Genetic Resources, Chromosome Engineering, and Crop Improvement : Cereals, Vol. 2

GENETIC RESOURCES, CHROMOSOME ENGINEERING, AND CROP IMPROVEMENT: Cereals, Volume 2......Page 2
Dedication......Page 4
Preface......Page 5
The Editors......Page 7
Contributors......Page 9
Contents......Page 11
CONTENTS......Page 12
1.1 INTRODUCTION......Page 13
1.2 CEREAL CROPS: A SOURCE OF SUSTENANCE TO HUMANKIND......Page 15
1.3.1 Polyploid Wheats: A Model for Evolution by Allopolyploidy......Page 16
1.3.1.2 Establishment of Genetic Control of Chromosome Pairing......Page 17
1.4 GENETIC CONTROL OF CHROMOSOME PAIRING: MAJOR IMPLICATIONS......Page 18
1.4.1.1 Usefulness in Genome Analysis......Page 20
1.4.2 Breeding Implications: Homoeologous Pairing, the Key to Gene Transfer......Page 21
1.5.1 Wheat......Page 22
1.6.1 Cytogenetic Makeup and Ancient Polyploid Origin......Page 23
1.6.2 Diversity of Origin of Cereal Genomes: Genomic Diversity and Synteny......Page 25
1.6.3.2 Maize: A Cytogeneticist’s Delight and a Breeder’s Paradise......Page 26
1.6.3.4 Barley, Sorghum, Rye, and Triticale......Page 27
1.7 PERSPECTIVES AND CHALLENGES......Page 28
REFERENCES......Page 30
CONTENTS......Page 37
2.1 INTRODUCTION......Page 38
2.2 THE EVOLUTIONARY PATHWAYS OF ALLOPOLYPLOID WHEATS......Page 39
2.2.1 Conservation of Intergenomic Relatedness......Page 40
2.2.2 Mechanisms of Diploidization and Their Effects at Different Ploidy Levels......Page 41
2.2.3 Induced Haploidy: Its Use in Basic Studies and Genomic Reconstruction......Page 42
2.4 TRANSFER OF ALIEN GENETIC MATERIAL INTO CULTIVATED WHEATS......Page 43
2.4.1 Synthesis of Hybrids: The First Important and Informative Step......Page 44
2.4.1.1 Hybridization Involving Species with Genomes Homologous to Those of Durum Wheat......Page 45
2.4.1.2 Hybridizing Durum Wheat with Donor Species with Homoeologous Genomes in the Presence of Ph1......Page 46
2.4.1.3 Durum Wheat Mutants Lacking Ph1 and Their Use in Complete Hybrid Combinations......Page 47
2.4.2.1 Whole-Arm Translocations......Page 49
2.4.2.2 Transfer of Chromosomal Segments......Page 51
2.4.2.2.1 The Value of Genetic and Physical Mapping of Wheat?Alien Recombinant Chromosomes......Page 52
2.4.2.2.2 Reducing the Size of a Targeted Chromosomal Region Originating from Th. ponticum......Page 53
2.4.2.2.3 Additional Useful Durum Wheat Transfers Containing D Genome Chromosomal Segments......Page 55
2.4.2.3 Multiple Combinations of Different Alien Segments......Page 57
2.5 DIRECT GENE TRANSFER IN DURUM WHEAT......Page 58
REFERENCES......Page 59
3.1 INTRODUCTION......Page 70
3.2 GENETIC DIVERSITY AND ITS DISTRIBUTION......Page 71
3.3 PRODUCTION OF INTERGENERIC HYBRIDS......Page 72
3.3.2 Cytology......Page 74
3.3.3 Maintenance......Page 75
3.3.4 Asymmetric Synthetic Genomes......Page 76
3.4 INTERSPECIFIC HYBRIDIZATION......Page 77
3.6 CYTOGENETIC MANIPULATION AND ALIEN GENE TRANSFER......Page 83
3.7 UTILIZATION AND PRACTICALITY OF WIDE CROSSES GERMPLASM......Page 88
3.8 IMPACT FROM DOCUMENTED TRANSFER......Page 89
3.9 IMPACT THROUGH UNDOCUMENTED TRANSFER......Page 90
3.10 FUTURISTIC ANTICIPATION......Page 91
3.11 CONCLUSIONS......Page 95
REFERENCES......Page 97
4.1 INTRODUCTION......Page 107
4.3 MOLECULAR MARKERS IN WHEAT BREEDING......Page 108
4.4.1 Wheat ESTs, Gene Organization, and Comparative Mapping......Page 110
4.4.2 Map-Based Cloning in Wheat......Page 114
4.5.1 Production of Transgenic Wheat......Page 115
