Feed Additives: Aromatic Plants and Herbs in Animal Nutrition and Health

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FEED ADDITIVES: AROMATIC PLANTS AND HERBS IN ANIMAL NUTRITION AND HEALTH
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Contributors
Preface
1. The history of herbs, medicinal and aromatic plants, and their extracts: past, current situation and future perspectives
	Introduction
	Worldwide use of aromatic plants throughout history
	Current situation on the use of aromatic plants and herbs in human and veterinary medicine, plant sustainability, and safet ...
	Future perspectives
	References
2. Innovative uses of aromatic plants as natural supplements in nutrition
	Introduction
	Bioactive compounds of aromatic plants
	Biological properties of aromatic plants (functional foods) nutrigenomics
		Modes of action
	Aromatic plants as dietary supplements
		Aromatic plants as growth promoters
		Aromatic plants as antimicrobials
		Aromatic plants as immunostimulators
		Aromatic plants as antioxidants
		Aromatic plants as flavourings
		Aromatic plants as pigments
		Aromatic plants of preservatives
	Conclusions
	References
3. Herbs and aromatic plants as feed additives: aspects of composition, safety, and registration rules
	Introduction
	Plants and herbal products used as feed additives
		Plant species
		Herbal preparations
			Identification of the starting material
			Natural variation of the plant material
			Agricultural practices and harvesting
			Contaminations
			Identification of the “active” substances
			Product consistency and stability
			Hazard identification and characterization
			Risk characterization
	Chemistry and activity
		Carvacrol and thymol
		Camphor and 1,8-cineole
		Cinnamaldehyde
		Eugenol
		Essential oils or aromachemical blends
			Organic acids
				Benzoic acid
				Rosmarinic acid
			Fatty acids
				Lauric acid
			Inulin
			Rosemary
			Capsaicin
			Flavonoids
				Tannins
			Betaine
			Polysaccharides
			Resveratrol
			Artemisinin
			Tocopherol and turmeric
			Saffron
			Sage
			Mulberry Leaf, Japanese Honeysuckle, Goldthread
	Legal status of feed additives
	Conclusion
	References
	Further reading
4. Sustainable use of mediterranean medicinal-aromatic plants
	Valuable properties of medicinal and aromatic plants (MAPs) and herbal medicinal products
	European market of medicinal and aromatic plants: trends, challenges, and the value chain
	Mediterranean medicinal and aromatic plants: wealth, uniqueness, and risks
	From wild to cultivation: conservation and sustainable exploitation of phytogenetic resources of maps
	Research on propagation of native maps: a key for sustainable exploitation
	Pilot fields: a step closer to new crops
	References
5. Aromatic plants and their extracts pharmacokinetics and in vitro/in vivo mechanisms of action
	Introduction
	Antimicrobial effects of aromatic plants and their EOs
	Antioxidant effects of aromatic plants
	Effects on performance, digestibility, and intestinal functions in animals
	Acknowledgments
	References
6. Distribution of aromatic plants in the world and their properties
	Introduction
	Historic preview
	Definition of medicinal and aromatic plants
	Classification
		Classification of aromatic plants
	Distribution pattern in the world market
	Uses of aromatic plants
	Present status and conservation initiatives
	Conclusion and way forward
	References
7. Herbal extracts as antiviral agents
	Introduction
	Poultry
		Newcastle disease virus
			Aloe species
			Azadirachta indica (neem)
			Commiphora swynnertonii (Burtt)
		Avian influenza virus
			Camellia sinensis (green tea)
			Eugenia jambolana Lam
			NAS preparation
			Echinacea purpurea (purple coneflower)
			Sambucus nigra L. (elderberries)
		Infectious bursal disease virus (IBDV)
			Ocimum sanctum and Argemone mexicana
			Combined extracts of rhizoma Dryopteridis crassirhizomatis and Fructus mume (RDCFM)
			Other medicinal plants
	Swine
		Swine flu
			Liquorice
			Giloy (Guduchi)
			Neem
			Ginger
			Garlic
		Porcine circovirus (PCV)
			Sickle-leaved hare's ear
		Porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (PEDV)
			Horny goat weed
			Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV)
		Tea seed
	Ruminants
		Foot and mouth disease (FMD)
			Kombucha
			Honey
		Bovine viral diarrhea
			Basil
		Peste des petits ruminants
			Goat weed
	Conclusion
	References
8. Functional ingredients derived from aromatic plants
	Introduction
	Essential oils
		Chemical composition of essential oils
		Biological activities of essential oils
			Antibacterial and antifungal activities of essential oils
			Antioxidant activity of essential oils
	Uses and applications
	Conclusions
	Acknowledgments
	References
	Further reading
9. Toxic or harmful components of aromatic plants in animal nutrition
	Aromatic plants: toxicological properties in view of their ecological function
	Sensation—selection behavior—co-existence as essentials of the plant–animal interaction
