma
		Multilocular Cystic Renal Cell Neoplasms of Low Malignant Potential
		Papillary Renal Cell Carcinoma
		Clear Cell (Tubulo)Papillary Renal Cell Carcinoma
		Chromophobe Renal Cell Carcinoma
		Renal Oncocytic Tumors
		Carcinoma of the Collecting Ducts of Bellini
		Renal Medullary Carcinoma
		Microphthalmia/TFE Family Translocation Renal Cell Carcinoma
		Postneuroblastoma Renal Cell Carcinoma
		Mucinous Tubular and Spindle Cell Carcinoma
		Tubulocystic Renal Cell Carcinoma
		Acquired Cystic Disease–Associated Renal Cell Carcinoma
		Hereditary Leiomyomatosis Renal Cell Carcinoma Syndrome
		Other Emerging New Renal Cell Carcinoma Entities
		Papillary Adenoma of the Kidney
		Oncocytoma
		Renal Cell Carcinoma, Unclassified
		Metanephric Adenoma, Metanephric Adenofibroma, and Metanephric Adenosarcoma
		Nephroblastoma
		Nephrogenic Rests and Nephroblastomatosis
		Cystic Partially Differentiated Nephroblastoma
		Clear Cell Sarcoma
		Rhabdoid Tumor
		Congenital Mesoblastic Nephroma
		Ossifying Renal Tumor of Infancy
		Angiomyolipoma
		Epithelioid Angiomyolipoma
		Juxtaglomerular Cell Tumor
		Renomedullary Interstitial Cell Tumor
		Cystic Nephroma and Mixed Epithelial and Stromal Tumor
		Renal Carcinoid Tumor
		Primitive Neuroectodermal Tumor/Ewing Sarcoma
7 - Introduction to Renal Biopsy
	Indication for Renal Biopsy
		Prebiopsy Studies
			Proteinuria
				Nephrotic Syndrome
					Hematuria
					Nephritic Syndrome
					Acute Renal Failure
					Chronic Renal Failure
		Evaluation of Fresh Tissue for Triage
		Processing and Standard Techniques
			Light Microscopy
				Immunofluorescence
				Electron Microscopy
		Algorithmic Approach to the Renal Biopsy
	Glomerular Diseases
		Normal Anatomy of the Glomerulus
			Filtration Barrier
	Podocytopathies
		Podocytes
			Classification
		Minimal Change Disease and Variants
			Epidemiology
				Clinical Features
				Pathologic Features
					Microscopic Findings
				Ancillary Studies
					Immunofluorescence
					Electron Microscopy
				Differential Diagnosis
				Prognosis and Treatment
		Focal Segmental Glomerulosclerosis
			Epidemiology
				Clinical Features
				Pathologic Features
					Microscopic Findings
				Ancillary Studies
					Immunofluorescence
					Electron Microscopy
				Differential Diagnosis
				Prognosis and Treatment
		Collapsing Glomerulopathy
			Epidemiology
				Clinical Features
				Pathologic Features
					Microscopic Findings
				Ancillary Studies
					Immunofluorescence
					Electron Microscopy
				Differential Diagnosis
				Prognosis and Treatment
		Membranous Glomerulopathy
			Epidemiology
				Clinical Features
				Pathologic Features
					Microscopic Findings
				Ancillary Studies
					Immunofluorescence
					Electron Microscopy
				Differential Diagnosis
				Prognosis and Treatment
		Diabetic Nephropathy
			Epidemiology
				Clinical Features
				Pathologic Features
					Microscopic Findings
				Ancillary Studies
					Immunofluorescence
					Electron Microscopy
				Differential Diagnosis
				Prognosis and Treatment
	Glomerular Diseases Characterized by Intracapillary Proliferation and Obliteration of the Capillary Lumina
		Immunoglobulin a Nephropathy and Henoch-Schönlein PurpUra
			Epidemiology
				Clinical Features
				Pathologic Features
					Microscopic Findings
				Ancillary Studies
					Immunofluorescence
					Electron Microscopy
				Differential Diagnosis
				Prognosis and Treatment
		Membranoproliferative Glomerulonephritis
			Epidemiology
				Clinical Features
				Pathologic Features
					Microscopic Findings
				Ancillary Studies
					Immunofluorescence
					Electron Microscopy
				Differential Diagnosis
				Prognosis and Treatment
		Postinfectious Glomerulonephritis
			Epidemiology
				Clinical Features
				Pathologic Features
					Microscopic Findings
				Ancillary Studies
					Immunofluorescence
					Electron Microscopy
				Differential Diagnosis
