Ethnicity, Race, and Health in Multicultural Societies: Foundations for Better Epidemiology, Public Health, and Health Care

acprof-9780198568179-miscMatter-1
	Title Pages
		Raj S. Bhopal
	Title Pages
	(p.i) Ethnicity, Race, and Health in Multicultural Societies (p.ii) (p.iii) Ethnicity, Race, and Health in Multicultural Societies
	Title Pages
	Title Pages
acprof-9780198568179-miscMatter-4
	(p.v) Dedication
		Raj S. Bhopal
	(p.v) Dedication
acprof-9780198568179-miscMatter-6
	(p.ix) Foreword
		Raj S. Bhopal
	(p.ix) Foreword
	(p.ix) Foreword
	(p.ix) Foreword
acprof-9780198568179-miscMatter-7
	(p.xi) Preface
		Raj S. Bhopal
	(p.xi) Preface
	(p.xi) Preface
	(p.xi) Preface
	(p.xi) Preface
	(p.xi) Preface
acprof-9780198568179-miscMatter-8
	(p.xv) Acknowledgements
		Raj S. Bhopal
	(p.xv) Acknowledgements
	(p.xv) Acknowledgements
acprof-9780198568179-miscMatter-9
	(p.xvii) Sources and permissions
		Raj S. Bhopal
	(p.xvii) Sources and permissions
	(p.xvii) Sources and permissions
acprof-9780198568179-miscMatter-10
	(p.308) A brief glossary
		Raj S. Bhopal
	(p.308) A brief glossary
	(p.308) A brief glossary
	(p.308) A brief glossary
	(p.308) A brief glossary
	(p.308) A brief glossary
	(p.308) A brief glossary
	(p.308) A brief glossary
	(p.308) A brief glossary
	(p.308) A brief glossary
acprof-9780198568179-miscMatter-12
	(p.345) Ethnicity and health web sites: a selection
		Raj S. Bhopal
	(p.345) Ethnicity and health web sites: a selection
	Organizations’ web sites
	(p.345) Ethnicity and health web sites: a selection
	(p.345) Ethnicity and health web sites: a selection
	(p.345) Ethnicity and health web sites: a selection
	Journals specializing in ethnicity and health
	(p.345) Ethnicity and health web sites: a selection
	(p.348) Reports and general information on specific topics
	(p.345) Ethnicity and health web sites: a selection
	(p.345) Ethnicity and health web sites: a selection
	(p.345) Ethnicity and health web sites: a selection
	Networks
	Statistics and census (these and other websites were used in chapter 2)
	(p.345) Ethnicity and health web sites: a selection
acprof-9780198568179-chapter-1
	Introduction: The concepts of ethnicity and race in health
		Raj S. Bhopal
	Introduction: The concepts of ethnicity and race in health
		Bhopal Raj S.
	Abstract and Keywords
	Introduction: The concepts of ethnicity and race in health
	Chapter contents
	Objectives
	1.1 Introduction
	Introduction: The concepts of ethnicity and race in health
	Introduction: The concepts of ethnicity and race in health
	Introduction: The concepts of ethnicity and race in health
	Introduction: The concepts of ethnicity and race in health
	(p.5) 1.2 Epidemiology—the author\'s professional perspective
	Introduction: The concepts of ethnicity and race in health
	1.3 Ethnicity and race as exposure variables
	Introduction: The concepts of ethnicity and race in health
	Introduction: The concepts of ethnicity and race in health
	Introduction: The concepts of ethnicity and race in health
	Introduction: The concepts of ethnicity and race in health
	Introduction: The concepts of ethnicity and race in health
	Introduction: The concepts of ethnicity and race in health
	Introduction: The concepts of ethnicity and race in health
	1.4 Ethnicity and race: self and others’ perception of biological and cultural characteristics
		1.4.1 Race
	Introduction: The concepts of ethnicity and race in health
	Introduction: The concepts of ethnicity and race in health
	Introduction: The concepts of ethnicity and race in health
	Introduction: The concepts of ethnicity and race in health
	Introduction: The concepts of ethnicity and race in health
		1.4.2 Ethnicity
	Introduction: The concepts of ethnicity and race in health
	1.5 Problems in using the race and ethnicity concepts in epidemiology and other quantitative health sciences
	Introduction: The concepts of ethnicity and race in health
		1.5.1 The problem of heterogeneous populations
		1.5.2 Ambiguity about the research purpose
	Introduction: The concepts of ethnicity and race in health
		1.5.3 The problem of ethnocentricity
	Introduction: The concepts of ethnicity and race in health
	Introduction: The concepts of ethnicity and race in health
	Introduction: The concepts of ethnicity and race in health
	1.6 Race ethnicity and social harm
	Introduction: The concepts of ethnicity and race in health
	Introduction: The concepts of ethnicity and race in health
	Introduction: The concepts of ethnicity and race in health
	Introduction: The concepts of ethnicity and race in health
	Introduction: The concepts of ethnicity and race in health
	1.7 Race and ethnicity in relation to ancestry, nationality, country of birth and religion
	Introduction: The concepts of ethnicity and race in health
	Introduction: The concepts of ethnicity and race in health
