Facilitated Transport Membranes (FTMs) for CO2 Capture: Overview and Future Trends

Preface
Contents
1 Introduction
	1.1 Carbon Dioxide (CO2) Capture Technologies
		1.1.1 Amine Absorption Technique
		1.1.2 Pressure Swing Adsorption (PSA) Technique
		1.1.3 Cryogenic Air Separation Technique
		1.1.4 Membrane Technology
	1.2 Membrane Technology
		1.2.1 Historical Background
		1.2.2 Fundamental Concept
		1.2.3 Classification of Membranes
		1.2.4 Transport Mechanisms
		1.2.5 Membrane Gas Separation Applications
	1.3 Global Warming and CO2 Capture
		1.3.1 CO2 Capture Processes
	1.4 Facilitated Transport Membranes (FTMs)
		1.4.1 Types of FTMs
		1.4.2 Transport Phenomena in Facilitated Transport Membranes (FTMs)
		1.4.3 Membrane Materials
		1.4.4 Advantages and Characteristics of FTMs for CO2 Separation Applications
	1.5 Conclusion
	References
2 Facilitated Transport Membranes (FTMs) Gas Transport Models and Reaction Mechanism
	2.1 FTMs and Its Gas Transport Mechanism
		2.1.1 Co-transport Process Reaction Mechanism
		2.1.2 Counter-Transport Process Reaction Mechanism
	2.2 Types of Carrier Mediated FTMs Gas Transport Mechanism
		2.2.1 Component Transport by Vehicle Mechanism (Fig. 2.3a)
		2.2.2 Component Jumping on Fixed Sites Mechanism (Fig. 2.3b)
		2.2.3 Component Jumping on Mobile Sites Mechanism (Fig. 2.3c)
	2.3 Facilitated Transport Reaction (FTR) Chemistry
		2.3.1 Facilitated Proton Transport (FPT) Reaction
		2.3.2 Facilitated Transport Nucleophilic Addition Reaction (NAR)
		2.3.3 Facilitated Transport Pi (π) Complexation Reaction
		2.3.4 Facilitated Transport Via Electrochemical Reaction
	2.4 Gas Transport Model for FTMs
	2.5 Conclusion and Future Recommendations
	References
3 Fabrication, Characterization, and Design of Facilitated Transport Membranes (FTMs)
	3.1 Introduction
	3.2 Fabrication Techniques for FTMs
		3.2.1 Solution Casting
		3.2.2 Dip Coating
		3.2.3 Interfacial Polymerization
		3.2.4 Free Radical Polymerization
		3.2.5 Spin Coating
		3.2.6 Chemical Vapour Deposition
		3.2.7 Atomic Layer Deposition
		3.2.8 Vacuum Method
	3.3 Fabrication Techniques for Carrier Medium
		3.3.1 Modified Polymer Directed Chemical Synthesis
		3.3.2 In-Situ Growth of Nanoparticles
		3.3.3 Rapid Room Temperature Synthesis
		3.3.4 Co-precipitation Method
		3.3.5 Hydrothermal Method
		3.3.6 Stöber Method
		3.3.7 Solvothermal Method
		3.3.8 Schiff Base Condensation Reaction
		3.3.9 Facile Modification Method
		3.3.10 Co-condensation Method
		3.3.11 Sonochemical Method
		3.3.12 Etching and Soaking Method
		3.3.13 Ion Exchange Method
		3.3.14 Modified Hummers Method
	3.4 Testing and Characterization of FTMs and Carrier Particles
		3.4.1 Gas Permeation Testing
		3.4.2 Fourier Transform Infra-Red (FT-IR) Spectroscopy
		3.4.3 Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) Analysis
		3.4.4 X-ray Diffraction (XRD) Analysis
		3.4.5 Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM) Analysis
		3.4.6 Water Uptake Tests
		3.4.7 Atomic Force Microscopy (AFM) Analysis
		3.4.8 Porosity Tests
		3.4.9 Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) Analysis
	3.5 Current Trends and Future Recommendations
	3.6 Conclusion
	References
4 Facilitated Transport Membranes (FTMs) for Natural Gas Purification (CO2/CH4)
	4.1 Introduction
	4.2 Recent Advancements of FTMs for Natural Gas Purification (CO2/CH4)
	4.3 Trade-Off Robeson Plot of FTMs for NG Purification—CO2/CH4 Separation
	4.4 Conclusion and Future Recommendations
	References
5 Facilitated Transport Membranes (FTMs) for Biogas Purification (CO2/CH4)
	5.1 Introduction
	5.2 Recent Development of FTMs for Biogas Purification
	5.3 Trade-Off Robeson Plot of FTMs for Biogas Purification—CO2/CH4 Separation
	5.4 Conclusion and Future Perspectives
	References
6 Facilitated Transport Membranes (FTMs) for Syngas Purification (CO2/H2)
	6.1 Introduction
	6.2 Membrane Technology for Hydrogen (H2) Purification
		6.2.1 Facilitated Transport Membranes (FTMs) for CO2/H2 Separation
		6.2.2 Recent Advancement of FTMs for Syngas Purification (CO2/H2)
	6.3 Trade-Off Robeson Plot of FTMs for Syngas Purification—CO2/H2 Separation
	6.4 Conclusion and Future Recommendations
	References
7 Facilitated Transport Membranes (FTMs) for CO2 Separation from Flue Gas (CO2/N2)
	7.1 Introduction
	7.2 Facilitated Transport Membranes (FTMs) for CO2/N2 Separation
		7.2.1 Amine-Based Pure and Blended FTMs for CO2/N2 Separation
		7.2.2 Other Types of Carriers-Based FTMs for CO2/N2 Separation
		7.2.3 Recent Advancements in FTMs for CO2/N2 Separation
	7.3 Trade-Off Robeson Plot of FTMs for Flue Gas (CO2/N2) Separation
	7.4 Challenges of FTMs for Improved CO2 Separation from Flue Gas
	7.5 Conclusion and Future Recommendations
	References
8 Carbon Dioxide (CO2) Gas Storage and Utilization
	8.1 Introduction
	8.2 Storage of Carbon Dioxide (CO2) Gas
		8.2.1 Synthetic Porous Solids for Storage of CO2
		8.2.2 Geological Storage of CO2
	8.3 CO2 Gas Utilization and Its Products
		8.3.1 CO2 as Feed Stock for Production of Chemicals
		8.3.2 CO2 Utilization for Fuel Production
		8.3.3 CO2 Employment for Biofuel/renewable Energy Sources
		8.3.4 Dual-Function Materials (DFMs) for In-Situ CO2 Conversion and Utilization
		8.3.5 CO2 Utilization with Fly Ash
		8.3.6 Utilization of CO2 for Enhanced Gas and Oil Recovery
		8.3.7 CO2 Employment for Mineral Production
		8.3.8 CO2 Employment for Desalination and Water Treatment
	8.4 Combined CO2 Capture and Storage
	8.5 Current Challenges and Future Prospects
	8.6 Conclusion
	References
9 Techno-economic Analysis of Facilitated Transport Membranes (FTMs) Based CO2 Separation Processes
	9.1 Process Design Analysis of FTMs Based CO2 Capture from Flue Gas and Natural Gas
		9.1.1 Process Design Analysis of FTM Based CO2 Capture from Natural Gas
		9.1.2 Process Design Analysis of FTM Based CO2 Capture from Flue Gas
	9.2 Process Design Analysis of FTM Based CO2 Separation from Syngas
	9.3 Conclusion
	References
10 Conclusions and Future Trends