Ethiopic Grammar (Ancient Language Resources)

Front Cover......Page 1
ETHIOPIC GRAMMAR......Page 4
Series Foreword......Page 6
Foreword......Page 8
Select Bibliography......Page 10
TRANSLATOR'S PREFATORY NOTE.......Page 12
PREFACE TO THE FIRST EDITION.......Page 15
PREFACE TO THE SECOND EDITION.......Page 18
NOTE ON THE ENGLISH EDITION.......Page 20
CONTENTS.......Page 22
§1. Sketch of the History of the Language......Page 38
§2. Origin and Character......Page 40
§3. Close Affinities with Arabic:—Resemblances and Differences......Page 41
§4. Development of the Language......Page 44
§5. Changes in its Phonetic System and Vocabulary......Page 46
§6. Ethiopic Literature. Modern Investigations......Page 48
§7. Minao-Sabaic Origin of the Alphabetic Character......Page 52
§8. Number of the Consonants......Page 53
§9. Names of the Consonants......Page 54
§10. Order of the Ethiopic Alphabet......Page 55
§11. Form of the Script. Direction of Writing......Page 58
§12. Vowel Denotation incorporated with Consonantal Script......Page 60
§13. Short ӑ assumed as present in Consonantal Ground-form......Page 63
§14. Forms of the Consonants to indicate the Presence of the five Long Vowels severally......Page 64
§15. Development of the U-containing Letters, and their several Forms......Page 68
§16. Interpunctuation-marks. Numerical Signs......Page 69
§17. Preliminary Observations. Short Vowels other than ӑ......Page 71
§18. The Ground-vowel, Short ӑ......Page 72
§19. Short, indeterminate ӗ......Page 74
§21. ē and ō......Page 76
§22. Pronunciation of fugitive ӗ......Page 78
§23. Preliminary Observations......Page 79
§24. Gutturals (Aspirate-)......Page 81
§25. The firmer Gutturals (Palatal-)......Page 85
§26. The U-containing Gutturals......Page 87
§27. Dental-Lingual Mutes......Page 91
§28. Labial Mutes......Page 93
§30. Sibilants......Page 96
§31. Fluctuation and Interchange of Sibilants......Page 98
§ 32. The Liquid and Softer Letters: Nasals; Linguals; and Semivowels......Page 102
§33. Constitution of the Syllable......Page 104
§34. Beginning of the Syllable......Page 105
§35. Termination of the Syllable......Page 107
§36. Shortening of Long Vowels. Lengthening of Short Vowels......Page 108
§37. Treatment of Short ӗ, under change of Syllabic Conditions......Page 110
§38. Treatment of Short ӗ, at the end of Nominal Stems......Page 111
§39. Contraction and Coalescing......Page 114
§40. Hardening of Vowel into Semivowel......Page 116
§ 41. Interpolation of Separating Consonant......Page 118
§42. Meeting of the u of U-containing Gutturals with certain Vowels......Page 119
§43. Close relation of Vowels and Aspirates......Page 120
§44. Preference of Aspirates for the a-sound......Page 122
§45. Reduction of ӑ of open Syllable preceding Aspirate, to ӗ in certain cases......Page 123
§46. Lengthening of Vowel preceding Aspirate in the same Syllable......Page 124
§47. Occasional Disappearance of Aspirates......Page 127
§48. Aspirates and the Word-Tone......Page 128
§49. Hardening of i and u, as 1st Radicals, into Semivowels......Page 130
§50. Vowel-Pronunciation of i and u as 2nd Radicals......Page 131
§51. Hardening of i and u as 3rd Radicals......Page 132
§52. Radical ī or ū meeting with Formative Vowel ī or ū......Page 134
§53. Rejection of u (and i)......Page 136
§54. Doubling of Consonant as Result of Assimilation......Page 138
§55. Doubling of Consonant, to make up for shortening preceding Vowel......Page 141
§56. Giving up the Doubling......Page 142
§57. Exchange of Consonants. Transposition......Page 144