	1.8 Analyse your own background and identity using the concepts of race and ethnicity
		RSB on ethnicity
	Introduction: The concepts of ethnicity and race in health
		RSB on race
		Joan Mackintosh on race and ethnicity
		Nigel Unwin on race and ethnicity
	Introduction: The concepts of ethnicity and race in health
		Naseer Ahmad on race and ethnicity
	Introduction: The concepts of ethnicity and race in health
	Introduction: The concepts of ethnicity and race in health
	1.9 The potential benefits of the race and ethnicity concepts in the health context
	Introduction: The concepts of ethnicity and race in health
	(p.27) 1.10 Conclusions
	Introduction: The concepts of ethnicity and race in health
	Summary
	Introduction: The concepts of ethnicity and race in health
acprof-9780198568179-chapter-2
	Terminology and classifications for ethnic and racial groups
		Raj S. Bhopal
	Terminology and classifications for ethnic and racial groups
		Bhopal Raj S.
	Abstract and Keywords
	Terminology and classifications for ethnic and racial groups
	Chapter contents
	Objectives
	Terminology and classifications for ethnic and racial groups
	2.1 Introduction: turning the concept of ethnicity and race into classifications
	Terminology and classifications for ethnic and racial groups
	2.2 Reflection on the word Asian and similar labels
	Terminology and classifications for ethnic and racial groups
	Terminology and classifications for ethnic and racial groups
	Terminology and classifications for ethnic and racial groups
		A note on terminology relating to ethnicity
	Terminology and classifications for ethnic and racial groups
	2.3 Facets of ethnicity and race in classifications
	Terminology and classifications for ethnic and racial groups
	2.4 From concept, to category, to classification
	Terminology and classifications for ethnic and racial groups
	Terminology and classifications for ethnic and racial groups
	Terminology and classifications for ethnic and racial groups
	Terminology and classifications for ethnic and racial groups
	Terminology and classifications for ethnic and racial groups
	Terminology and classifications for ethnic and racial groups
	Terminology and classifications for ethnic and racial groups
	Terminology and classifications for ethnic and racial groups
	Terminology and classifications for ethnic and racial groups
	Terminology and classifications for ethnic and racial groups
	Terminology and classifications for ethnic and racial groups
	Terminology and classifications for ethnic and racial groups
	Terminology and classifications for ethnic and racial groups
	Terminology and classifications for ethnic and racial groups
	Terminology and classifications for ethnic and racial groups
	Terminology and classifications for ethnic and racial groups
	Terminology and classifications for ethnic and racial groups
	Terminology and classifications for ethnic and racial groups
	Terminology and classifications for ethnic and racial groups
	Terminology and classifications for ethnic and racial groups
	Terminology and classifications for ethnic and racial groups
	Terminology and classifications for ethnic and racial groups
	Terminology and classifications for ethnic and racial groups
	Terminology and classifications for ethnic and racial groups
	Terminology and classifications for ethnic and racial groups
	Terminology and classifications for ethnic and racial groups
		The United States of America
	Terminology and classifications for ethnic and racial groups
		United Kingdom
	Terminology and classifications for ethnic and racial groups
	Terminology and classifications for ethnic and racial groups
	Terminology and classifications for ethnic and racial groups
		New Zealand
	2.5 Census categories are not necessarily a good match for identity
	Terminology and classifications for ethnic and racial groups
	Terminology and classifications for ethnic and racial groups
	2.6 Towards a common international terminology
	2.7 Conclusions
	Terminology and classifications for ethnic and racial groups
		Ethnicity, race, and culture: guidelines for research, audit, and publication
	Terminology and classifications for ethnic and racial groups
	Summary
	Terminology and classifications for ethnic and racial groups
	Appendix
		Canada
	Terminology and classifications for ethnic and racial groups
		Brazil
		India
	Terminology and classifications for ethnic and racial groups
		Australia
		Fiji
		(p.59) Mauritius
	Terminology and classifications for ethnic and racial groups
		South Africa
		Singapore
acprof-9780198568179-chapter-3
	Challenges of collecting and interpreting data using the concepts of ethnicity and race
		Raj S. Bhopal
	Challenges of collecting and interpreting data using the concepts of ethnicity and race
		Bhopal Raj S.
