Femtosecond Beam Science

Contents......Page 8
Preface......Page 6
1. Introduction......Page 14
2.1.1.1 Principle of mode locking for short pulse generation......Page 20
2.1.1.2 Mode-locking techniques......Page 23
2.1.2.1 Chirped pulse amplification principle......Page 28
2.1.2.2 Stretcher/compressor operation......Page 29
2.1.2.3 The Offner triplet configuration......Page 30
2.1.3 Amplification process......Page 31
2.1.3.1 Regenerative amplification......Page 32
2.1.3.2 Multipass amplification......Page 33
2.1.3.3 20-TW laser system......Page 35
2.2.1.1 RF cavity and laser......Page 37
2.2.1.2 Cathode and quantum efficiency......Page 42
2.2.1.3 Emittance control......Page 44
2.2.2.1 Analogy with chirped pulse amplification (CPA) for femtosecond lasers......Page 53
2.2.2.2 Theory......Page 54
2.2.2.3 Experiment......Page 59
2.2.2.5 Effect of CSR force......Page 63
2.2.3 Velocity bunching......Page 66
2.2.3.1 Theory......Page 67
2.2.3.2 Application to the SPARC project......Page 73
2.2.3.3 Experiments......Page 74
2.2.4.1 Staged electron laser acceleration (STELLA)......Page 76
2.2.4.2 Future potential issues......Page 83
2.3.1 Synchrotron......Page 84
2.3.1.1 Bunch length in synchrotron and storage ring......Page 85
2.3.1.2 Small p and intrinsic problems......Page 87
2.3.1.3 Intrinsic bunch length in an electron storage ring......Page 90
2.3.1.4 Microwave instability......Page 91
2.3.2.1 Strong longitudinal focusing......Page 93
2.3.2.2 Coherent synchrotron radiation and stability criteria......Page 95
2.3.2.3 Selected results of computer simulations......Page 99
2.3.2.4 Proposed applications of femtosecond elec- tron bunches in storage rings......Page 100
2.4.1.1 Laser plasma wake field acceleration......Page 103
2.4.1.2 Laser injected laser accelerator concept (LILAC)......Page 108
2.4.1.3 Plasma cathode: colliding pulse optical injection......Page 118
2.4.1.4 Electron injection due to Langmuir wave breaking......Page 130
2.4.1.5 Plasma cathode by self-injection......Page 141
2.4.2.1 Mechanism......Page 152
2.4.2.2 Low intensity laser case......Page 154
2.4.2.3 Moderate intensity laser case......Page 155
2.4.2.4 Ultra-intense laser case......Page 158
2.4.2.5 Ion acceleration in a solitary wave......Page 160
2.4.3.2 Measurement......Page 163
2.4.3.3 Numerical analysis to enhance intensity......Page 166
2.4.3.4 Nonlinear Thomson scattering......Page 168
2.4.4.1 Magnetic field enhancement scheme......Page 171
2.4.4.2 Terawatt laser excitation scheme......Page 176
2.4.5.1 Cluster science......Page 178
2.4.5.3 Neutron generation......Page 179
2.4.5.4 Numerical simulation......Page 182
2.4.5.5 High efficiency neutron source......Page 184
2.4.6.1 Processes of positron production using lasers......Page 185
2.4.6.2 Laser–solid interaction......Page 187
2.4.6.3 Laser–gas-jet interaction......Page 188
2.4.6.4 Radioactive isotopes......Page 189
2.5.1.1 Laser synchrotron source......Page 191
2.5.1.2 Fundamental aspects of laser synchrotron source......Page 193
2.5.1.3 Application of LSS: Polarized photon and positron production......Page 198
2.5.2.1 Thomson scattering in the Jefferson Lab infrared FEL......Page 206
2.5.2.2 Measurements of intra-cavity Thomson X-ray......Page 209
2.5.2.4 Conclusions and future program......Page 211
Acknowledgments......Page 213
2.6 Beam Slicing by Femtosecond Laser......Page 215
2.7.1 Femtosecond infrared free electron laser......Page 220
2.7.2 Femtosecond X-ray free electron laser......Page 224