				Prognosis and Treatment
		Lupus Nephritis
			Epidemiology
				Clinical Features
				Pathologic Features
					Microscopic Findings
				Ancillary Studies
					Immunofluorescence
					Electron Microscopy
				Differential Diagnosis
				Prognosis and Treatment
	Glomerulopathies with Organized Deposits
		Amyloidosis
			Epidemiology
				Clinical Features
				Pathologic Features
					Microscopic Findings
				Ancillary Studies
					Immunofluorescence
					Electron Microscopy
				Differential Diagnosis
				Prognosis and Treatment
		Fibrillary Glomerulopathy
			Epidemiology
				Clinical Features
				Pathologic Features
					Microscopic Findings
				Ancillary Studies
					Immunofluorescence
					Electron Microscopy
				Differential Diagnosis
				Prognosis and Treatment
		Immunotactoid Glomerulopathy
			Epidemiology
				Clinical Features
				Pathologic Features
					Microscopic Findings
				Ancillary Studies
					Immunofluorescence
					Electron Microscopy
				Differential Diagnosis
				Prognosis and Treatment
		Cryoglobulinemia
			Epidemiology
				Clinical Features
				Pathologic Features
					Microscopic Findings
				Ancillary Studies
					Immunofluorescence
					Electron Microscopy
				Differential Diagnosis
				Prognosis and Treatment
		Light Chain Deposition Disease
			Epidemiology
				Clinical Features
				Pathologic Features
					Microscopic Findings
				Ancillary Studies
					Immunofluorescence
					Electron Microscopy
				Differential Diagnosis
				Prognosis and Treatment
	Glomerular Disease Characterized by Extracapillary Proliferation
		Pauci-Immune and Antineutrophil Cytoplasmic Autoantibody-Mediated Crescentic and Necrotizing Glomerulonephritis and Vasculitis
			Epidemiology
				Clinical Features
				Pathologic Features
					Microscopic Findings
				Ancillary Studies
					Immunofluorescence
					Electron Microscopy
				Differential Diagnosis
				Prognosis and Treatment
		Antiglomerular Basement Membrane Disease
			Epidemiology
				Clinical Features
				Pathologic Features
					Microscopic Findings
				Ancillary Studies
					Immunofluorescence
					Electron Microscopy
				Differential Diagnosis
				Prognosis and Treatment
	Glomerular Diseases Associated with Intrinsic Structural Abnormality of the Glomerular Basement Membranes
		Alport Disease
			Clinical Features
				Pathologic Features
					Microscopic Findings
				Ancillary Studies
					Immunofluorescence
					Electron Microscopy
				Differential Diagnosis
				Prognosis and Treatment
		Thin Basement Membrane Disease
			Clinical Features
				Pathologic Features
					Microscopic Findings
				Ancillary Studies
					Immunofluorescence
					Electron Microscopy
				Differential Diagnosis
				Prognosis and Treatment
	Tubulointerstitial Diseases
		Myeloma Cast Nephropathy
			Clinical Features
				Pathologic Features
					Microscopic Findings
				Differential Diagnosis
		Sarcoidosis
		Medication-Associated (Allergic or Hypersensitivity) Interstitial Nephritis
			Pathologic Features
				Microscopic Findings
				Differential Diagnosis
	Vascular Diseases of the Kidney
		Thrombotic Microangiopathy
			Clinical Features
				Pathologic Features
					Microscopic Findings
				Ancillary Studies
					Immunofluorescence
					Electron Microscopy
				Differential Diagnosis
				Prognosis and Treatment
	Thrombotic Microangiopathy in Specific Circumstances
		Antiphospholipid Syndrome Nephropathy
			Epidemiology
				Clinical Features
				Pathologic Features
					Microscopic Findings
				Ancillary Studies
					Immunofluorescence
					Electron Microscopy
		Systemic Sclerosis
			Epidemiology
				Pathologic Features
					Microscopic Findings
				Ancillary Studies
					Immunofluorescence
					Electron Microscopy
		Renal Vasculitis
		Lupus-Associated Vascular Lesions
			Epidemiology
				Pathologic Features
				Prognosis and Treatment
	Renal Transplant Pathology