	Abstract and Keywords
	Challenges of collecting and interpreting data using the concepts of ethnicity and race
	(p.61) Contents
	Challenges of collecting and interpreting data using the concepts of ethnicity and race
	Objectives
	3.1 Introduction
	Challenges of collecting and interpreting data using the concepts of ethnicity and race
	Challenges of collecting and interpreting data using the concepts of ethnicity and race
	Challenges of collecting and interpreting data using the concepts of ethnicity and race
	Challenges of collecting and interpreting data using the concepts of ethnicity and race
	3.2 Data as an agent for health improvement—making choices
	Challenges of collecting and interpreting data using the concepts of ethnicity and race
	Challenges of collecting and interpreting data using the concepts of ethnicity and race
	3.3 Collecting data by ethnic monitoring: difficulties, choices and concepts
	Challenges of collecting and interpreting data using the concepts of ethnicity and race
	(p.67) 3.4 Context, purpose and measures of ethnicity and race
		3.4.1 Political
	Challenges of collecting and interpreting data using the concepts of ethnicity and race
	Challenges of collecting and interpreting data using the concepts of ethnicity and race
	Challenges of collecting and interpreting data using the concepts of ethnicity and race
	Challenges of collecting and interpreting data using the concepts of ethnicity and race
		3.4.2 Health policy
		3.4.3 Health care planning
	Challenges of collecting and interpreting data using the concepts of ethnicity and race
		(p.71) 3.4.4 Clinical care
	Challenges of collecting and interpreting data using the concepts of ethnicity and race
		(p.72) 3.4.5 Research
	Challenges of collecting and interpreting data using the concepts of ethnicity and race
	3.5 Collecting ethnicity and health data
		3.5.1 Self assessment of ethnic group
	Challenges of collecting and interpreting data using the concepts of ethnicity and race
	Challenges of collecting and interpreting data using the concepts of ethnicity and race
		3.5.2 Country of birth of self, parents and grandparents
	Challenges of collecting and interpreting data using the concepts of ethnicity and race
		3.5.3 Assessment by an observer using relevant data
			3.5.3.1 Name search
	Challenges of collecting and interpreting data using the concepts of ethnicity and race
	Challenges of collecting and interpreting data using the concepts of ethnicity and race
		3.5.4 Assessment on the basis of visual inspection
	Challenges of collecting and interpreting data using the concepts of ethnicity and race
		3.5.5 Combining self-reported data and observation
	Challenges of collecting and interpreting data using the concepts of ethnicity and race
	(p.79) 3.6 Practicalities of assigning ethnicity in health settings
		3.6.1 Primary care
	Challenges of collecting and interpreting data using the concepts of ethnicity and race
	Challenges of collecting and interpreting data using the concepts of ethnicity and race
		3.6.2 Secondary care
	Challenges of collecting and interpreting data using the concepts of ethnicity and race
		3.6.3 Mortality data
	Challenges of collecting and interpreting data using the concepts of ethnicity and race
	Challenges of collecting and interpreting data using the concepts of ethnicity and race
	Challenges of collecting and interpreting data using the concepts of ethnicity and race
	Challenges of collecting and interpreting data using the concepts of ethnicity and race
		3.6.4 Linking data
	Challenges of collecting and interpreting data using the concepts of ethnicity and race
		3.6.5 Modelling data
	Challenges of collecting and interpreting data using the concepts of ethnicity and race
		3.6.6 Retrospective addition of ethnic codes
	Challenges of collecting and interpreting data using the concepts of ethnicity and race
	3.7 Interpreting data
	Challenges of collecting and interpreting data using the concepts of ethnicity and race
	Challenges of collecting and interpreting data using the concepts of ethnicity and race
	3.8 Making use of data
	3.9 Conclusion
	Summary
	Challenges of collecting and interpreting data using the concepts of ethnicity and race
acprof-9780198568179-chapter-4
	Historical analysis of the development of health and health care services for ethnic minorities
		Raj S. Bhopal
	Historical analysis of the development of health and health care services for ethnic minorities
		Bhopal Raj S.
