Functional anatomy for physical therapists

Title Page
Copyright
Contents
Preface
1 Fundamentals of the Spinal Column
	1.1 Development and Structure of the Spinal Column
		1.1.1 Ideal Curvature
		1.1.2 Architecture of the Cancellous (Trabecular) Bone
	1.2 Motion Segment
		1.2.1 The Structure of a Vertebra
		1.2.2 Zygapophysial Joints (Intervertebral Facet Joints)
		1.2.3 Innervation of the Motion Segment
		1.2.4 Ligaments of the Spinal Column
		1.2.5 Intervertebral Disks
2 Cranium and Cervical Spine
	2.1 Palpation of Landmarks on the Cranium (Skull) and Cervical Spine
	2.2 Functional Anatomy of the Cranium
		2.2.1 Bony Components
		2.2.2 Meninges of the Brain
		2.2.3 Cerebrospinal Fluid
		2.2.4 Mobility of the Cranium (Skull)
		2.2.5 Temporomandibular Joint
		2.2.6 Jaw–Cervical Spine Functional Unit
		2.2.7 Muscles of Mastication
		2.2.8 Suprahyoid Muscles
		2.2.9 Infrahyoid Muscles
		2.2.10 Interaction between the Muscles of Mastication and the Suprahyoid and Infrahyoid Muscles
		2.2.11 Muscles of the Calvaria (Epicranius Muscle)
		2.2.12 Mimic Muscles
	2.3 Functional Anatomy of the Cervical Spine
		2.3.1 X-Ray of the Cervical Spine
		2.3.2 Upper Cervical Spine
		2.3.3 Lower Cervical Spine
		2.3.4 Prevertebral Muscles
		2.3.5 Posterior Neck Muscles
		2.3.6 Brachial Plexus
3 Thoracic Spine and Thorax
	3.1 Palpation of Landmarks of the Thoracic Spine and Thorax
	3.2 Functional Anatomy of the Thoracic Spine
		3.2.1 X-Ray of the Thoracic Spine
		3.2.2 Thoracic Vertebra
		3.2.3 Ligaments of the Thoracic Spine
		3.2.4 Movements in the Thoracic Spine Area
	3.3 Functional Anatomy of the Thorax
		3.3.1 Movements of the Ribs
		3.3.2 Muscles of the Thoracic Spine: Lateral Tract
		3.3.3 Medial Tract
		3.3.4 Muscles of Inspiration
		3.3.5 Muscles of Exhalation
		3.3.6 Muscles That Assist in Respiration
		3.3.7 Course of the Nerves in the Thoracic Spine Region
4 Shoulder
	4.1 Palpation of Landmarks in the Shoulder Area
	4.2 Functional Anatomy of the Shoulder
		4.2.1 X-Ray of the Shoulder
		4.2.2 Range of Motion of the Arm: Participating Joints
		4.2.3 Glenohumeral Joint
		4.2.4 Subacromial Space
		4.2.5 Scapulothoracic Gliding Plane
		4.2.6 Muscles of the Scapula
		4.2.7 Acromioclavicular Joint
		4.2.8 Sternoclavicular Joint
	4.3 Movements of the Arm
		4.3.1 Movement: Abduction
		4.3.2 Adduction
		4.3.3 Extension
		4.3.4 Flexion
		4.3.5 Rotation
	4.4 Course of the Nerves in the Shoulder Region
5 Elbow
	5.1 Palpation of Landmarks in the Elbow Region
	5.2 Functional Anatomy of the Elbow
		5.2.1 X-Ray Image of the Elbow
		5.2.2 Elbow Joint
		5.2.3 Ligaments
		5.2.4 Axes and Movements
		5.2.5 Muscles: Flexors
		5.2.6 Muscles: Extensors
		5.2.7 Muscles: Pronators
		5.2.8 Muscles: Supinators
	5.3 Course of Nerves in the Elbow Region
6 Hand and Wrist
	6.1 Palpation of Structures in the Hand and Wrist
		6.1.1 Radial Side of the Hand and Wrist
		6.1.2 Dorsum of the Hand and Wrist
		6.1.3 Ulnar Side of the Hand and Wrist
		6.1.4 Palmar Region
		6.1.5 Phalanges
	6.2 Functional Anatomy of the Hand and Wrist
		6.2.1 X-Ray of the Hand and Wrist
		6.2.2 Wrist Joint
		6.2.3 Joint Capsules of the Hand, Wrist, and Finger Joints
		6.2.4 Perfusion
		6.2.5 Innervation
		6.2.6 Ligaments
		6.2.7 Carpal Tunnel
		6.2.8 Guyon's Canal
		6.2.9 Axes and Movements
		6.2.10 Muscles of the Wrist Joint: Extensors