	Immunologic Rejection
		Hyperacute Rejection
			Epidemiology
				Clinical Features
				Pathologic Features
					Microscopic Findings
				Ancillary Studies
					Immunofluorescence
					Electron Microscopy
				Prognosis and Treatment
		Acute Rejection
			Definition
				Epidemiology
				Clinical Features
					Microscopic Findings
					Immunofluorescence
					Electron Microscopy
					Microscopic Findings
				Ancillary Studies
					Immunofluorescence
				Differential Diagnosis
					Neutrophils, Congestion, Hemorrhage
					Tubulointerstitial Mononuclear Inflammation
					(End)Arteritis
					Acute Transplant Glomerulitis/Glomerulopathy
				Prognosis and Treatment
		Borderline Changes
		Chronic Active Antibody-Mediated Rejection and T-Cell–Mediated Rejection
			Definition
				Epidemiology
				Pathologic Features
					Microscopic Findings
				Ancillary Studies
					Immunofluorescence
					Electron Microscopy
				Differential Diagnosis
				Prognosis and Treatment
	Graft Injury from Causes Other Than Rejection
		Calcineurin Inhibitor Toxicity
			Clinical Features
				Pathologic Features
					Microscopic Findings
				Ancillary Studies
					Immunofluorescence
					Electron Microscopy
				Differential Diagnosis
					Isometric Vacuolization
					Hyaline Arteriolosclerosis
					Thrombotic Microangiopathy
				Prognosis and Treatment
		Polyoma Virus Nephropathy
			Epidemiology
				Clinical Features
				Pathologic Features
					Microscopic Findings
				Ancillary Studies
					Immunohistology
					Electron Microscopy
				Differential Diagnosis
				Prognosis and Treatment
		Posttransplantation Lymphoproliferative Disease (PTLD)
			Epidemiology
				Pathologic Features
					Microscopic Findings
				Ancillary Studies
					Immunohistology and In Situ Hybridization
				Differential Diagnosis
				Prognosis and Treatment
		Recurrent and De Novo Glomerular Disease
			Recurrent Disease
			De Novo Disease
				Epidemiology
				Pathologic Features
				Differential Diagnosis
				Prognosis and Treatment
	Suggested Reading
		Podocytopathies
		Glomerular Diseases: Focal Segmental Glomerulosclerosis
		Membranous Glomerulopathy
		Immunoglobulin A Nephropathy
		Membranoproliferative Glomerulonephritis and C3 Glomerulopathy
		Postinfectious Glomerulonephritis
		Lupus Nephritis
		Glomerulonephritis with Organized Deposits
		Light Chain Deposition Disease
		Glomerular Disease Characterized by Extracapillary Proliferation
		Glomerular Diseases Associated with Alteration of the Glomerular Basement Membranes
		Medication-Induced (Allergic) Tubulointerstitial Nephritis
		Myeloma Cast Nephropathy
		Renal Sarcoidosis
		Hypertensive Vascular Disease
		Thrombotic Microangiopathy
		Renal Vasculitis
		Lupus-Associated Vascular Lesions
		Cholesterol Atheroembolism
		Renal Vein Thrombosis
		Transplant Rejection
		Calcineurin Inhibitor Toxicity
		Polyoma Virus Nephropathy
		Posttransplantation Lymphoproliferative Disease
		Recurrent and De Novo Glomerular Disease
8 - Diseases of the Ureter and Renal Pelvis
	Anatomy and Histology
	Benign Nonneoplastic Lesions
		Chronic Ureteritis and Pyelitis
			Clinical Features
				Pathology Features
					Gross Findings
					Microscopic Findings
				Prognosis and Treatment
		Lithiasis (RENAL AND URETERAL CALCULI)
			Clinical Features
				Pathology Features
					Gross Findings
					Microscopic Findings
				Prognosis and Treatment
		Hydronephrosis and Hydroureter
			Clinical Features
				Pathology Features
					Gross Findings
					Microscopic Findings
				Prognosis and Treatment
		Reactive Urothelial Changes
		Fibroepithelial Polyp of the Ureter and Renal Pelvis
		Ureteropelvic Junction Obstruction
			Clinical Features
				Pathology Features
					Gross Findings
					Microscopic Findings
				Prognosis and Treatment
		Idiopathic Retroperitoneal Fibrosis
			Clinical Features
				Pathology Features
					Gross Findings
					Microscopic Findings
