Explorations in Archaeology and Philosophy (Synthese Library, 433)

Contents
About the Editors
Contributors
Chapter 1: The Twain Shall Meet: Themes at the Intersection of Archaeology and Philosophy
Part I: Theory and Inference
	Chapter 2: “I’m Not Saying It Was Aliens”: An Archaeological and Philosophical Analysis of a Conspiracy Theory
		2.1 Introduction
		2.2 How the Ancient Aliens Theory Works
		2.3 The Ideological Work That Ancient Aliens Theory Does
		2.4 Why Ancient Aliens Theory Doesn’t Work
		2.5 Conclusion
		References
	Chapter 3: Mortar and Pestle or Cooking Vessel? When Archaeology Makes Progress Through Failed Analogies
		3.1 Introduction
		3.2 Analogies, Analogical Reasoning, and Inferential Strategies
		3.3 The Mortarium and the Romanization Debate
		3.4 Analogies and the Interpretation of Mortaria
			3.4.1 Direct Extrapolation
			3.4.2 Hypothesis-Testing and Generation-for-Confirmation
			3.4.3 Generation-As-Criticism
			3.4.4 Summary: Success and Failure in the Interpretation of Mortaria
		3.5 Optimism, Progress, and Pursuit Worthiness
		3.6 Making Progress Through Failed Analogies
			3.6.1 Comparative Understanding
			3.6.2 The Value of Comparative Understanding in Archaeology
			3.6.3 The Value of Uncertainty
		3.7 Conclusion
		References
	Chapter 4: Scaffolding and Concept-Metaphors: Building Archaeological Knowledge in Practice
		4.1 Scaffolding
		4.2 Concept-Metaphors
		4.3 V. Gordon Childe on Scaffolding
		4.4 Concept-Metaphors as Scaffolding
		4.5 Scaffolding as a Concept-Metaphor
		4.6 How Entrenched Are our Scaffolds? How ‘Emptied’ Are our Concept-Metaphors?
		References
Part II: Interdisciplinary Connections
	Chapter 5: Human Curiosity Then and Now: The Anthropology, Archaeology, and Psychology of Patent Protections
		5.1 Introduction
		5.2 Human Curiosity
		5.3 Patent Protections: Disputes and Justifications
		5.4 Human Curiosity and Patent Protection: Some Implications
		5.5 Conclusion
		References
	Chapter 6: Music Archaeology, Signaling Theory, Social Differentiation
		6.1 Musical Technologies in Prehistory
		6.2 Trace-Based Reasoning
		6.3 Palaeolithic Adornment Technologies
		6.4 Signaling Theory
		6.5 Adornments, Music, Sociality
		6.6 Conclusion
		References
	Chapter 7: The Archaeology and Philosophy of Health: Navigating the New Normal Problem
		7.1 Introduction: The New Normal Problem
		7.2 Bolstering Biomedical Naturalism Against the New Normal Problem
			7.2.1 Reference Class Problems
			7.2.2 Functions and Norms
		7.3 Health Transitions in the Archaeological Record
			7.3.1 Gross Human Transitions and Discerning Adaptive Functions
			7.3.2 Recent Transitions and the Question of Culture
			7.3.3 Functional Adaptation and Culture in Behavioral Modernity
				7.3.3.1 Longevity
				7.3.3.2 The Neolithic Transition
		7.4 Conclusions and Prospects
		References
Part III: Cognition, Language and Normativity
	Chapter 8: Embodied and Extended Numerical Cognition
		8.1 Introduction
			8.1.1 Numbers in Computational Theory of Mind
			8.1.2 Embodied Cognition
			8.1.3 Extended Mind
			8.1.4 Our Aims
		8.2 Cross-Cultural and Cross-Linguistic Evidence Highlights the Embodied Bases of Numerical Cognition
		8.3 Archaeological Evidence
			8.3.1 The Extended Mind and Archaeological Evidence of Numerical Representation
			8.3.2 Numerical Representations
			8.3.3 6000-Year-Old Clay Tokens and the Mind
			8.3.4 Malafouris on Numbers in the Archaeological Record
			8.3.5 Hands as Technology for Counting
			8.3.6 Artificial Memory Systems as Technology for Counting
		8.4 Summary and Future Research Questions
		References
	Chapter 9: Late Pleistocene Dual Process Minds
		9.1 Introduction
		9.2 Dual Process Theory
		9.3 ‘Capital EP’ Evolutionary Psychology
		9.4 ‘Lower Case’ Evolutionary Psychology
		9.5 Heyes’ Cognitive Gadgets
		9.6 Conclusion
		References
	Chapter 10: Theory of Mind, System-2 Thinking, and the Origins of Language
		10.1 Introduction
		10.2 Mindreading in Great Apes and Young Humans
		10.3 A ‘Two-Systems’ Account of Mindreading
		10.4 System-2 Thinking and Working Memory
			10.4.1 The Nature of Working Memory
			10.4.2 System-2 Thinking
		10.5 System-2 Mindreading Without Language
		10.6 Two Hypotheses About Mindreading and Language Origins
		10.7 Conclusion
		References
	Chapter 11: The Acheulean Origins of Normativity
		11.1 Introduction
		11.2 The Developmental Emergence of Normativity
		11.3 Overimitation in the Acheulean
		11.4 Handaxe Sub-Types
		11.5 Why Normativity?
		11.6 Conclusion
		References
Part IV: Ethical Issues
	Chapter 12: Social Archaeology as the Study of Ethical Life: Agency, Intentionality, and Responsibility
		12.1 Introduction
		12.2 Intentionality and Responsibility
			12.2.1 Hegel’s Ethical Life and Intention
			12.2.2 Action as Meaningful
			12.2.3 Individuals and Collectives
		12.3 Objective Mind
		12.4 Normativism and Triadic Relations
		12.5 What Does It Mean to Study Agency?
		12.6 Concluding Remark
		References
	Chapter 13: Are Archaeological Parks the New Amusement Parks? UNESCO World Heritage Status and Tourism
		13.1 Introduction
		13.2 UNESCO World Heritage Designation and Its Relationship to Tourism
		13.3 Value and Harm
			13.3.1 Value
			13.3.2 UNESCO-Cide and Disneyfication
		13.4 Discussion of Two Examples
			13.4.1 George Town
			13.4.2 Angor Wat
			13.4.3 Summary of Symptoms of UNESCO-Cide
		13.5 Possible Solutions
			13.5.1 Privatization
			13.5.2 Digital Technologies
			13.5.3 Revert to Local Control
			13.5.4 Work with UNESCO Against UNESCO-Cide
		13.6 Conclusions
		References