Exploring psychology

Cover Page......Page 2
 Inside Front Cover......Page 3
 Title Page......Page 7
 Copyright Page......Page 8
 Dedication Page......Page 10
 About the Author......Page 11
 Brief Contents......Page 15
 Contents......Page 17
 Instructor Preface......Page 30
 In Appreciation......Page 78
 Student Preface......Page 91
Chapter 1 Thinking Critically With Psychological Science......Page 113
  Psychology is a science......Page 117
  Thinking Critically About The Scientific Attitude......Page 120
  Psychological science is born......Page 124
  Psychological science matures......Page 132
  Contemporary psychology......Page 136
  Review: The History and Scope of Psychology......Page 158
  The need for psychological science......Page 164
  Psychological science in a post-truth world......Page 172
  The scientific method......Page 177
  Thinking Critically About Correlation and Causation......Page 197
  Psychology’s research ethics......Page 215
  Use psychology to become a stronger person—and a better student......Page 224
  Review: Research Strategies: How Psychologists Ask and Answer Questions......Page 232
Chapter 2 The Biology of Behavior......Page 239
  Biology, behavior, and mind......Page 243
  The power of plasticity......Page 246
  Neural communication......Page 247
  The nervous system......Page 264
  The endocrine system......Page 274
  Review: Neural and Hormonal Systems......Page 278
  The tools of discovery: having our head examined......Page 284
  Older brain structures......Page 294
  The limbic system......Page 301
  Review: Tools of Discovery, Older Brain Structures, and the Limbic System......Page 310
 The Cerebral Cortex......Page 315
  Structure of the cortex......Page 316
  Functions of the cortex......Page 318
  Thinking Critically About Using More Than 10 Percent of Our Brain......Page 326
  Responses to damage......Page 330
  The divided brain......Page 334
  Review: The Cerebral Cortex......Page 345
  Behavior genetics: predicting individual differences......Page 349
  Evolutionary psychology: understanding human nature......Page 371
  Review: Genetics, Evolutionary Psychology, and Behavior......Page 380
Chapter 3 Consciousness and the Two-Track Mind......Page 385
  Defining consciousness......Page 388
  Cognitive neuroscience......Page 391
  Selective attention......Page 394
  Dual processing: the two-track mind......Page 402
  Review: Consciousness: Some Basic Concepts......Page 408
 Sleep and Dreams......Page 411
  Biological rhythms and sleep......Page 412
  Why do we sleep?......Page 428
  Sleep deprivation and sleep disorders......Page 432
  Dreams......Page 446
  Review: Sleep and Dreams......Page 457
  Tolerance and addiction in substance use disorders......Page 462
  Thinking Critically About Tolerance and Addiction......Page 465
  Types of psychoactive drugs......Page 466
  Influences on drug use......Page 493
  Review: Drugs and Consciousness......Page 503
Chapter 4 Developing Through the Life Span......Page 508
  Developmental psychology’s major issues......Page 512
  Prenatal development and the newborn......Page 520
  Review: Developmental Issues, Prenatal Development, and the Newborn......Page 531
  Physical development......Page 534
  Cognitive development......Page 545
  Social development......Page 572
  Thinking Critically About Parenting Styles......Page 594
  Review: Infancy and Childhood......Page 597
 Adolescence......Page 602
  Physical development......Page 603
  Cognitive development......Page 609
  Social development......Page 618
  Emerging adulthood......Page 633
  Review: Adolescence......Page 637
  Physical development......Page 640
  Cognitive development......Page 650
  Social development......Page 656
  Review: Adulthood......Page 673
Chapter 5 Sex, Gender, and Sexuality......Page 676
 Gender Development......Page 679
  How Are We Alike? How Do We Differ?......Page 680
  Thinking Critically About Gender Bias in the Workplace......Page 685
  The Nature of Gender: Our Biological Sex......Page 689
  The Nurture of Gender: Our Culture and Experiences......Page 698
  Thinking Critically About Sexual Aggression......Page 703
  Review: Gender Development......Page 710
  The Physiology of Sex......Page 715
  The Psychology of Sex......Page 726
  Sexual Orientation......Page 737
  An Evolutionary Explanation of Human Sexuality......Page 755
  Sex and Human Relationships......Page 765
  Reflections on the Nature and Nurture of Sex, Gender, and Sexuality......Page 766
  Review: Human Sexuality......Page 769
Chapter 6 Sensation and Perception......Page 773
  Processing Sensations and Perceptions......Page 777
  Transduction......Page 781