4.5.4 Tolerance to Abiotic Stresses......Page 116
REFERENCES......Page 117
CONTENTS......Page 138
5.1 INTRODUCTION......Page 140
5.2.1 Wild Progenitors of Cultivated Rice......Page 141
5.2.2 Polyphyletic Origin of O. sativa......Page 144
5.3.2 Genetic Erosion......Page 146
5.3.3.1 Ex Situ Conservation......Page 147
5.4.1 O. sativa Complex......Page 148
5.4.4 Oryza meyeriana Complex......Page 149
5.4.7 Genomic Relationships......Page 150
5.5 CYTOGENETICS......Page 151
5.5.3 Translocations......Page 152
5.5.5.3 Monosomic Alien Addition Lines......Page 153
5.5.5.4 Comparative Genetic Maps......Page 154
5.6.1.1 Search for Useful Genetic Variability for Target Traits......Page 155
5.6.2 Production of Interspecific Hybrids, MAALs, and Advanced-Backcross Progenies......Page 156
5.6.3.1 Introgression of Gene猀 for Resistance to Grassy Stunt Virus......Page 157
5.6.3.2 Introgression of Gene猀 for Resistance to Tungro Disease......Page 158
5.6.3.5 Introgression for Tolerance to Abiotic Stresses......Page 159
5.6.5 Construction of Chromosome Segment Substitution Lines of O. glaberrima and O. rufipogon in the Background of O. sativa......Page 160
5.6.7 Introgression of Genes from Distantly Related Genomes......Page 161
5.6.7.4 Introgression from the EE Genome Species......Page 162
5.6.8 Molecular Mapping of Introgressed Alien Genes......Page 163
5.6.8.5 Mapping QTL for Tolerance to Aluminum Toxicity......Page 164
5.6.10 Characterization of Parental Genomes, MAALs, and Homoeologous Pairing in Oryza through GISH......Page 165
5.7.1 Anther Culture......Page 167
5.7.2.1 Enhancing Alien Introgression through Somaclonal Variation......Page 168
5.7.3 Somatic Cell Hybridization......Page 169
5.8 GERMPLASM ENHANCEMENT THROUGH INDUCED MUTATIONS......Page 170
5.9.1 Screening Wild Oryza Germplasm for Apomixis......Page 171
5.9.2 Mutagenesis-Induced Apomixis......Page 172
5.10 GENETIC ENHANCEMENT THROUGH TRANSFORMATION......Page 173
REFERENCES......Page 175
CONTENTS......Page 182
6.1 INTRODUCTION......Page 183
6.2 MAIZE: ITS CYTOGENETIC ARCHITECTURE......Page 184
6.3.1 Manipulations of the Ploidy Level......Page 185
6.3.3 Manipulations of Chromosomal Rearrangements......Page 186
6.3.3.1 Reciprocal Translocations......Page 187
6.3.3.2 B-A Translocations......Page 188
6.3.3.3 Inversions......Page 189
6.3.4.2 Oat–Maize Addition Lines and Their Uses......Page 190
6.3.4.3 Maize Subchromosome Fragment Stocks and Their Use......Page 192
6.4 GENETIC TRANSFORMATION: ADDING VALUE-ADDED TRAITS......Page 193
6.5.2 Early Breeding Work: Exploring New Options and Methodologies......Page 194
6.5.2.3 Breeding for Morphological Traits......Page 195
6.6.2 Shifts in Recurrent Selection Procedures......Page 196
6.6.5 Hybrid Options and Their Relevance......Page 197
6.6.8 Hybrid Development and Testing......Page 198
6.6.10 Release of Maize Inbreds and Other Materials......Page 199
6.7.1 Enhancing Disease Resistance......Page 200
6.7.2.2 Resistance to Stored Grain Pests......Page 202
6.7.3 Germplasm Development for Abiotic Stresses......Page 203
6.7.3.2 Waterlogging-Tolerant Germplasm......Page 204
6.8.1 Search for Useful Genetic Variation and Early Work......Page 205
6.8.3 Correcting the First-Generation Problems and Exploring New Alternatives......Page 206
6.8.5 Development of QPM Donor Stocks......Page 207
6.8.6 Expanded QPM Germplasm Development Efforts......Page 208
6.8.7 QPM Hybrid Development and Testing......Page 209