	Abstract and Keywords
	Historical analysis of the development of health and health care services for ethnic minorities
	Contents
	Objectives
	4.1 Introduction: migration and ethnicity
	Historical analysis of the development of health and health care services for ethnic minorities
	Historical analysis of the development of health and health care services for ethnic minorities
	Historical analysis of the development of health and health care services for ethnic minorities
	Historical analysis of the development of health and health care services for ethnic minorities
	4.2 Characterizing society\'s response to the health aspects of migration
	Historical analysis of the development of health and health care services for ethnic minorities
	Historical analysis of the development of health and health care services for ethnic minorities
		4.2.1 UK
	Historical analysis of the development of health and health care services for ethnic minorities
	Historical analysis of the development of health and health care services for ethnic minorities
	Historical analysis of the development of health and health care services for ethnic minorities
	Historical analysis of the development of health and health care services for ethnic minorities
		4.2.2 United State of America
	Historical analysis of the development of health and health care services for ethnic minorities
	Historical analysis of the development of health and health care services for ethnic minorities
	Historical analysis of the development of health and health care services for ethnic minorities
		4.2.3 Australia and the indigenous population—aborigines
	Historical analysis of the development of health and health care services for ethnic minorities
		4.2.4 South Africa (under apartheid)
	Historical analysis of the development of health and health care services for ethnic minorities
	Historical analysis of the development of health and health care services for ethnic minorities
		4.2.5 Netherlands
	Historical analysis of the development of health and health care services for ethnic minorities
	4.3 A pattern of response—derivation of principles
	Historical analysis of the development of health and health care services for ethnic minorities
	Historical analysis of the development of health and health care services for ethnic minorities
	Historical analysis of the development of health and health care services for ethnic minorities
	Historical analysis of the development of health and health care services for ethnic minorities
	4.4 Conclusion
	Historical analysis of the development of health and health care services for ethnic minorities
	Summary
	Historical analysis of the development of health and health care services for ethnic minorities
acprof-9780198568179-chapter-5
	Defining health and health care needs using quantitative and qualitative data
		Raj S. Bhopal
	Defining health and health care needs using quantitative and qualitative data
		Bhopal Raj S.
	Abstract and Keywords
	Defining health and health care needs using quantitative and qualitative data
	Contents
	(p.113) Objectives
	5.1 Health needs assessment: an overview
	Defining health and health care needs using quantitative and qualitative data
		Basic principles (extracted from a longer list)
		(p.114) 5.1.1 The concepts of health and health needs in a nutshell
	Defining health and health care needs using quantitative and qualitative data
	Defining health and health care needs using quantitative and qualitative data
		5.1.2 Health needs assessment
	Defining health and health care needs using quantitative and qualitative data
	Defining health and health care needs using quantitative and qualitative data
	Defining health and health care needs using quantitative and qualitative data
	Defining health and health care needs using quantitative and qualitative data
	Defining health and health care needs using quantitative and qualitative data
	5.2 The questions driving data collection in health needs assessment
		5.2.1 What are the demographic and social characteristics of the minority ethnic groups in the local area and how are these changing?
	Defining health and health care needs using quantitative and qualitative data
	Defining health and health care needs using quantitative and qualitative data
	Defining health and health care needs using quantitative and qualitative data
		(p.122) 5.2.2 What are the cultures and lifestyles of the ethnic minority populations and how are they changing?
	Defining health and health care needs using quantitative and qualitative data
	Defining health and health care needs using quantitative and qualitative data
	Defining health and health care needs using quantitative and qualitative data
		5.2.3 Which illnesses and diseases affect the ethnic minority populations and in what quantity?
	Defining health and health care needs using quantitative and qualitative data
	Defining health and health care needs using quantitative and qualitative data
	Defining health and health care needs using quantitative and qualitative data
	Defining health and health care needs using quantitative and qualitative data
	Defining health and health care needs using quantitative and qualitative data
		5.2.4 Epidemiological approaches to presentation and interpretation of data
	Defining health and health care needs using quantitative and qualitative data
	Defining health and health care needs using quantitative and qualitative data
	Defining health and health care needs using quantitative and qualitative data
	Defining health and health care needs using quantitative and qualitative data
	Defining health and health care needs using quantitative and qualitative data
	Defining health and health care needs using quantitative and qualitative data
	Defining health and health care needs using quantitative and qualitative data
	Defining health and health care needs using quantitative and qualitative data
	Defining health and health care needs using quantitative and qualitative data
		(p.132) 5.2.5 Epidemiological approaches for health needs assessment: making choices and understanding limitations