				Ancillary Studies
					Immunohistochemistry
				Differential Diagnosis
				Prognosis and Treatment
		Amyloidosis
	Benign NeoplaSms
		Mucinous Cystadenoma of the PelvIcaliceal System
		Inverted Urothelial Papilloma
	PREMALIGNANT AND Malignant Epithelial Lesions
		Urothelial Dysplasia
		Urothelial Carcinoma in Situ
		Urothelial Carcinoma
			Clinical Features
				Pathology Features
					Gross Findings
					Microscopic Findings
					Staging of Urothelial Carcinoma of the Upper Tract
				Ancillary Studies
					Immunohistochemistry
					Fluorescent In Situ Hybridization and Molecular Testing
				Differential Diagnosis
				Prognosis and Treatment
		Histologic Variants of Carcinoma in Upper Urinary Tract
		Squamous Cell Carcinoma
		Adenocarcinoma
		Mesenchymal Neoplasms Involving the Renal Pelvis and the Ureter
	Suggested Readings
		Lithiasis
		Hydronephrosis and Hydroureter
		Fibroepithelial Polyp
		Ureteropelvic Junction Obstruction
		Idiopathic Retroperitoneal Fibrosis
		Mucinous Cystadenoma of the Renal Pelvis
		Amyloidosis
		Inverted Papilloma
		Urothelial Dysplasia and Carcinoma in Situ
		Urothelial Carcinoma
		Urothelial Carcinoma Histological Variants
9 - Diseases of the Penis, Urethra, and Scrotum
	Diseases of the Penis
	Anatomy and Histology
		Histology
			Glans Penis
			Foreskin
			Body
	Malignant Neoplasms
		Squamous Cell Carcinoma
			Etiologic Factors and Association with Human Papillomavirus Infection
				Clinical Features
				Pathologic Features
					Gross Findings
						Growth Patterns of Penile Squamous Cell Carcinoma
					Microscopic Findings
						Histologic Subtypes
				Differential Diagnosis
					Pseudoepitheliomatous Hyperplasia
					Urothelial Carcinoma
					Malignant Melanoma
				Ancillary Studies
					Immunohistochemistry
				Prognosis and Treatment
		Squamous Cell Carcinoma Variants
			Pseudohyperplastic Carcinoma
				Clinical Features
				Pathologic Features
					Gross Findings
					Microscopic Findings
				Differential Diagnosis
		Squamous Carcinoma Variants with Verruciform Growth Pattern
			Verrucous Carcinoma
				Clinical Features
				Pathologic Features
					Gross Findings
					Microscopic Findings
				Differential Diagnosis
				Prognosis and Treatment
			Carcinoma Cuniculatum
				Clinical Feaures
				Pathologic Features
					Gross Findings
					Microscopic Findings
				Differential Diagnosis
				Prognosis and Treatment
			Warty Carcinoma
				Clinical Features
				Pathologic Features
					Gross Findings
					Microscopic Findings
				Differential Diagnosis
					Warty-Basaloid Carcinoma
				Prognosis and Treatment
			Papillary Carcinoma, not Otherwise Specified
				Clinical Features
				Pathologic Features
					Gross Findings
					Microscopic Findings
				Differential Diagnosis
				Prognosis and Treatment
			Basaloid Carcinoma
				Clinical Features
				Pathologic Features
					Gross Findings
					Microscopic Findings
				Ancillary Studies
				Differential Diagnosis
					Poorly Differentiated Squamous Cell Carcinoma
					Basaloid Squamous Cell Carcinoma with Papillary Features
					Basal Cell Carcinoma
					Urothelial Carcinoma
					Small Cell Neuroendocrine Carcinoma
				Prognosis and Treatment
			Sarcomatoid (Spindle) Cell Carcinoma
				Clinical Features
				Pathologic Features
					Gross Findings
					Microscopic Findings
				Differential Diagnosis
				Ancillary Studies
					Immunohistochemical Stains
					Ultrastructural Features
				Prognosis and Treatment
			Adenosquamous Carcinoma
		Mixed Carcinomas
		Other Rare Primary Penile Carcinomas
			Clear Cell Carcinoma
		Extramammary Paget Disease of the Penis
		Malignant Melanoma
		Basal Cell Carcinoma
		Rare Mesenchymal Tumors
		Secondary Tumors
	Preneoplastic Squamous Lesions
		Penile Intraepithelial Neoplasia
			Histologic Classification of Penile Intraepithelial Lesions Based on Human Papillomavirus Associations