  Thresholds......Page 782
  Thinking Critically About Subliminal Sensation and Subliminal Persuasion......Page 788
  Sensory Adaptation......Page 791
  Perceptual Set......Page 796
  Context, Motivation, and Emotion......Page 802
  Review: Basic Concepts of Sensation and Perception......Page 807
  Light Energy and Eye Structures......Page 811
  Information Processing in the Eye and Brain......Page 816
  Perceptual Organization......Page 837
  Perceptual Interpretation......Page 857
  Review: Vision: Sensory and Perceptual Processing......Page 863
  Hearing......Page 871
  The Other Senses......Page 885
  Sensory Interaction......Page 915
  Esp—Perception without Sensation?......Page 922
  Review: The Nonvisual Senses......Page 931
Chapter 7 Learning......Page 936
  How do we Learn?......Page 940
  Classical Conditioning......Page 946
  Review: Basic Learning Concepts and Classical Conditioning......Page 967
 Operant Conditioning......Page 972
  Skinner’s Experiments......Page 973
  Skinner’s Legacy......Page 996
  Contrasting Classical and Operant Conditioning......Page 1004
  Review: Operant Conditioning......Page 1006
  Biological Constraints on Conditioning......Page 1011
  Cognition’s Influence on Conditioning......Page 1021
  Learning by Observation......Page 1026
  Thinking Critically About The Effects of Viewing Media Violence......Page 1042
  Review: Biology, Cognition, and Learning......Page 1043
Chapter 8 Memory......Page 1048
  Studying Memory......Page 1051
  Encoding Memories......Page 1063
  Review: Studying and Encoding Memories......Page 1084
  Memory Storage......Page 1088
  Memory Retrieval......Page 1106
  Review: Storing and Retrieving Memories......Page 1115
  Forgetting......Page 1119
  Memory Construction Errors......Page 1137
  Thinking Critically About Can Memories of Childhood Sexual Abuse Be Repressed and Then Recovered?......Page 1150
  Improving Memory......Page 1154
  Review: Forgetting, Memory Construction, and Improving Memory......Page 1158
Chapter 9 Thinking, Language, and Intelligence......Page 1163
  Concepts......Page 1167
  Problem Solving: Strategies and Obstacles......Page 1170
  Forming Good (and Bad) Decisions and Judgments......Page 1176
  Thinking Critically About The Fear Factor......Page 1183
  Thinking Creatively......Page 1196
  Do Other Species Share Our Cognitive Skills?......Page 1206
  Review: Thinking......Page 1211
 Language and Thought......Page 1216
  Language Structure......Page 1217
  Language Acquisition and Development......Page 1220
  The Brain and Language......Page 1234
  Do Other Species Have Language?......Page 1237
  Thinking and Language......Page 1244
  Review: Language and Thought......Page 1257
  What Is Intelligence?......Page 1261
  Assessing Intelligence......Page 1276
  Thinking Critically About Cross-Sectional and Longitudinal Studies......Page 1295
  Review: Intelligence and Its Assessment......Page 1302
 Genetic and Environmental Influences on Intelligence......Page 1309
  Heredity and Intelligence......Page 1310
  Environment and Intelligence......Page 1313
  Gene-environment Interactions......Page 1317
  Group Differences in Intelligence Test Scores......Page 1323
  the Question of Bias......Page 1333
  Review: Genetic and Environmental Influences on Intelligence......Page 1338
Chapter 10 Motivation and Emotion......Page 1342
  Motivational Concepts......Page 1346
  The Need to Belong......Page 1357
  Achievement Motivation......Page 1379
  Review: Basic Motivational Concepts, Affiliation, and Achievement......Page 1387
 Hunger......Page 1392
  The Physiology of Hunger......Page 1394
  The Psychology of Hunger......Page 1401
  Thinking Critically About The Challenges of Obesity and Weight Control......Page 1408
  Review: Hunger......Page 1411
  Emotion: Arousal, Behavior, and Cognition......Page 1414
  Embodied Emotion......Page 1429
  Thinking Critically About Lie Detection......Page 1436
  Review: Theories and Physiology of Emotion......Page 1437
  Detecting Emotion in Others......Page 1440
  Gender, Emotion, and Nonverbal Behavior......Page 1446
  Culture and Emotion......Page 1451
  The Effects of Facial Expressions......Page 1458
  Review: Expressing and Experiencing Emotion......Page 1463
Chapter 11 Stress, Health, and Human Flourishing......Page 1466
 Stress and Illness......Page 1469
  Stress: Some Basic Concepts......Page 1470
  Stress and Vulnerability to Disease......Page 1482
  Thinking Critically About Stress and Health......Page 1500
  Review: Stress and Illness......Page 1505
  Coping With Stress......Page 1509
  Reducing Stress......Page 1530
  Happiness......Page 1549
  Review: Health and Happiness......Page 1571