	Defining health and health care needs using quantitative and qualitative data
	Defining health and health care needs using quantitative and qualitative data
	Defining health and health care needs using quantitative and qualitative data
		5.2.6 Patterns of disease in ethnic minority groups
	Defining health and health care needs using quantitative and qualitative data
	Defining health and health care needs using quantitative and qualitative data
	Defining health and health care needs using quantitative and qualitative data
		5.2.7 How do we explain differences?
	Defining health and health care needs using quantitative and qualitative data
		5.2.8 What services are available and adapted for ethnic minority populations?
	Defining health and health care needs using quantitative and qualitative data
	Defining health and health care needs using quantitative and qualitative data
	Defining health and health care needs using quantitative and qualitative data
	5.3 What do the public and health professionals think of the service? The role of qualitative data in health needs assessment
	Defining health and health care needs using quantitative and qualitative data
		5.3.1 Gauging the experiences of members of ethnic minority communities as users of health services using interviewing
	Defining health and health care needs using quantitative and qualitative data
	5.4 Focus groups
	5.5 How many people from ethnic minority populations use the available services? What is the quality of their interaction with staff? Are the services meeting the need?
	Defining health and health care needs using quantitative and qualitative data
	Defining health and health care needs using quantitative and qualitative data
	Defining health and health care needs using quantitative and qualitative data
	Defining health and health care needs using quantitative and qualitative data
	5.6 How can services for minority ethnic groups be evaluated?
	Defining health and health care needs using quantitative and qualitative data
	5.7 Conclusions
	Defining health and health care needs using quantitative and qualitative data
	Defining health and health care needs using quantitative and qualitative data
	Defining health and health care needs using quantitative and qualitative data
	Summary
	Defining health and health care needs using quantitative and qualitative data
acprof-9780198568179-chapter-6
	Ethnic inequalities in health and health care
		Raj S. Bhopal
	Ethnic inequalities in health and health care
		Bhopal Raj S.
	Abstract and Keywords
	Contents
	Ethnic inequalities in health and health care
	Objectives
	(p.151) 6.1 What are health inequalities and why are they inevitable by race and ethnicity?
	Ethnic inequalities in health and health care
	Ethnic inequalities in health and health care
	Ethnic inequalities in health and health care
	Ethnic inequalities in health and health care
	Ethnic inequalities in health and health care
	6.2 What is the scale of ethnic health inequalities?
	Ethnic inequalities in health and health care
	Ethnic inequalities in health and health care
	Ethnic inequalities in health and health care
	Ethnic inequalities in health and health care
	Ethnic inequalities in health and health care
	(p.158) 6.3 Perpetuation and augmentation of ethnic health inequalities: the role of racism
		6.3.1 Defining racism and assessing its importance
	Ethnic inequalities in health and health care
	Ethnic inequalities in health and health care
		6.3.2 Historical racism
	Ethnic inequalities in health and health care
	Ethnic inequalities in health and health care
		6.3.3 Differences between Black and White patients in the management of disease in the USA
	Ethnic inequalities in health and health care
	Ethnic inequalities in health and health care
		6.3.4 Inequalities, stigma and the social standing of ethnic minority groups
	Ethnic inequalities in health and health care
	Ethnic inequalities in health and health care
	Ethnic inequalities in health and health care
		6.3.5 Racism: some lessons from Hitler
	Ethnic inequalities in health and health care
	Ethnic inequalities in health and health care
		(p.167) 6.3.6 Hitler on racial admixture
		6.3.7 Hitler on the superiority of the Aryan race, and the exploitation of inferior groups
	Ethnic inequalities in health and health care
		6.3.8 Drawing lessons from Hitler‘s legacy
	6.4 Racism in service delivery, ethnocentrism and equity
		6.4.1 Types of racism in health care
	Ethnic inequalities in health and health care
	Ethnic inequalities in health and health care
	Ethnic inequalities in health and health care
		6.4.2 Personal experiences of racism
	Ethnic inequalities in health and health care
		6.4.3 Using race and ethnicity to combat racism and achieve equity
	Ethnic inequalities in health and health care
	Ethnic inequalities in health and health care
	6.5 Exploration of the measurement of the relationship of socio-economic position and health: an example of ethnic variations in CHD
	Ethnic inequalities in health and health care
	Ethnic inequalities in health and health care
	Ethnic inequalities in health and health care
	6.6 Strategies for tackling ethnic inequalities in health and health care
	Ethnic inequalities in health and health care
	Ethnic inequalities in health and health care
	Ethnic inequalities in health and health care
	Ethnic inequalities in health and health care
	6.7 Conclusion
	Ethnic inequalities in health and health care
	Ethnic inequalities in health and health care
	Summary
	Ethnic inequalities in health and health care
	Notes
		A definition of ‘Aryan’
acprof-9780198568179-chapter-7
	Principles for setting priorities for ethnic minority populations
		Raj S. Bhopal
	Principles for setting priorities for ethnic minority populations
		Bhopal Raj S.