				Clinical Features
				Pathologic Features
					Gross Findings
					Microscopic Findings
						Differentiated (Simplex) Penile Intraepithelial Lesions
						Undifferentiated Penile Intraepithelial Lesions
				Differential Diagnosis
					Zoon Balanitis
					Bowenoid Papulosis
					Squamous Hyperplasia
					Urothelial Carcinoma In Situ
				Prognosis and Treatment
		Bowenoid Papulosis
			Clinical Features
				Pathologic Features
					Gross Findings
					Microscopic Findings
				Differential Diagnosis
				Prognosis and Treatment
		Lichen Sclerosus ET Atrophicus (Balanitis Xerotica Obliterans)
			Clinical Features
				Pathologic Features
					Gross Findings
					Microscopic Findings
				Differential Diagnosis
				Prognosis and Treatment
		Squamous Hyperplasia
	Tumor-Like Lesions
		Condyloma
			Clinical Features
				Pathologic Features
					Gross Findings
					Pathologic Findings
				Differential Diagnosis
				Ancillary Studies
				Prognosis and Treatment
		Giant Condyloma Acuminatum
		Peyronie Disease
			Clinical Features
				Pathologic Features
					Gross Findings
					Pathologic Findings
				Differential Diagnosis
				Prognosis and Treatment
		Verruciform Xanthoma
			Clinical Features
				Pathologic Features
					Gross Findings
					Microscopic Findings
				Differential Diagnosis
				Prognosis and Treatment
		Hirsutoid Papilloma (Pearly Penile Papules)
			Clinical Features
				Pathologic Features
				Prognosis and Treatment
		Sclerosing Lipogranuloma
		Myointimoma
			Clinical Features
				Pathologic Features
				Differential Diagnosis
		Zoon Balanitis
			Clinical Features
				Pathologic Features
				Differential Diagnosis
					Penile Intraepithelial Neoplasia (Penile Intraepithelial Lesions, Erythroplasia of Queyrat)
					Syphilis
					Lichen Planus
				Prognosis and Treatment
		Molluscum Contagiosum
	Diseases of Urethra
	Anatomy and Histology
		Female Urethra
			Male Urethra
		Epithelial Neoplasms
			Clinical Features
				Pathologic Features
					Gross Findings
					Pathologic Findings
		Squamous Cell Carcinomas
		Urothelial (Transitional Cell) Carcinomas
		Adenocarcinoma
			Differential Diagnosis
				Prostatic Adenocarcinoma with Ductal Differentiation
					Metastatic Colonic Adenocarcinoma
					Nephrogenic Adenoma
					Metastatic Adenocarcinoma
				Ancillary Studies
				Prognosis and Treatment
		Urothelial Carcinoma in Situ
			Clinical Features
				Pathologic Features
					Gross Findings
					Microscopic Findings
				Differential Diagnosis
				Prognosis and Treatment
		Malignant Melanoma
	Benign Tumors
		Urothelial Papillomas
		Villous Adenoma
	Tumor-Like Conditions
		Caruncle
			Clinical Features
				Pathologic Features
					Gross Findings
					Microscopic Findings
				Differential Diagnosis
		Nephrogenic Adenoma
			Clinical Features
				Pathologic Features
					Gross Findings
					Pathologic Findings
				Differential Diagnosis
					Clear Cell Adenocarcinoma
					Prostate Adenocarcinoma
					Urothelial Carcinoma
				Prognosis and Treatment
		Polypoid Urethritis
		Prostatic Epithelial Polyp
		Condyloma
	Diseases of the Scrotum
	Malignant Epithelial Tumors
		Squamous Cell Carcinoma
			Clinical Features
				Pathologic Features
					Gross Findings
					Pathologic Findings
				Differential Diagnosis
				Prognosis and Treatment
		Extramammary Paget Disease of Penis and Scrotum
			Clinical Features
				Pathologic Features
					Gross Findings
					Microscopic Findings
				Differential Diagnosis
					Histochemistry
					Immunohistochemistry
				Prognosis and Treatment
		Basal Cell Carcinoma
	Mesenchymal Neoplasms
	Nonneoplastic Lesions
		Sclerosing Lipogranuloma
			Clinical Features
				Pathologic Features
					Gross Findings
					Microscopic Findings
				Differential Diagnosis
		Idiopathic Scrotal Calcinosis and Epidermoid Cysts
			Clinical Features
				Pathologic Features
					Gross Findings
					Microscopic Findings