Chapter 12 Social Psychology......Page 1577
  Social Thinking......Page 1580
  Social Influence......Page 1598
  Thinking Critically About The Internet as Social Amplifier......Page 1639
  Review: Social Thinking and Social Influence......Page 1643
  Prejudice......Page 1648
  Aggression......Page 1670
  Review: Antisocial Relations......Page 1687
  Attraction......Page 1692
  Altruism......Page 1713
  From Conflict to Peace......Page 1723
  Review: Prosocial Relations......Page 1739
Chapter 13 Personality......Page 1743
  What Is Personality?......Page 1746
  Psychodynamic Theories......Page 1747
  Humanistic Theories......Page 1778
  Review: Classic Perspectives on Personality......Page 1789
  Trait Theories......Page 1796
  Thinking Critically About The Stigma of Introversion......Page 1801
  Social-Cognitive Theories......Page 1819
  Exploring the Self......Page 1829
  Review: Contemporary Perspectives on Personality......Page 1851
Chapter 14 Psychological Disorders......Page 1857
 Basic Concepts of Psychological Disorders......Page 1860
  Understanding Psychological Disorders......Page 1863
  Classifying Disorders–and Labeling People......Page 1869
  Thinking Critically About ADHD—Normal High Energy or Disordered Behavior?......Page 1873
  Risk of Harm to Self and Others......Page 1878
  Rates of Psychological Disorders......Page 1889
  Review: Basic Concepts of Psychological Disorders......Page 1895
  Anxiety Disorders......Page 1899
  Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder (OCD)......Page 1905
  Posttraumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD)......Page 1908
  Understanding Anxiety Disorders, OCD, and PTSD......Page 1912
  Review: Anxiety Disorders, OCD, and PTSD......Page 1921
 Major Depressive Disorder and Bipolar Disorder......Page 1925
  Major Depressive Disorder......Page 1928
  Bipolar Disorder......Page 1930
  Understanding Major Depressive Disorder and Bipolar Disorder......Page 1933
  Review: Major Depressive Disorder and Bipolar Disorder......Page 1952
  Schizophrenia......Page 1954
  Other Disorders......Page 1971
  Review: Schizophrenia and Other Disorders......Page 1994
Chapter 15 Therapy......Page 1999
 Introduction to Therapy and the Psychological Therapies......Page 2003
  Treating Psychological Disorders......Page 2005
  Psychoanalysis and Psychodynamic Therapies......Page 2007
  Humanistic Therapies......Page 2012
  Behavior Therapies......Page 2018
  Cognitive Therapies......Page 2031
  Group and Family Therapies......Page 2042
  Review: Introduction to Therapy and the Psychological Therapies......Page 2048
  Is Psychotherapy Effective?......Page 2054
  Which Psychotherapies Work Best?......Page 2062
  Evaluating Alternative Therapies......Page 2066
  How Do Psychotherapies Help People?......Page 2071
  Culture and Values in Psychotherapy......Page 2075
  Finding a Mental Health Professional......Page 2076
  Review: Evaluating Psychotherapies......Page 2079
 The Biomedical Therapies and Preventing Psychological Disorders......Page 2082
  Thinking Critically About Therapeutic Lifestyle Change......Page 2083
  Drug Therapies......Page 2084
  Brain Stimulation......Page 2095
  Psychosurgery......Page 2101
  Preventing Psychological Disorders and Building Resilience......Page 2105
  Review: The Biomedical Therapies and Preventing Psychological Disorders......Page 2112
Appendix A Statistical Reasoning in Everyday Life......Page 2116
 Describing Data......Page 2119
  Measures of Central Tendency......Page 2121
  Measures of Variation......Page 2122
  Correlation: A Measure of Relationships......Page 2126
  When Is an Observed Difference Reliable?......Page 2134
  When Is an Observed Difference Significant?......Page 2136
 Review: Statistical Reasoning in Everyday Life......Page 2141
Appendix B Psychology at Work......Page 2145
  Flow at Work......Page 2147
  Finding Your Own Flow, and Matching Interests to Work......Page 2150
 Industrial-Organizational Psychology......Page 2154
  Using Strengths for Successful Selection......Page 2158
  Do Interviews Predict Performance?......Page 2159
  Appraising Performance......Page 2165
  Satisfaction and Engagement at Work......Page 2168
  Effective Leadership......Page 2173
 Human Factors Psychology......Page 2184
 Review: Psychology at Work......Page 2191
Appendix C Career Fields in Psychology, by Jennifer Zwolinski......Page 2195
Appendix D Complete Chapter Reviews......Page 2212
Appendix E Answers to Retrieve It and Experience the Testing Effect Questions......Page 2333
Glossary......Page 2384
References......Page 2436
Name Index......Page 3058
Subject Index......Page 3304
Notes......Page 3461
Back Cover......Page 3467