	Potential adverse principles/traits of aromatic plants in animal nutrition
	References
	Further reading
10. Application of aromatic plants and their extracts in diets of broiler chickens
	Introduction
	Mode of actions of aromatic medicinal plants, spices, or herbs, their extracts or essential oils in poultry
		Palatability and feed intake
		Growth Performance
		Feed utilization
		Antioxidant and antiinflammatory actions
		Antimicrobial activity
		Effects on intestinal function
		Energy sparing effect
	Future implementations and conclusions
	References
11. Application of aromatic plants and their extracts in the diets of laying hens
	Introduction
	Aromatic plants in layer well-being
		Gut microbiota modulation
		Stress
			Behavior
			Temperature stress
			Oxidative stress
		Immune regulation
		Skeletal development
	Performance
		Feed conversion ratio (FCR) and feed intake
		Egg production including egg weight
	Egg characteristics
		Antioxidant stability
		Egg composition
		Egg shell
		Sensory evaluation
	Conclusion
	References
12. Application of aromatic plants and their extracts in diets of turkeys
	Introduction
	Antimicrobial action
	Plant-derived chemicals contribute to food microbial safety
	Opportunities to naturally improve antioxidant capacity
	Initial attempts to enhance immunity
	Specific effect on gut morphology and function
	Phytogenic compounds offer novel strategies to control Histomonas meleagridis
	Effects on growth performance
	Conclusions and areas for future research
	References
13. Application of plant essential oils in pig diets
	Introduction
	Application of EOs in weaning piglets
		Performance response generated by EOs
		Antimicrobial activity
		Anti-oxidative effects
			Improved barrier function of the intestine
	Application of EOs in sows
	Application of EOs in boars
	Effect of oregano oil against transportation stress
	Conclusions
	References
	Further reading
14. Application of aromatic plants and their extracts in aquaculture
	Introduction
	Applications of aromatic plants and their extracts in aquaculture
		Improved health and immunostimulation
		Nutrition and stimulation of growth and appetite
		Antiparasitic activity
	Latest properties discovered and possible uses
	Current regulatory status and future perspectives
	References
15. Application of aromatic plants and their extracts in dairy animals
	Introduction
	Extraction methods of essential oils and use of abioc in animal nutrition
	Aromatic plants and their extracts as modifiers of rumen fermentation
	Aromatics plant antimicrobial activities: effect on ruminant immune system
	Aromatics plant antioxidant activities in dairy animals
	Aromatic plants and their extracts as enhancer udder health
	Conclusions and Future Direction
	References
16. The effects of aromatic plants and their extracts in food products
	Introduction
	Application of aromatic herbs in food
		Effects in food
		Application in different food systems
		Cereal grains
		Bread and bakery products
		Biscuits
		Products of animal origin (meat, fish, dairy products)
		Fruits and vegetables
		Use of EOs in active packaging systems
	Conclusion
	References
17. The effects of plant extracts on the immune system of livestock: the isoquinoline alkaloids model
	AGP removal and gut health
	The use of antimicrobials and the risk of antimicrobial resistance
	The public health concern
	The role of the mucosal immune system
	The role of NF-κB
	Causes and consequences of intestinal inflammation
	Plant metabolites with antiinflammatory properties
	Nonnitrogen secondary metabolites
	Nitrogen secondary metabolites
	Isoquinoline alkaloids
	Mode of action of isoquinoline alkaloids: inhibition of NF-κB activation
	Consequences of reducing inflammation with isoquinoline alkaloids
	Isoquinoline alkaloids, and gut health and stress
	Regulating intestinal inflammation and the effects on animal performance
	References
18. Effects of phytobiotics in healthy or disease challenged animals
	Introduction
	Aromatic and medicinal plants, herbs, their extracts and essential oils as feed additives
	In vitro and in vivo antimicrobial and antiparasitic activities of aromatic and medicinal plants, herbs, their extracts and ...
		Coccidial infections
		Necrotic enteritis
		Campylobacter infection
	In vitro and in vivo antimicrobial activities of aromatic and medicinal plants, herbs, their extracts and essential oils in ...
	In vitro and in vivo antistress activities of aromatic and medicinal plants, herbs, their extracts and essential oils in ru ...
	Effects of dietary phytobiotics in rabbits
	Conclusions
	References
19. Resistance of bacteria, fungi, and parasites to antibiotics or natural substances of botanical origin
	Introduction
	Antibiotics target specific cellular processes
	Mechanisms of antimicrobial resistance
	Antimicrobial of botanical origin
	Plant-derived antiquorum sensing compounds
	Conclusions
	References
Index
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