Gangs and Delinquency in Developmental Perspective

Cover......Page 1
Half-title......Page 3
Series-title......Page 5
Title......Page 7
Copyright......Page 8
Dedication......Page 9
Contents......Page 11
Tables and Figures......Page 12
About the Authors......Page 17
Preface......Page 19
Acknowledgments......Page 21
CHAPTER ONE A Life-Course Orientation to the Study of Gang Membership......Page 27
Gangs in Developmental Perspective......Page 29
Conceptual Framework......Page 30
Life-Course Perspective......Page 31
Gangs in Life-Course Perspective......Page 32
Methodological Approach......Page 34
The Rochester Youth Development Study......Page 37
Research Site......Page 39
Sampling Procedures......Page 40
Field Procedures......Page 41
Subject Retention......Page 42
A Note on Sample Size......Page 46
Gang Membership......Page 47
Delinquency......Page 50
Other Variables......Page 53
Summary......Page 57
Ever Prevalence......Page 58
Gender......Page 59
Race/Ethnicity......Page 60
Prevalence by Year......Page 61
Race/Ethnicity......Page 62
Race/Ethnicity by Gender......Page 63
Stability of Gang Membership......Page 64
Duration of Membership......Page 65
Intermittency......Page 66
Gang Membership and Delinquency......Page 68
Onset of Membership......Page 70
Duration of Membership......Page 71
Proportional Contribution to Delinquency......Page 73
Cumulative Analysis......Page 75
Wave-Specific Analyses......Page 77
Summary......Page 80
A Risk Factor Approach......Page 82
Area Characteristics......Page 83
Parent-Child Relations......Page 84
Peer Relationships......Page 85
Prior Deviance......Page 86
Summary......Page 87
Measurement......Page 88
Male Gang Membership......Page 89
Female Gang Membership......Page 94
Predicting Stable Gang Membership......Page 95
Variable-Based Model......Page 96
Domain-Based Model......Page 99
Conclusion......Page 101
The Perceptions of Gang Members......Page 103
Summary......Page 107
A Causal Model of Gang Membership......Page 108
Interactional Theory......Page 109
Methods......Page 112
Equation 2......Page 115
Equation 3......Page 116
Equation 5......Page 117
Conclusion......Page 118
CHAPTER SIX Gangs as a Facilitating Context for Delinquent Behavior......Page 122
Facilitation......Page 123
Enhancement......Page 125
Prior Research......Page 126
The Current Study......Page 127
Methods......Page 128
Hypotheses......Page 129
Patterns of Delinquency......Page 131
Summary......Page 134
Patterns of Drug Involvement......Page 135
Summary......Page 137
Multivariate Models......Page 138
OLS Models......Page 139
Random Effects Models......Page 142
Discussion......Page 145
CHAPTER SEVEN Gangs, Guns, and Crime......Page 148
The Selection of Gang Members and the Facilitation of Illegal Gun Carrying......Page 149
The Measurement of Illegal Gun Carrying......Page 151
Owning and Carrying a Gun......Page 152
Carrying Other Guns......Page 153
Predicting Gun Carrying......Page 154
Predicting Offending from the Interaction of Gang Membership and Gun Ownership......Page 158
The Impact of Earlier Behavior on Later Patterns of Gun Ownership......Page 163
Conclusion......Page 164
CHAPTER EIGHT Gangs and Other Law-Violating Youth Groups......Page 166
Prior Research......Page 168
Results for Male Respondents......Page 169
Quartile Comparisons......Page 171
Matched Sample Comparisons......Page 172
Summary......Page 175
Results for Female Respondents......Page 176
Summary......Page 178
Drug Use and Drug Sales......Page 179
Comparisons for Female Respondents......Page 180
Summary......Page 183
Regression Analysis......Page 185
Summary......Page 187
Life-Course Perspective......Page 189
Gangs, Crime, and Disorder in the Life Course......Page 190
Prior Research......Page 192
Measures......Page 193
Results......Page 194
Bivariate Relationships: Male Respondents......Page 195
Bivariate Relationships: Female Respondents......Page 196
Multiple Precocious Transitions......Page 197
Multivariate Models......Page 198
Gang Membership, Precocious Transitions, and Adult Arrests......Page 202
Discussion......Page 205
CHAPTER TEN Gangs in Developmental Perspective: Substantive and Policy Implications......Page 207
Gangs and Delinquency......Page 208
Pathways to Gang Membership......Page 209
Gangs and Delinquency: Facilitation versus Selection......Page 210
Gangs versus Delinquent Peer Groups......Page 211
Conceptual Implications......Page 212
Measuring Gang Membership......Page 214
Gang Membership in Emergent Gang Cities......Page 215
Gangs and Gender......Page 218
Policy Implications......Page 219
Gang Programming......Page 220
Effectiveness......Page 221
Direct Approaches......Page 223
Indirect Approaches......Page 224
Program Characteristics......Page 225
Evaluating Gang Programs......Page 227
Future Research Directions......Page 228
General Delinquency......Page 231
Drug Use......Page 232
Minor Delinquency......Page 233
Public Disorder Offenses......Page 234
Alcohol Use......Page 235
APPENDIX B Prevalence of Gang Membership......Page 236
APPENDIX C Impact of Gang Membership......Page 238
References......Page 243
Index......Page 257