				Differential Diagnosis
				Prognosis and Treatment
		Angiokeratoma
			Clinical Features
				Pathologic Features
					Gross Findings
					Microscopic Findings
				Differential Diagnosis
				Prognosis and Treatment
		Scrotal Fat Necrosis
	Suggested Reading
		Diseases of Urethra
		Diseases of Scrotum
10 - Nonneoplastic Diseases of the Testis
	Embryology
	Anatomy
	Congenital Abnormalities
		Cryptorchidism
			Pathologic Features
				Gross Findings
					Microscopic Findings
		Anorchidism
			Pathologic Features
		Polyorchism
		Splenogonadal Fusion
			Pathologic Features
				Microscopic Findings
		Adrenal Cortical Rests
			Pathologic Features
	Acquired Abnormalities
		Spermatic Cord Torsion and Testicular Infarction
			Clinical Features
				Radiologic Features
				Pathologic Features
					Gross Findings
					Microscopic Findings
		Varicocele
			Clinical Features
				Pathologic Features
	Microlithiasis
		Clinical Features
			Pathologic Features
	Testicular Involvement in Systemic Diseases
		Vasculitis
			Pathologic Features
				Gross Findings
					Microscopic Findings
				Differential Diagnosis
		Amyloidosis
			Clinical Features
				Pathologic Features
					Gross Findings
					Microscopic Findings
	Pathology of Male Infertility
		Male Infertility
			Clinical Features
				Radiologic Features
				Pathologic Features
					Gross Findings
		Normal Spermatogenesis
		Hypospermatogenesis
		Maturation Arrest
		Sertoli Cell-Only Syndrome (Germ Cell Aplasia, del Castillo Syndrome)
			Clinical Features
				Pathologic Features
		Sertoli Cell-Only Syndrome and Focal Spermatogenesis
			Clinical Features
				Pathologic Features
		Testicular Changes Associated with Genetic Abnormalities
			Clinical Features
				Pathologic Features
		Tubular Sclerosis and Interstitial Fibrosis
		Excurrent Duct Obstruction
			Clinical Features
				Pathologic Features
					Microscopic Findings
	Gonadotropin Deficiency
		Prepubertal Gonadotropin Deficiency
			Clinical Features
				Pathologic Features
					Gross Findings
					Microscopic Findings
		Postpubertal Gonadotropin Deficiency
			Clinical Features
				Pathologic Features
		Macroorchidism
			Clinical Features
				Pathologic Features
	Infectious Diseases
		Bacterial Infections
			Pathologic Features
				Gross Findings
					Microscopic Findings
		Mycobacterial Diseases
			Clinical Features
				Pathologic Features
					Gross Findings
				Microscopic Findings
		Fungal Diseases
			Pathologic Features
				Microscopic Findings
		Rickettsial Infections
			Pathologic Features
		Viral Infections
			Pathologic Features
		Spirochetal Infections
			Clinical Features
				Pathologic Features
					Gross Findings
					Microscopic Findings
		Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome
			Pathologic Features
				Microscopic Findings
		Nonspecific Granulomatous Orchitis
			Pathologic Features
				Gross Findings
					Microscopic Findings
		Malakoplakia
			Clinical Features
				Pathologic Features
					Gross Findings
					Microscopic Findings
	Disorders of Sex Development
		46,XY DSD (Male Pseudohermaphroditism)
		Persistent Müllerian Duct Syndrome
			Clinical Features
				Pathologic Features
					Gross Findings
		Testicular Regression Syndrome
			Clinical Features
		Congenital Adrenal Hyperplasia
			Clinical Features
				Pathologic Features
					Microscopic Findings
		Complete Androgen Insensitivity Syndrome
			Clinical Features
				Pathologic Features
					Gross Findings
					Microscopic Findings
				Differential Diagnosis
				Prognosis and Treatment
		Gonadal Dysgenesis
			Clinical Features
				Pathologic Features
				Ancillary Studies
					Immunohistochemistry
		Ovotesticular Disorder of Sex Development (True Hermaphroditism)
			Clinical Features
				Pathologic Features
	Suggested Reading
		Anatomy
		Cryptorchidism
		Anorchidism
		Polyorchism
		Splenogonadal Fusion
		Adrenal Cortical Rests