		6.2.11 Muscles of the Wrist Joint: Flexors
		6.2.12 Muscles of the Wrist Joint: Radial Abductors
		6.2.13 Muscles of the Wrist Joint: Ulnar Abductors
		6.2.14 Joints of the Midhand Region
		6.2.15 Finger Joints
		6.2.16 Muscles of the Finger: Extensors
		6.2.17 Muscles of the Finger: Flexors
		6.2.18 Long Thumb Muscles
		6.2.19 Short Thumb Muscles (Thenar Muscles)
		6.2.20 Hypothenar Muscles
		6.2.21 Palmaris Brevis Muscle
	6.3 Course of Nerves in the Hand and Wrist Region
7 Lumbar Spine
	7.1 Palpation of Landmarks in the Lumbar Spine and Abdominal Areas
	7.2 X-Ray Image of the Lumbar Spine, Pelvis, and Hips
	7.3 Lumbar Vertebrae
	7.4 Ligaments of the Lumbar Spine
	7.5 Circulation and Innervation
	7.6 Lumbar Spine Movements
	7.7 Muscles of the Lumbar Spine Region
	7.8 Fascial Structures of the Torso
	7.9 Cauda Equina
	7.10 Lumbar Plexus
8 Pelvis and Hip Joint
	8.1 Palpation of Landmarks in the Pelvic and Hip Region
		8.1.1 Palpation in the Posterior Pelvic Area
		8.1.2 Palpation in the Lateral Pelvic Area
		8.1.3 Palpation in the Anterior Pelvic Area
	8.2 X-Ray and CT Scan
		8.2.1 Pelvis–Leg Overview (Anteroposterior View in the Standing Position)
		8.2.2 Pelvis–Leg Overview (Lateral View in the Standing Position)
		8.2.3 Lines and Angles to Determine Hip Dysplasia and Dislocation
		8.2.4 Rippstein II View
		8.2.5 Computed Tomography
	8.3 Pelvic Ring
		8.3.1 Bony Structure of the Pelvis
		8.3.2 Pelvic Dimensions
		8.3.3 Distribution of Forces
	8.4 Sacro-Iliac Joint
		8.4.1 Articular Surfaces
		8.4.2 Joint Capsule
		8.4.3 Ligaments
		8.4.4 Vascular Supply
		8.4.5 Innervation
		8.4.6 Axes of Motion
		8.4.7 Movements
		8.4.8 Stabilizing Structures
		8.4.9 Connection between the Sacrum and Cranium
	8.5 Pubic Symphysis
		8.5.1 Articular Surfaces
		8.5.2 Axes of Motion and Movements
		8.5.3 Ligaments
		8.5.4 Stabilizing Muscles
	8.6 Sacrococcygeal Joint
		8.6.1 Articular Surfaces
		8.6.2 Ligaments
		8.6.3 Axes of Motion and Movements
		8.6.4 Stabilizing Muscles
	8.7 Hip Joint
		8.7.1 Articular Surfaces
		8.7.2 Joint Capsule
		8.7.3 Ligaments
		8.7.4 Arterial Supply
		8.7.5 Innervation
		8.7.6 Angles in the Femoral Region
		8.7.7 Movements and Axes of Motion
		8.7.8 Biomechanics
		8.7.9 Stabilization of the Hip Joint
	8.8 Muscles of the Pelvic and Hip Regions
		8.8.1 Pelvic Diaphragm
		8.8.2 Urogenital Diaphragm
		8.8.3 Flexors of the Hip Joint
		8.8.4 Extensors of the Hip Joint
		8.8.5 Abductors of the Hip Joint
		8.8.6 Adductors of the Hip Joint
		8.8.7 External Rotators of the Hip Joint
		8.8.8 Internal Rotators of the Hip Joint
	8.9 Neural Structures in the Pelvis–Hip Area
		8.9.1 Sacral Plexus
9 Knee
	9.1 Palpation of Knee Structures
		9.1.1 Palpation of Anterior Knee Structures
		9.1.2 Palpation of Medial Knee Structures
		9.1.3 Palpation of Lateral Knee Structures
		9.1.4 Palpation of Posterior Knee Structures
	9.2 X-Ray of the Knee
		9.2.1 Anteroposterior View
		9.2.2 Lateral View
		9.2.3 Tangential View
	9.3 Knee Joint
		9.3.1 Bony Structure and Joint Surfaces
		9.3.2 Joint Capsule
		9.3.3 Central Functional Complex
		9.3.4 Anterior Functional Complex
		9.3.5 Medial Functional Complex
		9.3.6 Lateral Functional Complex
		9.3.7 Posterior Functional Complex
		9.3.8 Vascular Supply
		9.3.9 Innervation
		9.3.10 Axes of Motion and Movements