6.10 CONCLUSIONS AND PERSPECTIVES......Page 212
REFERENCES......Page 213
CONTENTS......Page 221
7.1 OVERVIEW AND HISTORY OF OATS: INTRODUCTION AND HISTORY......Page 222
7.2.1 Introduction to the Genus......Page 223
7.2.2 Diploids......Page 224
7.2.3 Tetraploids......Page 226
7.2.4 Hexaploids......Page 227
7.3.2.1 Interspecific Hybridization in the A Genome Diploid Group......Page 228
7.3.3.2 Interspecific Hybridization in the A. barbata Tetraploid Group......Page 229
7.3.4.2 Hybrids Involving Diploids and the Section Pachycarpa Tetraploid Group......Page 230
7.3.7.1 Hybrids Involving Hexaploids and the A. barbata Tetraploid Group......Page 231
7.4 GENETIC CONTROL OF CHROMOSOME PAIRING......Page 232
7.5.1 Background......Page 233
7.5.3 Ancient Chromosome Structural Changes......Page 235
7.5.4 Modern Chromosome Structural Changes......Page 236
7.6.2 Introgressions Utilizing the Primary Gene Pool......Page 237
7.6.4 Introgressions Utilizing the Tertiary Gene Pool......Page 238
7.6.6 Oat–Maize Hybridization......Page 242
7.7.3 Duplicate-Deficient Lines from Sun II × N770-165-2-1......Page 243
7.8.1 Ionizing Radiation......Page 244
7.9.1 Adding Value to the Oat Crop......Page 245
REFERENCES......Page 246
CONTENTS......Page 254
8.2 ORIGIN OF BARLEY......Page 255
8.4 BARLEY GERMPLASM RESOURCES......Page 256
8.5.2 Tetraploid Species......Page 262
8.5.3 Hexaploid Species......Page 263
8.7 GERMPLASM ENHANCEMENT......Page 264
8.7.2 Haploid Breeding......Page 265
8.7.5 Hybrid Barley Breeding......Page 266
8.7.6.1 Production of Wheat–Barley Addition Lines......Page 267
8.7.6.1.1 Morphological Identification of Wheat?Barley Addition Lines......Page 268
8.7.6.1.2 Meiotic Behavior in Wheat?Barley Addition Lines......Page 269
8.7.8 Genetic Transformation......Page 270
REFERENCES......Page 272
CONTENTS......Page 277
9.2 KARYOTYPE ANALYSIS IN BARLEY......Page 278
9.2.2 Chromosome 2 ㈀䠀......Page 280
9.2.6 Chromosome 6 㘀䠀......Page 281
9.3.2 Duplications......Page 282
9.3.4 Inversions......Page 283
9.4.1 Primary Trisomics......Page 284
9.5 MOLECULAR MAPS OF BARLEY......Page 285
9.6 UTILITY OF GENETIC MAPS OF BARLEY......Page 286
9.7 PHYSICAL MAPPING OF BARLEY CHROMOSOMES......Page 290
9.8 COMPARATIVE MAPPING IN THE GRASS FAMILY......Page 293
9.10 LARGE-INSERT LIBRARIES OF BARLEY CHROMOSOMES......Page 295
9.11 BARLEY EXPRESSED SEQUENCE TAGS......Page 296
REFERENCES......Page 297
CONTENTS......Page 301
10.3 PEARL MILLET AS A RESEARCH ORGANISM......Page 302
10.4.2 Perennial Relatives in the Secondary Gene Pool......Page 303
10.5.1 Different Base Numbers: The Original Number......Page 304
10.5.2 Chromosome Pairing in Haploids: Implications on Genomic Evolution......Page 305
10.7.2 Pearl Millet × Oriental Grass Hybrids......Page 306
10.7.5 Pearl Millet × P. squamulatum Hybrids......Page 308
10.9 SYNTHESIS OF INTRASPECIFIC HYBRIDS: EXPLOITATION OF HYBRID VIGOR FOR GRAIN AND FODDER YIELD......Page 309
10.9.1 Hybrid Options......Page 311
10.9.2.1 Cytoplasmic Male Sterility: Search and Utilization......Page 312
10.9.2.2 B-line Breeding......Page 314
10.9.2.4 Restorer Parent Development......Page 315
10.9.4 Hybrids for Arid Conditions......Page 316
10.10.1 Incidence of Apomixis......Page 317
10.10.3 Transferring to Pearl Millet......Page 318
10.10.4 Possible Use of Apomixis to Develop Cultivars......Page 319
10.11 DIRECT GENE TRANSFER IN PEARL MILLET......Page 320
10.12 CONCLUSIONS AND PERSPECTIVES......Page 321