		Spermatic Cord Torsion and Testicular Infarction
		Varicocele
		Microlithiasis
		Vasculitis
		Amyloidosis
		Male Infertility
		Gonadotropin Deficiency
		Macroorchidism
		Infectious Diseases
		Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome
		Nonspecific Granulomatous Orchitis and Malacoplakia
		Disorders of Sex Development
11 - Neoplasms of the Testis
	Germ Cell Tumors
		Intratubular Germ Cell Neoplasia Unspecified
			Clinical Features
				Pathologic Features
					Gross Findings
					Microscopic Findings
				Differential Diagnosis
				Prognosis and Treatment
		Seminoma
			Clinical Features
				Radiologic Features
				Pathologic Features
					Gross Findings
					Microscopic Findings
				Ancillary Studies
					Fine-Needle Aspiration Biopsy
					Immunohistochemistry
				Differential Diagnosis
				Prognosis and Treatment
		Spermatocytic Seminoma
			Clinical Features
				Pathologic Features
					Gross Findings
					Microscopic Findings
				Ancillary Studies
					Cytogenetics
					Immunohistochemistry
				Differential Diagnosis
				Prognosis and Treatment
		Embryonal Carcinoma
			Clinical Features
				Radiologic Features
				Pathologic Features
					Gross Findings
					Microscopic Findings
				Ancillary Studies
					Immunohistochemistry
				Differential Diagnosis
				Prognosis and Treatment
		Yolk Sac Tumor
			Clinical Features
				Pathologic Features
					Gross Findings
					Microscopic Findings
				Ancillary Studies
					Immunohistochemical Features
				Differential Diagnosis
				Prognosis and Treatment
		Teratoma
			Clinical Features
				Pathologic Features
					Gross Findings
					Microscopic Findings
				Ancillary Studies
					Immunohistochemistry
					Molecular Studies
				Differential Diagnosis
				Prognosis and Treatment
		Monodermal Teratomas
		Dermoid Cysts and Epidermoid Cysts
		Primitive Neuroectodermal Tumor
		Carcinoid
		Choriocarcinoma
			Clinical Features
				Radiologic Features
				Pathologic Features
					Gross Findings
					Microscopic Findings
				Ancillary Studies
					Immunohistochemistry
				Differential Diagnosis
				Prognosis and Treatment
		Mixed Germ Cell Tumors
			Clinical Features
				Radiologic Features
				Pathologic Features
					Gross Findings
					Microscopic Findings
				Ancillary Studies
					Immunohistochemistry
				Differential Diagnosis
				Prognosis and Treatment
		Gonadoblastoma
			Clinical Features
				Radiologic Features
				Pathologic Features
					Gross Findings
					Microscopic Findings
				Ancillary Studies
					Immunohistochemistry
					Molecular Diagnosis
				Differential Diagnosis
				Prognosis and Treatment
	Sex Cord-Stromal Tumors
		Leydig Cell Tumor
			Clinical Features
				Radiologic Features
				Pathologic Features
					Gross Findings
					Microscopic Findings
				Ancillary Studies
					Immunohistochemical Features
					Ultrastructural Features
				Differential Diagnosis
				Prognosis and Treatment
		Sertoli Cell Tumors
			Clinical Features
				Radiologic Features
				Pathologic Features
					Gross Findings
					Microscopic Findings
				Ancillary Studies
					Ultrastructural Examination
					Immunohistochemistry
				Differential Diagnosis
				Prognosis and Treatment
		Large Cell Calcifying Sertoli Cell Tumor
			Clinical Features
				Radiologic Features
				Pathologic Features
					Gross Findings
					Microscopic Findings
				Ancillary Studies
					Ultrastructural Examination
					Immunohistochemistry
				Differential Diagnosis
				Prognosis and Treatment
	Granulosa Cell Tumors
		Adult Granulosa Cell Tumors
			Clinical Features
				Pathologic Features
					Gross Findings
					Microscopic Findings
				Ancillary Studies
					Immunohistochemistry
				Differential Diagnosis
				Prognosis and Treatment
		Juvenile Granulosa Cell Tumors
			Clinical Features
				Radiologic Features
				Pathologic Features
					Gross Findings
					Microscopic Findings
