Essentials of Sociology

Cover......Page 1
Title Page......Page 4
Copyright Page......Page 5
Brief Contents......Page 7
Contents......Page 8
Special Features......Page 16
Guide to Social Maps......Page 18
To the Student . . . from the Author......Page 20
To the Instructor . . . from the Author......Page 22
About the Author......Page 33
Chapter 1 The Sociological Perspective......Page 34
Seeing the Broader Social Context......Page 36
Tradition versus Science......Page 37
Herbert Spencer and Social Darwinism......Page 38
Emile Durkheim and Social Integration......Page 39
APPLYING DURKHEIM......Page 40
Sexism at the Time: Women in Early Sociology......Page 41
Jane Addams: Sociologist and Social Reformer......Page 43
Talcott Parsons and C. Wright Mills: Theory versus Reform......Page 44
PUBLIC SOCIOLOGY......Page 45
Theoretical Perspectives in Sociology......Page 46
SYMBOLS IN EVERYDAY LIFE......Page 47
From Gemeinschaft to Gesellschaft......Page 0
Functional Analysis......Page 48
APPLYING FUNCTIONAL ANALYSIS......Page 49
APPLYING CONFLICT THEORY......Page 51
Levels of Analysis: Macro and Micro......Page 52
Doing Sociological Research......Page 53
3. Reviewing the Literature......Page 54
6. Collecting the Data......Page 55
Research Methods (Designs)......Page 56
SELECTING A SAMPLE......Page 58
TYPES OF QUESTIONS......Page 59
ESTABLISHING RAPPORT......Page 60
Case Studies......Page 61
Experiments......Page 63
Gender in Sociological Research......Page 65
Protecting the Subjects: The Brajuha Research......Page 66
Misleading the Subjects: The Humphreys Research......Page 67
Globalization......Page 68
Summary and Review......Page 69
Thinking Critically about Chapter 1......Page 70
Chapter 2 Culture......Page 71
Culture and Taken-for-Granted Orientations to Life......Page 73
Practicing Cultural Relativism......Page 75
Gestures......Page 79
Language......Page 80
LANGUAGE ALLOWS HUMAN EXPERIENCE TO BE CUMULATIVE......Page 81
LANGUAGE ALLOWS SHARED, GOAL-DIRECTED BEHAVIOR.......Page 82
Values, Norms, and Sanctions......Page 83
Folkways, Mores, and Taboos......Page 85
Subcultures......Page 86
Values in U.S. Society......Page 89
Value Contradictions......Page 90
An Emerging Value Cluster......Page 91
“Ideal” Versus “Real” Culture......Page 92
Cultural Universals......Page 93
Sociobiology and Human Behavior......Page 94
Cultural Lag and Cultural Change......Page 95
Technology and Cultural Leveling......Page 97
Summary and Review......Page 98
Thinking Critically about Chapter 2......Page 99
Chapter 3 Socialization......Page 100
Feral Children......Page 102
Isolated Children......Page 103
Institutionalized Children......Page 104
TIMING AND HUMAN DEVELOPMENT......Page 105
Deprived Animals......Page 106
Mead and Role Taking......Page 107
Piaget and the Development of Reasoning......Page 109
Freud and the Development of Personality......Page 110
KOHLBERG’S THEORY......Page 111
EXPRESSING EMOTIONS: “GENDER RULES.”......Page 112
RESEARCH NEEDED......Page 113
PARENTS......Page 114
TOYS AND PLAY......Page 115
SAME-SEX PARENTS......Page 117
ADVERTISING......Page 118
SOCIAL CLASS AND PLAY......Page 120
Day Care......Page 121
Peer Groups......Page 122
Total Institutions......Page 125
Childhood (from birth to about age 12)......Page 127
Transitional Adulthood (ages 18–29)......Page 128
THE TRANSITIONAL OLDER YEARS (AGES 65–74)......Page 129
Are We Prisoners of Socialization?......Page 130
Summary and Review......Page 131
Thinking Critically about Chapter 3......Page 132