§58. Interpolation or Rejection of individual Consonants......Page 145
§59. The Tone of the Word, and its Adjustment......Page 147
§ 60. Vocalisation of the Word, as influenced by the Tone......Page 149
§61. Interjections......Page 151
§62. Pronominal Roots:—Demonstratives......Page 152
§63. Pronominal Roots:—Interrogatives......Page 155
§64.Pronominal Roots:—Relative Pronouns......Page 156
§65.Pronominal Roots:—Personal Pronouns......Page 157
§66.Conceptional Roots.—General Description......Page 159
§67. Tri-radical Roots......Page 162
§68. Vowel-sided Roots......Page 164
§69. Doubly Weak Roots......Page 166
§70. Certain Strong Ethiopic Roots compared with corresponding but Weak Roots in kindred Languages......Page 167
§71. Multilateral Roots : (a) Originating in repetition of Individual Rads., or of the whole Root......Page 168
§72. M. R. : (b) Originating in Interpolation of Firm Letter after 1st Rad.......Page 171
§ 73. M. R. : (c) Derived from Triliteral Roots and Words, by ExternalApplication of Formative Letter......Page 172
§74. Methods followed generally in Word-Formation.......Page 175
§75. General Description of Verbal Stems......Page 177
§76. Scheme of Stems. I. Ground-Stems: 1. The Simple Stem......Page 178
§77. 2. The Intensive Stem......Page 180
§78. 3. The Influencing Stem......Page 183
§79. II. Causative Stems......Page 185
§80. III. Reflexive-Passive Stems: 1. R.-P. of the Simple Stem......Page 188
§81. 2. R.-P. of the Intensive Stem......Page 190
§82. 3. Reflexive of the Influencing Stem:—Stem of Reciprocity......Page 191
§83. IV. Causative-Reflexive Stems:—C.R. Stems 1 & 2......Page 193
§84. Causative-Reflexive Stem 3......Page 196
§85. Scheme of Stems I. Ground Stem II. Causative Stem......Page 198
§86. III. Passive-Reflexive Stems IV. Causative-Reflexive Stems......Page 200
§87. V. Second Reflexive Stem......Page 201
§88. General Remarks.—Uses of the Perfect......Page 203
§89. Uses of the Imperfect......Page 206
§90. Derivation of the Moods from the Imperfect Tense......Page 210
§91. General Rules of Formation in the Perfect and Imperfect Tenses......Page 211
§92. Tense and Mood Formation in—1. Simple Ground-Stem......Page 214
§93. T. and M. Formation of Weak Verbs......Page 217
§94. Weak Verbs continued......Page 220
§95. Tense and Mood Formation in—2. Intensive Ground-Stem......Page 222
§96. II. T. and M. Formation in Causative Stems......Page 224
§97. III. T. and M. Formation in Reflexive Stems......Page 228
§98. IV. T. and M. Formation in Causative-Reflexive Stems......Page 232
§99. Tense and Mood Formation of Multiliteral Verbs......Page 234
§100. III. T. and M. Formation in Reflexive Stems of Multiliteral Verbs......Page 237
§101. General Remarks......Page 238
§102. Attachment of Personal Signs in the Perfect......Page 242
§103. Attachment of Personal Signs in the Imperfect—(Indicative and Subjunctive)......Page 246
§104. Classes of Nouns, and Methods of Stem-Formation......Page 249
I. STEM-FORMATION OF NOUNS.......Page 250
§105. 1. First and Simplest Formation,—with accented Short Vowel after 1st Radical......Page 252
§106. 2. Second Formation, — with accented Short Vowel or Tone-long Vowel after 2nd Radical......Page 257
§107. (b) With Intransitive á after 2nd Radical......Page 259
§108. (2) Descriptive Words derived as Verbal Adjectives and Participles from the Perfect......Page 262
§109. 3. Third Formation......Page 266
§110. 1. From Simple Tri-radical Verbal Stems......Page 268
§111. 2. From Derived Verbal Stems......Page 269
§112. 3. From Multiliteral Roots......Page 273