	Abstract and Keywords
	Principles for setting priorities for ethnic minority populations
	Chapter contents
	Objectives
	7.1 Introduction
	Principles for setting priorities for ethnic minority populations
	Principles for setting priorities for ethnic minority populations
	Principles for setting priorities for ethnic minority populations
	7.2 The epidemiological underpinnings of priority-setting
	Principles for setting priorities for ethnic minority populations
	Principles for setting priorities for ethnic minority populations
	Principles for setting priorities for ethnic minority populations
	Principles for setting priorities for ethnic minority populations
	7.3 Analysis of past approaches
	Principles for setting priorities for ethnic minority populations
	Principles for setting priorities for ethnic minority populations
	Principles for setting priorities for ethnic minority populations
	Principles for setting priorities for ethnic minority populations
	7.4 Towards a set of principles and standards
	Principles for setting priorities for ethnic minority populations
	7.5 Setting priorities using epidemiological data; the example of cancer
	Principles for setting priorities for ethnic minority populations
	Principles for setting priorities for ethnic minority populations
	Principles for setting priorities for ethnic minority populations
	Principles for setting priorities for ethnic minority populations
		7.5.1 South Asian and Caribbean origin populations
	Principles for setting priorities for ethnic minority populations
	Principles for setting priorities for ethnic minority populations
		7.5.2 Interpreting patterns
	Principles for setting priorities for ethnic minority populations
	Principles for setting priorities for ethnic minority populations
	Principles for setting priorities for ethnic minority populations
	Principles for setting priorities for ethnic minority populations
	7.6 Impact of priority decisions on inequalities
	Principles for setting priorities for ethnic minority populations
	Principles for setting priorities for ethnic minority populations
	Principles for setting priorities for ethnic minority populations
	7.7 Evidence base for interventions in the field of minority ethnic health
	Principles for setting priorities for ethnic minority populations
	7.8 Conclusions
	Principles for setting priorities for ethnic minority populations
	Summary
	Principles for setting priorities for ethnic minority populations
acprof-9780198568179-chapter-8
	Strategic approaches to health and health care services for ethnic minority groups
		Raj S. Bhopal
	Strategic approaches to health and health care services for ethnic minority groups
		Bhopal Raj S.
	Abstract and Keywords
	Strategic approaches to health and health care services for ethnic minority groups
	Contents
	Objectives
	Strategic approaches to health and health care services for ethnic minority groups
	8.1 Introduction to policy, strategy and models of service delivery
	Strategic approaches to health and health care services for ethnic minority groups
	Strategic approaches to health and health care services for ethnic minority groups
	Strategic approaches to health and health care services for ethnic minority groups
	Strategic approaches to health and health care services for ethnic minority groups
	8.2 Examples of policy and strategy
		8.2.1 General—the UK and the USA
	Strategic approaches to health and health care services for ethnic minority groups
	Strategic approaches to health and health care services for ethnic minority groups
		8.2.2 Scotland—a late starter, making rapid progress in the context of social justice
			8.2.2.1 Health inequalities are a priority for the health service in Scotland
			8.2.2.2 The Race Relations Amendment Act and race equality schemes
	Strategic approaches to health and health care services for ethnic minority groups
	Strategic approaches to health and health care services for ethnic minority groups
	Strategic approaches to health and health care services for ethnic minority groups
		8.2.2.3 Health Department letter (HDL) and stock-take: Fair for All
		The need for a strategic approach
		Managerial responsibility
	Strategic approaches to health and health care services for ethnic minority groups
		Assessment of health needs and translating knowledge into action
		Recruitment/development and retention of ethnic minority staff
		Dialogue with ethnic minority communities
		Summary
		Background
	Strategic approaches to health and health care services for ethnic minority groups
		Action
	Strategic approaches to health and health care services for ethnic minority groups
	Strategic approaches to health and health care services for ethnic minority groups
	Strategic approaches to health and health care services for ethnic minority groups
	Strategic approaches to health and health care services for ethnic minority groups
		8.2.2.4 National Resource Centre for Ethnic Minority Health (Scotland)
		8.2.2.5 Meeting the health needs of minority ethnic groups in Lothian NHS Board
	Strategic approaches to health and health care services for ethnic minority groups
	Strategic approaches to health and health care services for ethnic minority groups