Chapter 4 Social Structure and Social Interaction......Page 133
Macrosociology and Microsociology......Page 135
The Sociological Significance of Social Structure......Page 136
ASCRIBED AND ACHIEVED STATUSES......Page 138
STATUS INCONSISTENCY......Page 139
Groups......Page 140
Social Institutions......Page 141
Comparing Functionalist and Conflict Perspectives......Page 142
MECHANICAL AND ORGANIC SOLIDARITY......Page 143
HOW RELEVANT ARE THESE CONCEPTS TODAY?......Page 144
STEREOTYPES IN EVERYDAY LIFE......Page 146
PERSONAL SPACE......Page 150
Dramaturgy: The Presentation of Self in Everyday Life......Page 151
SIGN-VEHICLES......Page 152
TEAMWORK......Page 153
APPLYING IMPRESSION MANAGEMENT.......Page 155
Ethnomethodology: Uncovering Background Assumptions......Page 156
GYNECOLOGICAL EXAMINATIONS......Page 157
The Need for both Macrosociology and Microsociology......Page 159
Summary and Review......Page 162
Thinking Critically about Chapter 4......Page 163
Chapter 5 Social Groups and Formal Organizations......Page 164
Primary Groups......Page 166
THE INNER CIRCLE......Page 168
SHAPING PERCEPTION AND MORALITY......Page 169
EVALUATING OURSELVES......Page 170
APPLIED NETWORK ANALYSIS......Page 171
IS THE SMALL WORLD PHENOMENON AN ACADEMIC MYTH?......Page 172
BUILDING UNINTENTIONAL BARRIERS......Page 173
The Characteristics of Bureaucracies......Page 174
Goal Displacement and the Perpetuation of Bureaucracies......Page 176
RED TAPE: A RULE IS A RULE......Page 177
RESISTING ALIENATION......Page 178
SELF-FULFILLING STEREOTYPES AND PROMOTIONS......Page 179
Diversity in the Workplace......Page 180
Technology and the Maximum-Security Society......Page 181
Effects of Group Size on Stability and Intimacy......Page 182
Effects of Group Size on Attitudes and Behavior......Page 183
WHO BECOMES A LEADER?......Page 184
LEADERSHIP STYLES......Page 186
The Power of Peer Pressure: The Asch Experiment......Page 187
The Power of Authority: The Milgram Experiment......Page 188
PREVENTING GROUPTHINK......Page 190
Summary and Review......Page 191
Chapter 6 Deviance and Social Control......Page 193
A NEUTRAL TERM......Page 195
How Norms Make Social Life Possible......Page 196
Competing Explanations of Deviance: Sociobiology, Psychology, and Sociology......Page 197
The Symbolic Interactionist Perspective......Page 198
FRIENDS, NEIGHBORHOODS, AND SUBCULTURES......Page 199
THE THEORY......Page 200
REJECTING LABELS: HOW PEOPLE NEUTRALIZE DEVIANCE......Page 201
EMBRACING LABELS: THE EXAMPLE OF OUTLAW BIKERS......Page 203
LABELS CAN BE POWERFUL......Page 204
Can Deviance Really Be Functional for Society?......Page 205
Strain Theory: How Mainstream Values Produce Deviance......Page 206
FOUR DEVIANT PATHS......Page 207
Illegitimate Opportunity Structures: Social Class and Crime......Page 208
GENDER AND CRIME......Page 210
The Criminal Justice System as an Instrument of Oppression......Page 211
Street Crime and Prisons......Page 213
The Decline in Violent Crime......Page 215
Recidivism......Page 216
RACE–ETHNICITY......Page 217
The Trouble with Official Statistics......Page 220
NEITHER MENTAL NOR ILLNESS?......Page 221
THE HOMELESS MENTALLY ILL......Page 222
Summary and Review......Page 223
Thinking Critically about Chapter 6......Page 224
Chapter 7 Global Stratification......Page 225
Systems of Social Stratification......Page 227
CONDITIONS OF SLAVERY......Page 228
SLAVERY TODAY......Page 229
INDIA’S RELIGIOUS CASTES......Page 230
SOUTH AFRICA......Page 231
A U.S. RACIAL CASTE SYSTEM......Page 232