§113. With the Prefix እ......Page 276
§114. Participial formation with ma......Page 278
§115. Prefix ma, in the formation of Names of Things......Page 281
§116. Prefix ma (continued)......Page 282
§117. Denominative Nouns:—1. Adjective-Formation......Page 286
§118. Denominative Nouns:—1. Adjective-Formation (cont.)......Page 288
§119. Adjective Formation......Page 289
§120. 2. Abstract Nouns......Page 291
§121. 2. Abstract Nouns (cont.)......Page 294
§122. 2. Abstract Nouns (cont.)......Page 296
§123. Participles and Infinitives......Page 299
§124. Certain Abstract Forms sometimes employed for the Nominal Infinitive......Page 302
§125. The Nominal Infinitive in the several Stems......Page 305
§126. The two Genders: Masculine and Feminine. Signs of the Feminine......Page 308
§127. Feminine Endings......Page 311
§128. Feminine Endings (cont.)......Page 314
§129. Feminine of Adjectives and Participles......Page 316
§130. The Gender-usage in Ethiopic......Page 320
§131. Numbers of Nominal Stems......Page 323
§132. Masculine Plural Ending......Page 327
§133. Masculine Plural Ending (cont.)......Page 331
§134. Masculine Plural Ending (cont.)......Page 333
§135. General Account of the Inner Plural or Collective Form......Page 336
§136. I. Collective Words from Singular-Stems of the Simplest Formation from Tri-radical Roots......Page 338
§137. Collective Words (cont.)......Page 341
§138. II. Collective Words from certain longer Singular-Stems of Triradical Roots......Page 344
§139. III. Collective Words from longer Stems of Triliteral and Multiliteral Roots......Page 345
§140. III. Collective Words (cont.)......Page 348
§141. IV. Traces of a Collective Formation, contrived by applying AbstractTerminations proper to Fem. Sing......Page 351
§142. 1. The Nominative and Vocative......Page 354
§143. 2. The Accusative:—Usual Marking. When such Marking is not exhibited......Page 357
§144. 3. The Genitive Relation:—(a) The Construct State......Page 361
§145. (b) Periphrastic Indication of the Genitive by Prefixing Rel. Pron. to Determining Word......Page 363
§146. I. Pronouns:—1. Demonstrative Pronouns......Page 365
§147. 2. Relative and Interrogative Pronouns......Page 369
§148. 3. Personal Pronouns......Page 373
§149. Formation of the Accusative and Genitive in the Pers. Prons.......Page 375
§150. Expression of the Acc., Gen. and Nom. of a Pers. Pron., on which a Special Emphasis rests......Page 378
§151. Attachment of Verbal Suffixes. Binding-vowel......Page 382
§152. Special Cases of the Attachment of Verbal Suffixes......Page 386
§153. Attachment of Nominal Suffixes. Binding-vowel......Page 388
§154. Attachment of Suffixes to Singular Forms......Page 391
§155. Suffixes often attached to Singular Stems in the Plural fashion, and to Plural Stems in the Singular fashion......Page 395
§156. Use of the Suffix in certain cases, equivalent to Apposition......Page 396
§157. II. Pronominals......Page 397
§158. III. Numerals......Page 401
§160. 1. Adverbs of Demonstrative Meaning......Page 412
§161. 2. Interrogative Adverbs and Adverbs of Relative Meaning......Page 415
§162. 3. Negative, Affirmative, Exclamatory and Restrictive Particles, together with certain Enclitics......Page 417
§163. 1. Adverbs of Place and Time (Acc. of Noun); of Kind and Manner (Acc. of Adj.); and Adverbs formed by prefixing Prepositions to Substantives or Adjectives, instead of taking Acc.......Page 420
§164. General Account of Prepositions......Page 425
§165. The other more frequently used Prepositions......Page 431
§166. Prepositions (Class b) continued......Page 436