2.8 Energy Recovery Linac......Page 227
Bibliography......Page 234
3.1.1 Streak camera......Page 252
3.1.1.2 Consistent characteristic impedance matched deflection circuit......Page 253
3.1.1.3 Measurement example......Page 255
3.1.2 Coherent radiation interferometer......Page 258
3.1.2.1 Technique......Page 259
3.1.2.2 Michelson interferometer......Page 262
3.1.2.3 Bunch length measurements with coherent diffraction radiation......Page 268
3.1.2.4 Pulse shape reconstruction procedure......Page 272
3.1.3.1 Single-shot measurement......Page 283
3.1.3.2 10-channel polychromator......Page 284
3.1.3.3 Bunch length measurement......Page 285
3.1.4.1 Theory......Page 288
3.1.4.2 Discussion......Page 290
3.1.4.3 Experiment......Page 292
3.1.4.4 Fluctuation in time domain......Page 293
3.1.5.1 Theoretical discussion......Page 297
3.1.5.2 Experimental discussion......Page 298
3.1.6.1 Electro-optical method......Page 304
3.1.6.2 T-cavity method......Page 306
3.1.7 Low jitter X-ray streak camera......Page 308
3.2 Synchronization......Page 313
3.2.1.1 S-band linacs (thermionic and RF gun vs. active-mode-locked Ti:Sapphire laser)......Page 314
3.2.1.2 Upgraded timing system......Page 319
3.2.1.3 Timing jitter source in laser oscillators......Page 320
3.2.1.4 Timing jitter source in a linac......Page 325
3.2.1.5 Overall evaluation......Page 327
3.2.2 Laser vs. synchrotron......Page 331
3.2.2.1 Synchronization scheme and timing monitor......Page 332
3.2.2.2 Performance of the synchronization at Spring-8......Page 334
3.2.2.3 Synchronous mechanical chopper......Page 339
3.2.2.4 Time-resolved measurements using an X-ray streak camera......Page 340
3.2.2.5 Prospects for femtosecond timing control......Page 342
Bibliography......Page 344
4.1.1.1 History of picosecond and subpicosecond pulse radiolysis......Page 350
4.1.1.2 Time resolution of pulse radiolysis......Page 354
4.1.1.3 Subpicosecond pulse radiolysis system......Page 356
4.1.1.4 Jitter compensation system for highly time-resolved measurements......Page 358
4.1.1.5 Early processes of radiation chemistry......Page 359
4.1.1.6 Application to materials for nanotechnology......Page 362
4.1.2.1 Supercritical xenon chemistry......Page 364
4.1.2.2 Ultrafast water chemistry......Page 369
Acknowledgments......Page 373
4.1.3.1 Supercritical water and its importance......Page 374
4.1.3.2 Pulse radiolysis experimental setup for supercritical water......Page 375
4.1.3.3 Examples of pulse radiolysis studies on supercritical water......Page 376
4.1.3.4 Future subjects......Page 377
4.2.1.1 Ultrafast microscopic dynamics......Page 379
4.2.1.2 Strain wave in crystals......Page 381
4.2.1.3 Experiments......Page 382
4.2.2.1 Shock compression science......Page 388
4.2.2.2 X-ray diffraction of shocked solids......Page 389
4.2.2.3 Laser shock......Page 390
4.2.2.4 Laser plasma hard X-ray pulses......Page 391
4.2.2.5 Ultrafast time-resolved X-ray diffraction of shock compressed silicon......Page 393
4.2.2.6 Summary......Page 397
4.2.3.1 Optical switching of X-rays using transient expansion of crystal lattice......Page 398
4.2.3.2 X-ray shutter using optical switch......Page 400
4.3 Protein Dynamics......Page 403
4.4.1 Ultrafast phenomena and numerical modeling......Page 412
4.4.2 Molecular dynamics simulation including light interactions......Page 414
4.4.3 Quantum molecular dynamics simulation including light interactions......Page 418
Bibliography......Page 424
Index......Page 434