WOMEN IN THE ESTATE SYSTEM......Page 233
The Global Superclass......Page 234
Karl Marx: The Means of Production......Page 235
Max Weber: Property, Power, and Prestige......Page 236
TUMIN’S CRITIQUE OF DAVIS AND MOORE......Page 237
MOSCA'S ARGUMENT......Page 238
Lenski’s Synthesis......Page 239
CONTROLLING PEOPLE’S IDEAS......Page 240
BIG BROTHER TECHNOLOGY......Page 241
Social Stratification in the Former Soviet Union......Page 242
Global Stratification: Three Worlds......Page 243
The Most Industrialized Nations......Page 244
The Industrializing Nations......Page 247
Modifying the Model......Page 248
World System Theory......Page 251
Evaluating the Theories......Page 253
Multinational Corporations......Page 254
Technology and Global Domination......Page 255
Summary and Review......Page 256
Thinking Critically about Chapter 7......Page 257
Chapter 8 Social Class in the United States......Page 258
DISTINGUISHING BETWEEN WEALTH AND INCOME......Page 260
DISTRIBUTION OF INCOME......Page 261
THE POWER ELITE......Page 263
DISPLAYING PRESTIGE......Page 265
Status Inconsistency......Page 266
Updating Marx......Page 267
Updating Weber......Page 269
THE UPPER-MIDDLE CLASS......Page 270
THE WORKING POOR......Page 271
Consequences of Social Class......Page 272
Family Life......Page 273
Religion......Page 274
Crime and Criminal Justice......Page 275
Three Types of Social Mobility......Page 276
The Pain of Social Mobility......Page 277
Drawing the Poverty Line......Page 280
THE GEOGRAPHY OF POVERTY......Page 281
THE FEMINIZATION OF POVERTY......Page 283
The Dynamics of Poverty versus the Culture of Poverty......Page 284
Deferred Gratification......Page 286
Where Is Horatio Alger? The Social Functions of a Myth......Page 287
Peering into the Future: Will We Live in a Three-Tier Society?......Page 288
Summary and Review......Page 289
Thinking Critically about Chapter 8......Page 290
Chapter 9 Race and Ethnicity......Page 291
THE MYTH OF RACIAL SUPERIORITY......Page 293
Ethnic Groups......Page 296
Ethnic Work: Constructing Our Racial–Ethnic Identity......Page 297
DISTINGUISHING BETWEEN PREJUDICE AND DISCRIMINATION......Page 298
LEARNING PREJUDICE FROM ASSOCIATING WITH OTHERS......Page 300
INTERNALIZING DOMINANT NORMS......Page 301
HEALTH CARE......Page 303
FRUSTRATION AND SCAPEGOATS......Page 304
FUNCTIONALISM......Page 305
CONFLICT THEORY......Page 306
LABELS AND SELF-FULFILLING STEREOTYPES......Page 307
Genocide......Page 308
Population Transfer......Page 309
Assimilation......Page 310
European Americans......Page 311
COUNTRIES OF ORIGIN......Page 313
UNAUTHORIZED IMMIGRANTS......Page 314
POLITICS......Page 316
African Americans......Page 317
RISING EXPECTATIONS AND CIVIL STRIFE......Page 318
RACE OR SOCIAL CLASS? A SOCIOLOGICAL DEBATE......Page 319
Asian Americans......Page 320
REASONS FOR FINANCIAL SUCCESS......Page 321
DIVERSITY OF GROUPS......Page 322
THE INVISIBLE MINORITY AND SELF-DETERMINATION......Page 323
Looking toward the Future......Page 324
The Affirmative Action Controversy......Page 325
Toward a True Multicultural Society......Page 327
Summary and Review......Page 328
Thinking Critically about Chapter 9......Page 329
Chapter 10 Gender and Age......Page 330
THE SOCIOLOGICAL SIGNIFICANCE OF GENDER......Page 332
A MEDICAL ACCIDENT......Page 334
MORE RESEARCH ON HUMANS......Page 335
How Did Females Become a Minority Group?......Page 337
GLOBAL VIOLENCE AGAINST WOMEN......Page 340
Fighting Back: The Rise of Feminism......Page 342
Gender Inequality in Health Care......Page 344