				Ancillary Studies
					Immunohistochemistry
				Differential Diagnosis
				Prognosis and Treatment
		Fibrothecoma
			Clinical Features
				Pathologic Features
					Gross Findings
					Microscopic Findings
				Ancillary Studies
					Immunohistochemistry
				Differential Diagnosis
				Prognosis and Treatment
		Mixed Sex Cord-Stromal Tumors
			Clinical Features
				Pathological Features
					Gross Findings
					Microscopic Findings
				Ancillary Studies
					Immunohistochemistry
				Prognosis and Treatment
		Unclassified Sex Cord-Stromal Tumors
			Clinical Features
				Pathologic Features
					Gross Findings
					Microscopic Findings
				Ancillary Studies
					Immunohistochemistry
				Differential Diagnosis
				Prognosis and Treatment
		Adenocarcinoma of the Rete Testis
			Clinical Features
				Radiologic Features
				Pathologic Features
					Gross Findings
					Microscopic Findings
				Ancillary Studies
					Immunohistochemistry
				Differential Diagnosis
				Prognosis and Treatment
		Malignant Mesothelioma
			Clinical Features
				Radiologic Features
				Pathologic Features
					Gross Findings
					Microscopic Findings
				Ancillary Studies
					Immunohistochemistry
				Differential Diagnosis
				Prognosis and Treatment
		Malignant Lymphoma
			Clinical Features
				Radiologic Features
				Pathologic Features
					Gross Findings
					Microscopic Findings
				Ancillary Studies
					Immunohistochemistry
				Differential Diagnosis
				Prognosis and Treatment
		Plasmacytoma
			Clinical Features
				Radiologic Features
				Pathologic Features
					Gross Findings
					Microscopic Findings
				Ancillary Studies
					Flow Cytometry
					Immunohistochemistry
				Differential Diagnosis
		Leukemia
			Clinical Features
				Radiologic Features
				Pathologic Features
					Gross Findings
					Microscopic Findings
				Ancillary Studies
					Histochemistry
					Immunohistochemistry
					Flow Cytometry
				Differential Diagnosis
				Prognosis and Treatment
		Tumors of Ovarian-Type Epithelium
			Clinical Features
				Radiologic Features
				Pathologic Features
					Gross Findings
					Microscopic Findings
				Ancillary Studies
					Immunohistochemistry
				Differential Diagnosis
				Prognosis and Treatment
		Metastatic Tumors
			Clinical Features
				Radiologic Features
				Pathologic Features
					Gross Findings
					Microscopic Findings
				Ancillary Studies
					Immunohistochemistry
				Differential Diagnosis
				Prognosis and Treatment
	Paratesticular Tumors
		Adenomatoid Tumors
			Clinical Features
				Radiologic Features
				Pathologic Features
					Gross Findings
					Microscopic Findings
				Ancillary Studies
					Histochemistry
					Electron Microscopy
					Immunohistochemistry
				Differential Diagnosis
				Prognosis and Treatment
		Sarcoma
			Clinical Features
				Radiologic Features
				Pathologic Features
					Gross Findings
					Microscopic Findings
				Ancillary Studies
					Electron Microscopy
					Immunohistochemistry
				Differential Diagnosis
				Prognosis and Treatment
		Papillary Cystadenoma of the Epididymis
			Clinical Features
				Pathologic Features
					Gross Findings
					Microscopic Findings
				Ancillary Studies
					Immunohistochemistry
				Differential Diagnosis
	Suggested Reading
		Intratubular Germ Cell Neoplasia Unspecified
		Seminoma
		Spermatocytic Seminoma
		Embryonal Carcinoma
		Yolk Sac Tumor
		Teratoma
		Choriocarcinoma
		Mixed Germ Cell Tumors
		Gonadoblastoma
		Leydig Cell Tumor
		Sertoli Cell Tumor
		Large Cell Calcifying Sertoli Cell Tumor
		Granulosa Cell Tumors
		Fibrothecoma
		Mixed Sex Cord-Stromal Tumors
		Unclassified Sex Cord Tumors
		Rete Testis Adenocarcinoma
		Malignant Mesothelioma
		Malignant Lymphoma
		Plasmacytoma
		Leukemia
		Tumors of Ovarian-Type Epithelium
		Metastatic Tumors
		Adenomatoid Tumor
		Sarcoma
		Papillary Cystadenoma of the Epididmyis