Eye Tracking: Background, Methods, and Applications (Neuromethods, 183)

Preface
Preface to the Series
Contents
Contributors
Chapter 1: The Eyes as a Window to the Brain and Mind
	1 Introduction
	2 Eye Movements: Why Study  Them?
	3 Eye Tracking: How Does It  Work?
	4 Looking Back at Past Research
		4.1 Reading
		4.2 Transition from Static to Mobile Devices
		4.3 Scanning the Field Ahead
			4.3.1 Mobile Eye Tracking
				Difficulties with Mobile Eye Tracking
			4.3.2 Clinical Assessment and Disease Biomarkers
			4.3.3 Human-Computer Interaction
			4.3.4 Psychology and Human Performance
	5 Looking to the Future of Eye Movement Research
	6 Conclusions
	References
Chapter 2: A Brief History of Eye Movement Research
	1 Background
	2 Seventeenth Century
	3 Eighteenth Century
	4 Nineteenth Century
	5 Twentieth Century and Beyond
	6 Conclusions
	References
Chapter 3: Eye Tracking Hardware: Past to Present, and Beyond
	1 A History of Eye Tracking Hardware Development
	2 Video-Oculography
	3 Other Modalities
	4 Calibration
	5 Eye Trackers Architectures
	6 How to Choose the Eye Tracker
		6.1 Parameters of the Eye Trackers
		6.2 Eye Tracker Producers
		6.3 Retail Prices of the Eye Trackers
		6.4 Typical Problems During Experiments
	7 Summary
	References
4: Methods and Models of Eye-Tracking in Natural Environments
	1 Methods of Gaze Recording: From Experimental Setups to Real-World Tasks
		1.1 Natural Gaze Recordings
		1.2 Embodied Saliency
	2 Modelling of Gaze in Experimental Setups
	3 Modelling of Gaze in the Real World
	References
5: Definition, Modeling, and Detection of Saccades in the Face of Post-saccadic Oscillations
	1 Introduction
	2 Methods
		2.1 Modeling Saccade Trajectories
		2.2 Predicting Eyeball Motion from Pupil Motion
		2.3 Direction-Based and Velocity-Based Detection of Saccades and Post-Saccadic Oscillations
		2.4 Simulation of Saccades and Post-Saccadic Oscillations for Classification-Based Detection
	3 Conclusions
	References
6: Natural Gaze Informatics: Toward Intelligence Assisted Wheelchair Mobility
	1 Introduction
		1.1 Gaze-Based Interaction and the Midas Touch Problem
		1.2 Visual User Interfaces to Steer a Wheelchair Using Dwell Time and Gaze Gestures
		1.3 Gaze Interaction in Virtual Reality
	2 Materials
	3 Methods
		3.1 Toward Naturalistic Gaze Behavior for Controlling a Wheelchair
		3.2 Is It possible to Fully Address Midas Touch in Gaze Assisted Wheelchair Control?
		3.3 Natural Gaze Data-Driven Wheelchair
		3.4 Gaze-Contingent Decoding of Human Navigation Intention on an Autonomous Wheelchair Platform
	4 Notes
	References
Chapter 7: Eye Tracker Outcomes from Static, Mobile, Virtual Reality Eye Tracking Devices
	1 Introduction
		1.1 Calibration
	2 Data Quality in Static and Mobile Eye Trackers
	3 VR-Based Eye Tracking
	4 Data Analysis
		4.1 Areas of Interest
	5 Measures of Visual Behavior
		5.1 Fixation
		5.2 Saccades
		5.3 Smooth Pursuit Eye Movements (SPEMs)
	6 Ease of Use
	7 Use Case: Mobile Eye Tracker in Sport Research
		7.1 Methods
		7.2 Results
	8 Use Case Static Eye Tracker in Medical Research: Circular Smooth Pursuit Assessment of mTBI
		8.1 Methods
		8.2 Results
		8.3 Discussion
	9 Use Case Virtual Reality Eye Tracker: Influence of Virtual Reality Height Exposure on Cognitive Load and Visual Processing D...
		9.1 Methods
		9.2 Results
	10 Conclusions
	References
Chapter 8: Translating Attentional Control Theory to Applied Psychological Eye Tracking Research
	1 Background
	2 Attentional Bias for Threatening Stimuli
	3 Vigilance  Bias
	4 Translating Eye Movement Metrics to Applied Contexts
	5 Maintenance Versus Avoidance  Bias
	6 Processing Efficiency
	7 Transferred Versus Retrofitted Outcome Measures
	8 Case Study: Adaptive Gait in Older Adults
	9 Conclusion
	References
Chapter 9: Eye Tracking Application to Understand the Visual Control of Locomotion
	1 Introduction
	2 A Protocol to Assess the Visual Control of Locomotion
	3 Experiment #1: Online Versus Feedforward Control While Walking over Visual Cues
	4 Experiment #2: Early Gaze Deviation-A Potential Risk for Tripping
	5 Conclusion
	References
Chapter 10: Eye Movement in User Experience and Human-Computer Interaction Research
	1 Introduction
	2 Using Eye Movements in UX and HCI Research; Assumptions and Applications
	3 Fixation-Related Metrics in UX and HCI Research
	4 Saccade-Related Metrics in UX and HCI Research
	5 Scanpath-Related Metrics in UX and HCI Research
	6 Examples of Pioneering UX and HCI Studies Involving Eye-Movement Metrics
	7 Examples of Recent UX and HCI Studies Involving Eye-Movement Metrics
	8 Trends in Eye-Movement Research on UX and  HCI
	9 Conclusion
	References
Chapter 11: Eye Movement in Neurological Disorders
	1 Introduction
	2 Methods, Materials, and Measures
		2.1 Subjective Clinical Assessment of Eye Movement
		2.2 Objective Eye-Tracking Assessments
	3 Neurological Conditions
		3.1 Basal Ganglia Disorders
			3.1.1 Parkinson´s Disease
			3.1.2 Huntington´s Disease
		3.2 Dementia
			3.2.1 Alzheimer´s Disease
			3.2.2 Dementia with Lewy Bodies and Parkinson´s Disease Dementia
		3.3 Multiple Sclerosis
		3.4 Stroke
		3.5 Traumatic Brain Injury
	4 Discussion
		4.1 Eye Movements as a Disease/Surrogate Biomarker
		4.2 Functional Impact of Eye Movement Impairments
		4.3 Treatment of Eye Movement Impairment
	5 Conclusion
	References
Chapter 12: Eye Movements in Sports Research and Practice: Immersive Technologies as Optimal Environments for the Study of Gaz...
	1 Introduction
	2 Eye Tracking in Sport
	3 Immersive Technologies for Sports Simulation
		3.1 Hardware
		3.2 Software and Analysis
		3.3 Challenges and Limitations
	4 Conclusions
	References
Index