		9.3.11 Biomechanics
	9.4 Neural Structures
		9.4.1 Terminal Branches of the Sciatic Nerve
10 Foot and Ankle
	10.1 Palpation of the Structures of the Foot and Ankle
		10.1.1 Medial Region of the Foot and Ankle
		10.1.2 Dorsum of the Foot
		10.1.3 Lateral Region of the Foot and Ankle
		10.1.4 Heel
		10.1.5 Plantar Surface
	10.2 X-Ray Image
		10.2.1 Anteroposterior View
		10.2.2 Lateral View
		10.2.3 Dorsal-Plantar View
		10.2.4 Stress Views
		10.2.5 MRI
	10.3 Ankle Joint (Talocrural Joint)
		10.3.1 Bony Structures and Joint Surfaces
		10.3.2 Architecture of Cancellous (Trabecular) Bone
		10.3.3 Joint Capsule
		10.3.4 Ligaments
		10.3.5 Axes of Motion and Movements
	10.4 Tibiofibular Joint
		10.4.1 Bony Structures and Joint Surfaces of the Tibiofibular Syndesmosis
		10.4.2 Ligaments of the Tibiofibular Syndesmosis
		10.4.3 Interosseous Membrane of the Leg
		10.4.4 Bony Structures and Joint Surfaces of the Superior Tibiofibular Joint
		10.4.5 Joint Capsule of the Superior Tibiofibular Joint
		10.4.6 Ligaments of the Superior Tibiofibular Joint
		10.4.7 Axis of the Superior Tibiofibular Joint
		10.4.8 Mechanics of the Tibiofibular Connections
	10.5 Talotarsal Joint
		10.5.1 Bony Structures and Joint Surfaces of the Subtalar Joint
		10.5.2 Bony Structures and Joint Surfaces of the Talocalcaneonavicular Joint
		10.5.3 Joint Capsule
		10.5.4 Ligaments
		10.5.5 Axes and Movements
	10.6 Stabilization of the Ankle Joints
		10.6.1 Passive Stabilization
		10.6.2 Dynamic Stabilization
	10.7 Ankle Joint during Ambulation
		10.7.1 Electromyographic Muscle Activity during Ambulation
		10.7.2 Range of Motion
	10.8 Calcaneocuboid Joint
		10.8.1 Bony Structure and Joint Surfaces
		10.8.2 Joint Capsule
		10.8.3 Ligaments
		10.8.4 Axes and Movements
	10.9 Tarsal Joints
		10.9.1 Bony Structures and Joint Surfaces of the Cuneonavicular and Cuboideonavicular Joints
		10.9.2 Joint Capsule and Ligaments of the Cuneonavicular and Cuboideonavicular Joints
		10.9.3 Axes and Movements of the Cuneonavicular and Cuboideonavicular Joints
		10.9.4 Bony Structures and Joint Surfaces of the Cuneocuboid and Intercuneiform Joints
		10.9.5 Joint Capsules and Ligaments of the Cuneocuboid and Intercuneiform Joints
		10.9.6 Axes and Movements of the Cuneocuboid and Intercuneiform Joints
	10.10 Tarsometatarsal and Intermetatarsal Joints
		10.10.1 Bony Structures and Joint Surfaces
		10.10.2 Joint Capsules and Ligaments
		10.10.3 Axes and Movements of the Tarsal and Tarsometatarsal Joints
	10.11 Metatarsophalangeal and Interphalangeal Joints
		10.11.1 Bony Structures and Joint Surfaces of the Metatarsophalangeal and Interphalangeal Joints
		10.11.2 Joint Capsules and Ligaments of the Metatarsophalangeal and Interphalangeal Joints
		10.11.3 Axes and Movements
	10.12 Musculature
		10.12.1 Dorsiflexors
		10.12.2 Plantarflexors
		10.12.3 Pronators/Abductors
		10.12.4 Supinators/Adductors
		10.12.5 Muscles of the Dorsum of the Foot
		10.12.6 Plantar Muscles of the Foot
		10.12.7 Muscles of the Big Toe
		10.12.8 Muscles of the Little Toe
	10.13 Biomechanics
		10.13.1 Arches of the Foot
		10.13.2 Statics of the Foot
	10.14 Vascular Supply
	10.15 Neural Structures of the Foot and Ankle
		10.15.1 Innervation of the Joints of the Foot and Ankle
		10.15.2 Courses of the Nerves in the Foot and Ankle
Bibliography
Index