§167. Attachment of Suffixes to Prepositions......Page 443
§168. General Account of Conjunctions......Page 447
§169. Inferential, Causal and Final Conjunctions......Page 451
§170. Conjunctions expressing Conditional and Temporal Relations......Page 454
§ 171. Prevalence and Force of Prefix- and Affix-Particles in Ethiopie......Page 457
§172. Subject and Predicate. I. Periphrasis of the Article......Page 460
I . PERIPHRASIS OF THE ARTICLE.......Page 461
§173. 2. Methods of indicating Indefiniteness in the Noun......Page 465
§174. Accusative of an associated Nomen as determining the idea of the Verb. 1.—Accusative of Determination......Page 467
§175. 2.—Accusative of Purport or Reference......Page 469
§176. 3.—Accusative of the Object Proper, with Verbs of various meaning......Page 472
§177. 4.—Double Accusative. Triple Accusative......Page 475
§178. 6.—Suffix Pronoun used as a Secondary Accusative or a Dative of Special Reference......Page 479
§179. Subordination of Nouns and Pronouns by means of Prepositions......Page 482
§180. 1. Second Verb determining (a) Kind and Manner, Circumstances or Time of the action of the First......Page 485
§181. Second Verb expressing (b) more exact Determination of Time, Circumstance &c.......Page 487
§182. 2. Second Verb determining the Contents of the Leading Verb......Page 490
§183. 3. Second Verb as Remote Object, specifying Direction, Purpose or Consequence of Principal Action......Page 494
§184. The Genitive Relation:—1. The Construct State......Page 496
1. SUBORDINATION OF NOUNS.......Page 497
§185. Rules observed in the use of the Constr. St. Relation......Page 501
§186. 2. Periphrastic Indication of the Genitive......Page 505
§187. Subordination through the Acc. or through Preps.......Page 509
§188. 1. Co-ordination and Concord of Substantives and Demonstrative Prons., and of Substantives and Adjectives......Page 513
§189. 2. Substantives in co-ordination with Substantives......Page 517
§190. Co-ordination of Predicate-Object with immediate Object, after Verbs of Perceiving, Declaring &c.......Page 520
§191. Addendum: Union of Numerals and Nouns.......Page 523
§192. 1. The Subject......Page 527
§193. 2. The Predicate......Page 532
§194. 3. Union of Subject and Predicate: (a) Connecting-words when Predicate is a Noun of some kind......Page 534
§195. Agreement of Predicate with Subject in Gender and Number, when Predicate is a full Verb or an Adjective......Page 537
§196. Arrangement of the Sentence......Page 539
§197. 1. Negative Sentences......Page 545
§198. 2. Interrogative Sentences......Page 550
§199. 3. Exclamatory Sentences......Page 555
§200. Copulative Clauses......Page 558
§201. 1. Presence or Absence of Introductory Relative Pronoun......Page 564
§202. 2. Expression of Case-relations of the Rel. Pronoun within Rel. Clause......Page 568
§203. 1. Subject or Object expressed by an entire Clause......Page 573
§204. 3. Comparative Clauses......Page 579
§205. Conditional Sentences......Page 583
§206. Various Formulae of Correlation......Page 591
ADDITIONS AND CORRECTIONS......Page 593
(a) OLD TESTAMENT.......Page 596
(c) NEW TESTAMENT......Page 606
B. ETHIOPIC COLLECTIONS AND WORKS......Page 612
C. OTHER WORKS AND DOCUMENTS OCCASIONALLY REFERRED TO.......Page 616
ADDITIONAL CORRECTION.......Page 618
Characters of the Ethiopic Alphabet......Page 620
The Formation of Verbs......Page 622
The Formation of Pronouns......Page 627
The Attachment of Verbal Suffixes......Page 628
The Gender- and Number-Formation of Nominal Stems......Page 629
Back Cover......Page 631