	Strategic approaches to health and health care services for ethnic minority groups
	Strategic approaches to health and health care services for ethnic minority groups
		8.2.2.6 Ethnic monitoring
		The ten action areas
	Strategic approaches to health and health care services for ethnic minority groups
	Strategic approaches to health and health care services for ethnic minority groups
		8.2.2.7 Delivery and evaluation-checking for change
	Strategic approaches to health and health care services for ethnic minority groups
	Strategic approaches to health and health care services for ethnic minority groups
	Strategic approaches to health and health care services for ethnic minority groups
		Best practice checklist for planning services for Black and Minority Ethnic Groups (BMEGs)
	Strategic approaches to health and health care services for ethnic minority groups
	Strategic approaches to health and health care services for ethnic minority groups
	Strategic approaches to health and health care services for ethnic minority groups
		8.2.2.8 Research: policy and an ethical code for researching ‘race’, racism and anti-racism
	Strategic approaches to health and health care services for ethnic minority groups
	Strategic approaches to health and health care services for ethnic minority groups
		8.2.2.9 Interaction of health and research policies: example of coronary heart disease in South Asians in Britain
	Strategic approaches to health and health care services for ethnic minority groups
	Strategic approaches to health and health care services for ethnic minority groups
	Strategic approaches to health and health care services for ethnic minority groups
	8.3 The USA
	Strategic approaches to health and health care services for ethnic minority groups
		8.3.1 Institute of Medicine report on unequal treatment
		July 2003
	Strategic approaches to health and health care services for ethnic minority groups
		December 2003
	Strategic approaches to health and health care services for ethnic minority groups
		8.3.2 Centres for Disease Control—REACH programme
	Strategic approaches to health and health care services for ethnic minority groups
		8.3.3 National Institutes of Health
	Strategic approaches to health and health care services for ethnic minority groups
	8.4 Conclusion
	Strategic approaches to health and health care services for ethnic minority groups
	Strategic approaches to health and health care services for ethnic minority groups
	Summary
	Strategic approaches to health and health care services for ethnic minority groups
acprof-9780198568179-chapter-9
	Research on and with ethnic minority groups: Past and future
		Raj S. Bhopal
	Research on and with ethnic minority groups: Past and future
		Bhopal Raj S.
	Abstract and Keywords
	Research on and with ethnic minority groups: Past and future
	Contents
	(p.244) Objectives
	Research on and with ethnic minority groups: Past and future
	9.1 Introduction: potential, limitations and pitfalls of ethnicity and health research
	Research on and with ethnic minority groups: Past and future
		(p.245) 9.1.1 The migration study
		9.1.2 Research, values, harm, and good
	Research on and with ethnic minority groups: Past and future
	Research on and with ethnic minority groups: Past and future
		9.1.3 Association and causation—black box epidemiology
	Research on and with ethnic minority groups: Past and future
	Research on and with ethnic minority groups: Past and future
	9.2 Race research and history: some lessons
	Research on and with ethnic minority groups: Past and future
	Research on and with ethnic minority groups: Past and future
	Research on and with ethnic minority groups: Past and future
	Research on and with ethnic minority groups: Past and future
	9.3 Research: application of the concepts of race and ethnicity
	Research on and with ethnic minority groups: Past and future
	Research on and with ethnic minority groups: Past and future
	Research on and with ethnic minority groups: Past and future
	Research on and with ethnic minority groups: Past and future
	Research on and with ethnic minority groups: Past and future
		9.3.1 Surveillance
	Research on and with ethnic minority groups: Past and future
		9.3.2 Health services research
	Research on and with ethnic minority groups: Past and future
		9.3.3 Causes of disease
	Research on and with ethnic minority groups: Past and future
	Research on and with ethnic minority groups: Past and future
	Research on and with ethnic minority groups: Past and future
	Research on and with ethnic minority groups: Past and future
	Research on and with ethnic minority groups: Past and future
	Research on and with ethnic minority groups: Past and future
	9.4 Undertaking research on the health of ethnic minorities: back to basics
		9.4.1 Define the question, aims, purpose and relevance of the research
	Research on and with ethnic minority groups: Past and future
		9.4.2 Definition of concepts and precision of terms is essential
	Research on and with ethnic minority groups: Past and future
		(p.264) 9.4.3 Denominators and numerators need to match to calculate rates
	Research on and with ethnic minority groups: Past and future