REFERENCES......Page 322
CONTENTS......Page 328
11.1 INTRODUCTION......Page 329
11.2.1 Taxonomy......Page 330
11.2.3 Domestication......Page 331
11.4.1 Importance and Need for Conservation......Page 332
11.4.2.1 ICRISAT, Patancheru, India......Page 333
11.4.3 Maintenance of Genetic Resources......Page 334
11.4.5 Evaluation, Characterization, and Documentation of Genetic Resources......Page 335
11.4.6 Utilization of Genetic Resources......Page 336
11.5.1 Morphological/Phenotypic Level......Page 337
11.6.1.1 Genetics of Morphological and Resistant Traits......Page 338
11.6.1.2.1 Genetic Male Sterility......Page 339
11.6.1.2.2 Cytoplasmic-Nuclear Male Sterility......Page 340
11.6.2.4 Apomixis......Page 341
11.7.2 Conversion Programs......Page 342
11.7.3.1 Breeding Concepts......Page 343
11.7.4 Adaptation and Productivity Enhancement......Page 344
11.7.5.2 Forage and Feed......Page 345
11.7.5.3 Resistance to Foliar, Stem, and Head Feeding Insects......Page 347
11.7.5.4 Disease Resistance......Page 348
11.7.5.5 Striga Resistance......Page 349
11.7.5.5.2 Striga Breeding Strategies......Page 350
11.7.5.6 Drought Tolerance......Page 351
11.7.5.7.1 Inheritance and Breeding for Soil Acidity Tolerance......Page 353
11.7.5.7.3 Biochemical Basis of Resistance to Salinity......Page 354
11.7.5.8.1 Genetic Variability for Protein Content and Amino Acid Composition......Page 355
11.7.5.8.3 High Protein Digestibility and High Lysine Content......Page 356
11.7.5.9 Increased Micronutrient Density......Page 357
11.8.1 Farmers’ Participatory Approach......Page 358
11.8.2.1 DNA Marker Technology......Page 359
11.8.2.1.4 Striga Resistance......Page 360
11.8.2.1.6 Disease Resistance Traits......Page 361
11.8.2.1.7 Insect Resistance Traits......Page 362
11.8.2.3 Transgenics and Conventional Breeding Integrated Technology......Page 363
11.9 SUMMARY......Page 364
REFERENCES......Page 365
CONTENTS......Page 383
12.1 INTRODUCTION......Page 384
12.2.2 Root System......Page 385
12.4.2 Molecular Structure of Genome......Page 386
12.4.3 Primary Trisomics and Telotrisomics......Page 387
12.4.5 Karyotype......Page 388
12.4.6 Reciprocal Translocations......Page 390
12.4.8 Haploid Rye......Page 391
12.4.9 Homoeology......Page 392
12.4.10 Taxonomy, Cytotaxonomy, and Origin......Page 393
12.4.11 Alien Introgression......Page 394
12.5.1 General......Page 395
12.7 BREEDING......Page 396
12.7.1.1 Population Breeding......Page 397
12.7.1.2 Synthetics......Page 398
12.7.1.3 Hybrid Breeding......Page 399
12.7.2 Tetraploid Rye......Page 400
12.8 RYE CROPPING......Page 402
12.8.4 Micronutrients......Page 403
12.8.7 Susceptibility and Resistance......Page 404
12.9.1 Genome Additions......Page 405
12.10 CONCLUSION......Page 406
REFERENCES......Page 407
CONTENTS......Page 413
13.1 INTRODUCTION......Page 414
13.2 THE WHEAT–RYE GALAXY......Page 415
13.3 HISTORY......Page 416
13.4 CYTOGENETICS......Page 418
13.4.1 Tetraploid Triticale......Page 420
13.5 GENETICS......Page 422
13.6 BREEDING......Page 424
13.6.2 Winter Hardiness......Page 425
13.6.4 Preharvest Sprouting......Page 426
13.6.5 Abiotic Stress......Page 427
13.6.6 Biotic Stress......Page 428
13.6.7 Hybrid Breeding......Page 430
13.6.8.1 Molecular Markers and Mapping......Page 431
13.6.8.2 Haploidy......Page 432
13.6.9.1 Use for Food......Page 433
13.6.9.3 Forage and Dual Use......Page 434
13.7 SOURCES OF GENETIC VARIATION......Page 435
REFERENCES......Page 437