Fine Sediment in Open Water: From Fundamentals to Modeling

Contents
Preface
1. Introduction
	Focus on near-shore marine environments
	Transport modes
	Capacity and below-capacity conditions
	Setup of this book
2. Cohesive Sediment Properties
	2.1 Microscopic cohesive sediment properties1
	2.2 Macroscopic cohesive sediment properties
	2.3 The critical state model
3. The Benthic Boundary Layer
	3.1 Introduction
	3.2 Boundary layer flow
		3.2.1 Turbulence
		3.2.2 Turbulent boundary layer in steady flow
		3.2.3 Effect of stratification on the turbulent boundary layer
		3.2.4 Wave boundary layer
	3.3 Bed shear stresses
		3.3.1 Bed shear stress in steady and tidal flow
		3.3.2 Bed shear stress for waves
		3.3.3 Effects of stratification on the bed shear stress
		3.3.4 Some further thoughts on the bed shear stress
	3.4 Vertical mixing of particles
		3.4.1 Equilibrium profiles
		3.4.2 Deviations from the parabolic eddy diffusivity profile
		3.4.3 Deviations from the Rouse profile
		3.4.4 Assessment of the settling velocity
	3.5 Turbidity and water quality
4. Settling and Deposition
	4.1 The settling velocity of mud flocs
	4.2 The deposition rate of mud flocs
	4.3 Flocculation dynamics
	4.4 Hindered settling
5. Consolidation and Strength
	5.1 Normal consolidation
	5.2 Over-consolidation and stress history
	5.3 Consolidation of slurries
6. Erosion of Cohesive Sediment: Pick-Up Functions at Below-Capacity Conditions
	6.1 Traditional erosion formulas
	6.2 Modes of erosion
	6.3 Surface and floc erosion of a cohesive bed
		6.3.1 Critical shear stress for erosion
		6.3.2 Surface erosion rate
		6.3.3 Floc erosion
	6.4 Mass erosion from a cohesive bed
	6.5 Entrainment of cohesive sediment from the fluff layer
	6.6 Erosion of sand–mud mixtures
	6.7 Biological effects
	6.8 The effects of navigation
7. Fluid Mud
	7.1 High-concentration mud suspensions
	7.2 Fluid mud formation
		7.2.1 Fluid mud formation from deposition
		7.2.2 Fluid mud formation from liquefaction
	7.3 Fluid mud properties
	7.4 Wave damping by fluid mud
	7.5 Fluid mud transport
		7.5.1 Fluid mud transport by gravity and drag
		7.5.2 Fluid mud transport by waves
	7.6 Fluid mud and navigation
8. Biological Effects
	8.1 Bio-stabilization
	8.2 Bio-deposition
		8.2.1 Bio-flocculation
		8.2.2 Bio-pelletization
	8.3 Bioturbation
	8.4 Bio-irrigation
	8.5 The role of vegetation
9. Transport and Fate of Mud in Estuaries and Tidal Basins
	9.1 Baroclinic effects
		9.1.1 Gravitational circulation
		9.1.2 Secondary effects
		9.1.3 SPM-induced density currents
	9.2 Barotropic effects
		9.2.1 Asymmetry in peak tidal velocity
			9.2.1.1 Effect of river flow and second ETM
			9.2.1.2 Asymmetry in vertical mixing
		9.2.2 Asymmetry in slack water duration
			9.2.2.1 Eulerian scour lag
			9.2.2.2 Lagrangian scour lag
			9.2.2.3 Eulerian settling lag
			9.2.2.4 Lagrangian settling lag
		9.2.3 Asymmetry in compound channels
		9.2.4 Stokes drift
	9.3 Other asymmetry effects
		9.3.1 Effects of wind
		9.3.2 Effects of waves
		9.3.3 Effects of floc size and settling velocity
	9.4 Net and gross transport in estuaries
	9.5 Harbor siltation
10. Transport and Fate of Mud in Coastal Waters
	10.1 Tidal propagation in coastal waters
	10.2 Effects of Earth’s rotation
		10.2.1 Patos Lagoon
		10.2.2 North Sea — The Dutch coastal zone
	10.3 Effects of winds
		10.3.1 Wind effects at global scale
		10.3.2 Wind effects at regional scale
	10.4 Net and gross transport rates in coastal waters
	10.5 Fairway siltation
11. The Governing Equations
	11.1 General
	11.2 The 3D shallow water equations
	11.3 The 2DH shallow water equations
	11.4 The continuous model concept
12. Model Schematization
	12.1 Sub-grid effects
	12.2 Schematization of bed processes
	12.3 Schematization long-term SPM transport
13. Good Mud-Modeling Practice