THE CHANGE......Page 346
GENDER TRACKING......Page 347
HISTORICAL BACKGROUND......Page 348
THE “TESTOSTERONE BONUS”......Page 349
REASONS FOR THE GENDER PAY GAP......Page 350
Is the Glass Ceiling Cracking?......Page 352
FORCIBLE RAPE......Page 353
DATE (ACQUAINTANCE) RAPE......Page 354
The Changing Face of Politics......Page 355
Inequalities of Aging......Page 356
Extremes of Attitudes and Practices......Page 357
Industrialization and the Graying of the Globe......Page 358
The Graying of America......Page 359
The Symbolic Interactionist Perspective......Page 361
The Influence of the Mass Media......Page 362
Disengagement Theory......Page 363
EVALUATION OF THE THEORY......Page 364
Fighting for Resources: Social Security Legislation......Page 365
Intergenerational Competition and Conflict......Page 366
Changing Views of Aging......Page 368
Summary and Review......Page 369
Thinking Critically about Chapter 10......Page 371
Chapter 11 Politics and the Economy......Page 372
Authority and Legitimate Violence......Page 374
Rational–Legal Authority......Page 375
THE THREAT POSED BY CHARISMATIC LEADERS......Page 376
Monarchies: The Rise of the State......Page 377
Democracies: Citizenship as a Revolutionary Idea......Page 378
Dictatorships and Oligarchies: The Seizure of Power......Page 379
Political Parties and Elections......Page 380
Voting Patterns......Page 381
SOCIAL INTEGRATION......Page 382
THE GENDER AND RACIAL–ETHNIC GAPS IN VOTING......Page 383
THE MONEY......Page 384
The Conflict Perspective: The Power Elite......Page 385
Which View Is Right?......Page 386
THE FLESH AND BLOOD OF WAR......Page 387
Terrorism......Page 388
Targeted Killings......Page 389
The Economy: Work in the Global Village......Page 390
Industrial Societies: The Birth of the Machine......Page 391
Implications for Your Life......Page 392
WHAT STATE CAPITALISM IS......Page 394
Ideologies of Capitalism and Socialism......Page 395
Criticisms of Capitalism and Socialism......Page 396
The Globalization of Capitalism......Page 397
Stagnant Paychecks......Page 399
The New Economic System and the Old Divisions of Wealth......Page 402
The Global Superclass......Page 403
Trends Toward Unity......Page 404
Summary and Review......Page 405
Thinking Critically about Chapter 11......Page 407
Chapter 12 Marriage and Family......Page 408
What Is a Family?......Page 410
DESCENT......Page 411
Marriage and Family in Theoretical Perspective......Page 412
The Functionalist Perspective: Functions and Dysfunctions......Page 413
The Conflict Perspective: Struggles between Husbands and Wives......Page 414
PAID WORK AND HOUSEWORK......Page 415
Love and Courtship in Global Perspective......Page 416
THE SOCIAL CHANNELS OF LOVE AND MARRIAGE......Page 418
IDEAL FAMILY SIZE......Page 419
MARITAL SATISFACTION......Page 420
MARRIED COUPLES AND SINGLE MOTHERS......Page 421
SINGLE FATHERS......Page 422
SOCIAL CLASS......Page 423
WIDOWHOOD......Page 424
African American Families......Page 425
Latino Families......Page 426
Native American Families......Page 427
Blended Families......Page 428
ADOPTION BY GAY AND LESBIAN COUPLES......Page 429
Cohabitation......Page 430
DOES COHABITATION MAKE MARRIAGE STRONGER?......Page 431
Ways of Measuring Divorce......Page 432
Divorce and Mixed Racial–Ethnic Marriages......Page 434
WHAT HELPS CHILDREN ADJUST TO DIVORCE?......Page 435
The Ex-Spouses......Page 436
CHILD ABUSE......Page 437
INCEST......Page 438
Symbolic Interactionism and the Misuse of Statistics......Page 439
