Freedom North: Black Freedom Struggles Outside the South, 1940–1980

Front Matter....Pages i-xiv
Introduction....Pages 1-15
“Double V for Victory” Mobilizes Black Detroit, 1941–1946....Pages 17-39
The World of the Illinois Panthers....Pages 41-64
Exposing the “Whole Segregation Myth”: The Harlem Nine and New York City’s School Desegregation Battles....Pages 65-91
“Negro Leadership and Negro Money”: African American Political Organizing in Oakland before the Panthers....Pages 93-123
“I’d Rather Go to School in the South”: How Boston’s School Desegregation Complicates the Civil Rights Paradigm....Pages 125-151
Religion and Radicalism: The Reverend Albert B. Cleage, Jr., and the Rise of Black Christian Nationalism in Detroit....Pages 153-175
Elijah Muhammad’s Nation of Islam: Separatism, Regendering, and a Secular Approach to Black Power after Malcolm X (1965–1975)....Pages 177-198
Black Buying Power: Welfare Rights, Consumerism, and Northern Protest....Pages 199-222
The Politics of Culture: The US Organization and the Quest for Black “Unity”....Pages 223-253
Between Social Service Reform and Revolutionary Politics: The Young Lords, Late Sixties Radicalism, and Community Organizing in New York City....Pages 255-285
It’s Nation Time in NewArk: Amiri Baraka and the Black Power Experiment in Newark, New Jersey....Pages 287-311
Afterword....Pages 313-315
Back Matter....Pages 317-326