	13.1 Introduction
	13.2 The conceptual model
	13.3 From a conceptual to a numerical model
		13.3.1 Model type
		13.3.2 Modeling domain
		13.3.3 Below-capacity conditions
		13.3.4 Data requirements
	13.4 Setup of a numerical model
		13.4.1 Spatial and temporal scales
		13.4.2 Horizontal and vertical grid resolution
		13.4.3 The bed
		13.4.4 SPM fractions
	13.5 Model calibration
		13.5.1 Calibration of hydrodynamics
		13.5.2 Phenomenological calibration of sediment transport
		13.5.3 Quantitative calibration
		13.5.4 Model uncertainty
		13.5.5 Sensitivity analyses
		13.5.6 Model evaluation
	13.6 Good Modeling Practice guidelines
		13.6.1 GMP — Step I: Conceptual model
		13.6.2 GMP — Step II: Hydrodynamic model
		13.6.3 GMP — Step III: Mud model
		13.6.4 GMP — Step IV: Uncertainty
		13.6.5 GMP — Step V: Application
14. Modeling spm in Shallow Seas: The North Sea
	14.1 Introduction
	14.2 Conceptual model
		14.2.1 Model purpose
		14.2.2 System understanding
		14.2.3 Model requirements
	14.3 Hydrodynamic model
	14.4 Sediment transport model
		14.4.1 Model setup
		14.4.2 Calibration
	14.5 Model application
		14.5.1 Effects of sand mining
		14.5.2 Effect of harbor maintenance
		14.5.3 Crucial system understanding aspects
15. Modeling spm in Estuaries: The Scheldt Estuary
	15.1 Introduction
	15.2 Conceptual model
		15.2.1 Purpose of the study
		15.2.2 Research questions
		15.2.3 System understanding
		15.2.4 Model requirements
	15.3 Hydrodynamic model
	15.4 Sediment transport model
		15.4.1 Sediment fractions, properties and boundary conditions
		15.4.2 Phenomenological calibration
	15.5 Model application
		15.5.1 Crucial system understanding aspects
16. Modeling spm in Tidal Rivers: The Lower Ems River
	16.1 Introduction
	16.2 Conceptual model
		16.2.1 Purpose of the study
		16.2.2 Aims and research questions
		16.2.3 System understanding
		16.2.4 Model requirements
	16.3 Hydrodynamic model
		16.3.1 Grid resolution
		16.3.2 Calibration and validation
		16.3.3 Analysis hydrodynamics
	16.4 Sediment transport model
		16.4.1 Model setup
		16.4.2 Qualitative calibration
		16.4.3 Quantitative calibration
	16.5 Model application
		16.5.1 Crucial system understanding aspects
17. Modeling spm in Shallow Lakes: Lake Markermeer
	17.1 Introduction
	17.2 Conceptual model
		17.2.1 Purpose of the study
		17.2.2 Aims and research questions
		17.2.3 System understanding
		17.2.4 Model requirements
	17.3 Hydrodynamic model
		17.3.1 Model domain and grid resolution
		17.3.2 Calibration and validation
		17.3.3 Analysis of hydrodynamics
	17.4 Sediment transport model
		17.4.1 Model setup
		17.4.2 Calibration and validation
		17.4.3 Calibration procedure
			17.4.3.1 Calibration in 1DV mode
			17.4.3.2 Calibration in 3D mode
			17.4.3.3 Validation
	17.5 Model application
		17.5.1 Crucial system understanding aspects
18. Modeling spm in Harbor Basins: Port of Antwerp
	18.1 Introduction
	18.2 Conceptual model
		18.2.1 Purpose of the study
		18.2.2 Aims and research questions
		18.2.3 System understanding
		18.2.4 Model requirements
	18.3 Hydrodynamic model
		18.3.1 Grid design and boundary conditions
		18.3.2 Calibration and validation
		18.3.3 Analysis hydrodynamics
	18.4 Sediment transport model
		18.4.1 Sediment fractions, properties and boundary conditions
		18.4.2 Phenomenological calibration
	18.5 Model application
		18.5.1 Crucial system understanding aspects
Appendix A Measuring Fine Sediment Properties
	A.1 Sampling and storage
	A.2 Bulk and dry density, organic and carbonate content
	A.3 Particle size distribution
	A.4 Atterberg limits
	A.5 Zeta potential
	A.6 Mechanical properties — Rheology
	A.7 Mechanical properties — Slump test
	A.8 Settling and consolidation
	A.9 Capillary suction time
Appendix B Terminology
Nomenclature
Bibliography
Index