Summary and Review......Page 440
Thinking Critically about Chapter 12......Page 441
Chapter 13 Education and Religion......Page 442
Education in Global Perspective......Page 444
THE EXPANSION OF EDUCATION......Page 445
Education in the Industrializing Nations: Russia......Page 447
Education in the Least Industrialized Nations: Egypt......Page 448
Cultural Transmission of Values......Page 449
Gatekeeping (Social Placement)......Page 450
The Conflict Perspective: Perpetuating Social Inequality......Page 451
Stacking the Deck: Unequal Funding......Page 452
The Symbolic Interactionist Perspective: Teacher Expectations......Page 453
How do Teacher Expectations Work?......Page 454
Self-Expectations......Page 455
THE RISING TIDE OF MEDIOCRITY......Page 456
RAISING STANDARDS FOR TEACHERS......Page 457
Cheating......Page 458
Violence......Page 459
WHAT IS RELIGION?......Page 461
SOCIAL CONTROL......Page 462
Religious Symbols......Page 463
Religious Experience......Page 464
Legitimating Social Inequalities......Page 467
Religion and the Spirit of Capitalism......Page 468
Cult......Page 469
Church......Page 471
RACE–ETHNICITY......Page 472
TOLERATION......Page 473
The Future of Religion......Page 474
Summary and Review......Page 476
Thinking Critically about Chapter 13......Page 477
Chapter 14 Population and Urbanization......Page 478
The New Malthusians......Page 480
The Anti-Malthusians......Page 482
Who Is Correct?......Page 483
Why Are People Starving?......Page 484
Population Growth......Page 486
Why the Least Industrialized Nations Have So Many Children......Page 487
Consequences of Rapid Population Growth......Page 488
FERTILITY......Page 489
MIGRATION......Page 490
Problems in Forecasting Population Growth......Page 491
Urbanization......Page 495
THE APPEAL OF CITIES......Page 496
FROM COUNTRY TO CITY......Page 499
FROM CITY TO CITY......Page 500
WITHIN THE CITY......Page 501
The Sector Model......Page 503
The Peripheral Model......Page 504
Critique of the Models......Page 505
Alienation in the City......Page 506
THE ETHNIC VILLAGERS......Page 507
TUNING OUT: THE NORM OF NONINVOLVEMENT......Page 508
CITY VERSUS SUBURB......Page 509
The Potential of Urban Revitalization......Page 510
Summary and Review......Page 511
Thinking Critically about Chapter 14......Page 512
Chapter 15 Social Change and the Environment......Page 513
The Four Social Revolutions......Page 515
The Industrial Revolution and Capitalism......Page 516
DIVIDING UP THE WORLD......Page 517
FOUR THREATS TO THIS COALITION OF ­POWERS......Page 518
Evolution from Lower to Higher......Page 519
Conflict over Power and Resources......Page 520
INVENTION......Page 521
EVALUATION OF OGBURN’S THEORY......Page 522
Extending Human Abilities......Page 523
CHANGES IN CONSPICUOUS CONSUMPTION......Page 524
EFFECTS ON CITIES......Page 525
EFFECTS ON WOMEN’S ROLES......Page 526
COMPUTERS IN EDUCATION......Page 527
COMPUTERS IN INTERNATIONAL CONFLICT......Page 528
Cyberspace and Social Inequality......Page 529
The Growth Machine versus the Earth......Page 530
TOXIC WASTES......Page 531
FOSSIL FUELS AND CLIMATE CHANGE......Page 532
The Environmental Movement......Page 534
Environmental Sociology......Page 537
Technology and the Environment: The Goal of Harmony......Page 538
Summary and Review......Page 539
Thinking Critically about Chapter 15
......Page 540
Epilogue: Why Major in Sociology?......Page 541
Glossary......Page 543
References......Page 552
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Credits......Page 602