		9.4.4 Ensure that there is comparability of populations: the confounding variable
		(p.265) 9.4.5 Identification of representative populations
	Research on and with ethnic minority groups: Past and future
	Research on and with ethnic minority groups: Past and future
	Research on and with ethnic minority groups: Past and future
	Research on and with ethnic minority groups: Past and future
		(p.268) 9.4.6 Data collection methods should be valid and cross-culturally equivalent: questionnaires and focus groups
	Research on and with ethnic minority groups: Past and future
	Research on and with ethnic minority groups: Past and future
	Research on and with ethnic minority groups: Past and future
	Research on and with ethnic minority groups: Past and future
	Research on and with ethnic minority groups: Past and future
	Research on and with ethnic minority groups: Past and future
		9.4.7 Validity of physical and other measures needs to be assured
	Research on and with ethnic minority groups: Past and future
	Research on and with ethnic minority groups: Past and future
		9.4.8 Choose the right control/standard/reference population
		9.4.9 Interpret data and use the findings to benefit the population studied
	Research on and with ethnic minority groups: Past and future
		9.4.10 Publishing the research and seeking the generalizations that avoid stereotypes
	Research on and with ethnic minority groups: Past and future
	Research on and with ethnic minority groups: Past and future
	9.5 Conclusions—the challenge of studying minority ethnic groups
	Research on and with ethnic minority groups: Past and future
	Research on and with ethnic minority groups: Past and future
	Research on and with ethnic minority groups: Past and future
	Research on and with ethnic minority groups: Past and future
	Research on and with ethnic minority groups: Past and future
	Research on and with ethnic minority groups: Past and future
	(p.283) Summary
	Research on and with ethnic minority groups: Past and future
acprof-9780198568179-chapter-10
	Theoretical, ethical and future-orientated perspectives
		Raj S. Bhopal
	Theoretical, ethical and future-orientated perspectives
		Bhopal Raj S.
	Abstract and Keywords
	Theoretical, ethical and future-orientated perspectives
	Contents
	(p.285) Objectives
	10.1 Introduction: theory
	Theoretical, ethical and future-orientated perspectives
	Theoretical, ethical and future-orientated perspectives
	Theoretical, ethical and future-orientated perspectives
	Theoretical, ethical and future-orientated perspectives
	Theoretical, ethical and future-orientated perspectives
	(p.289) 10.2 Ethics of ethnicity and race
	Theoretical, ethical and future-orientated perspectives
		10.2.1 Do no harm (non-maleficence)
		10.2.2 Beneficence—doing good
	Theoretical, ethical and future-orientated perspectives
		10.2.3 Respect and autonomy
	Theoretical, ethical and future-orientated perspectives
	Theoretical, ethical and future-orientated perspectives
		10.2.4 Justice, fairness and equality
	Theoretical, ethical and future-orientated perspectives
	Theoretical, ethical and future-orientated perspectives
		10.2.5 Research ethics
	Theoretical, ethical and future-orientated perspectives
	10.3 Evaluating interventions in ethnicity and health
	Theoretical, ethical and future-orientated perspectives
	10.4 Continuing education in ethnicity, race and health
	Theoretical, ethical and future-orientated perspectives
	10.5 Predicting a future for race, ethnicity and health: a peek into the crystal ball
	Theoretical, ethical and future-orientated perspectives
	Theoretical, ethical and future-orientated perspectives
		10.5.1 Clinical care scenario: a look into the crystal ball
	Theoretical, ethical and future-orientated perspectives
		10.5.2 Public health scenario: 2017
	Theoretical, ethical and future-orientated perspectives
		10.5.3 Health care planning: 2017
	Theoretical, ethical and future-orientated perspectives
		10.5.4 Policy-making: 2017
		10.5.5 Research: 2017
	Theoretical, ethical and future-orientated perspectives
	Theoretical, ethical and future-orientated perspectives
	10.6 Conclusions
	Theoretical, ethical and future-orientated perspectives
	Theoretical, ethical and future-orientated perspectives
	Theoretical, ethical and future-orientated perspectives
	Summary
	Theoretical, ethical and future-orientated perspectives
		Notes:
acprof-9780198568179-bibliography-1
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		Glossary
		Books
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		Preface
		Chapter 1
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		Chapter 2
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		(p.323) Chapter 3
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		Chapter 4
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		Chapter 5
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		Chapter 6
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		Chapter 8
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		(p.337) Chapter 9
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		Chapter 10
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acprof-9780198568179-indexList-1
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