Essentials of Human Anatomy & Physiology

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New to the Eleventh Edition
Introducing Essentials of Human Anatomy and Physiology, 11th edition, Global Edition
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Acknowledgments
Brief Contents
Contents
Chapter 1: The Human Body: An Orientation
	An Overview of Anatomy and Physiology
		Anatomy
		Physiology
		Relationship between Anatomy and Physiology
	Levels of Structural Organization
		From Atoms to Organisms
		Organ System Overview
			Integumentary System
			Skeletal System
			Muscular System
			Nervous System
			Endocrine System
			Cardiovascular System
			Lymphatic System
			Respiratory System
			Digestive System
			Urinary System
			Reproductive System
	Maintaining Life
		Necessary Life Functions
			Maintaining Boundaries
			Movement
			Responsiveness
			Digestion
			Metabolism
			Excretion
			Reproduction
			Growth
		Survival Needs
	Homeostasis
		Homeostatic Controls
	The Language of Anatomy
		Anatomical Position
		Directional Terms
		Regional Terms
			Anterior Body Landmarks
			Posterior Body Landmarks
		Body Planes and Sections
		Body Cavities
			Dorsal Body Cavity
			Ventral Body Cavity
			Other Body Cavities
	Summary
	Review Questions
	Critical Thinking and Clinical Application Questions
	A Closer Look Medical Imaging: Illuminating the Body
Chapter 2: Basic Chemistry
	Concepts of Matter and Energy
		Matter
		Energy
			Forms of Energy
			Energy Form Conversions
	Composition of Matter
		Elements and Atoms
		Atomic Structure
			The Basic Atomic Subparticles
			Planetary and Orbital Models of an Atom
		Identifying Elements
			Atomic Number
			Atomic Mass
			Atomic Weight and Isotopes
	Molecules and Compounds
	Chemical Bonds and Chemical Reactions
		Bond Formation
			Role of Electrons
			Types of Chemical Bonds
		Patterns of Chemical Reactions
			Synthesis Reactions
			Decomposition Reactions
			Exchange Reactions
			Factors Influencing the Rate of Chemical Reactions
	Biochemistry: The Chemical Composition of Living Matter
		Inorganic Compounds
			Water
			Salts
			Acids and Bases
		Organic Compounds
			Carbohydrates
			Lipids
			Proteins
			Nucleic Acids
			Adenosine Triphosphate (ATP)
	Summary
	Review Questions
	Critical Thinking and Clinical Application Questions
	Focus on Careers Pharmacy Technician
Chapter 3: Cells and Tissues
	Part I: Cells
		Overview of the Cellular Basis of Life
		Anatomy of a Generalized Cell
			The Nucleus
				Nuclear Envelope
				Nucleoli
				Chromatin
			The Plasma Membrane
				The Fluid Mosaic Model
				Membrane Junctions
			The Cytoplasm
				Cytoplasmic Organelles
			Cell Extensions
				Cilia and Flagella
				Microvilli
			Cell Diversity
		Cell Physiology
			Membrane Transport
				Passive Processes: Diffusion and Filtration
				Active Processes
			Cell Division
				Preparations: DNA Replication
				Events of Cell Division
			Protein Synthesis
				Genes: The Blueprint for Protein Structure
				The Role of RNA
				Transcription
				Translation
	Part II: Body Tissues
		Epithelial Tissue
			Special Characteristics of Epithelium
			Classification of Epithelium
				Simple Epithelia
				Stratified Epithelia
				Glandular Epithelium
		Connective Tissue
			Common Characteristics of Connective Tissue
			Extracellular Matrix
			Types of Connective Tissue
				Bone
				Cartilage
				Dense Connective Tissue
				Loose Connective Tissue
				Blood
		Muscle Tissue
			Types of Muscle Tissue
				Skeletal Muscle
				Cardiac Muscle
				Smooth Muscle
		Nervous Tissue
		Tissue Repair (Wound Healing)
	Part III: Developmental Aspects of Cells and Tissues
	Summary
	Review Questions
	Critical Thinking and Clinical Application Questions
	A Closer Look IV Therapy and Cellular “Tonics”
	A Closer Look Cancer—The Intimate Enemy
Chapter 4: Skin and Body Membranes
	Classification of Body Membranes
		Epithelial Membranes
			Cutaneous Membrane
			Mucous Membranes
			Serous Membranes
		Connective Tissue Membranes
	The Integumentary System (Skin)
		Functions of the Integumentary System
		Structure of the Skin
			Epidermis
			Dermis
		Skin Color
		Appendages of the Skin
			Cutaneous Glands
			Hair and Hair Follicles
			Nails
		Homeostatic Imbalances of Skin
			Burns
			Infections and Allergies
			Skin Cancer
	Developmental Aspects of Skin and Body Membranes
	Summary
	Review Questions
	Critical Thinking and Clinical Application Questions
	A Closer Look a Wrinkle Out of Time
	Focus on Careers Medical Transcriptionist
	Systems in Sync
Chapter 5: The Skeletal System
	Bones: An Overview
		Functions of the Bones
		Classification of Bones
		Structure of Bone
			Gross Anatomy of a Long Bone
			Microscopic Anatomy
		Bone Formation, Growth, and Remodeling
			Bone Formation and Growth
				Bone Remodeling
		Bone Fractures
	Axial Skeleton
		Skull
			Cranium
			Facial Bones
			The Hyoid Bone
			Fetal Skull
		Vertebral Column (Spine)
			Cervical Vertebrae
			Thoracic Vertebrae
			Lumbar Vertebrae
			Sacrum
			Coccyx
		Thoracic Cage
			Sternum
			Ribs
	Appendicular Skeleton
		Bones of the Shoulder Girdle
		Bones of the Upper Limbs
			Arm
			Forearm
			Hand
		Bones of the Pelvic Girdle
		Bones of the Lower Limbs
			Thigh
			Leg
			Foot
	Joints
		Fibrous Joints
		Cartilaginous Joints
		Synovial Joints
		Types of Synovial Joints Based on Shape
	Developmental Aspects of the Skeleton
	Summary
	Review Questions
	Critical Thinking and Clinical Application Questions
	A Closer Look Joint Ventures
	Focus on Careers Radiologic Technologist
	Systems in Sync
Chapter 6: The Muscular System
	Overview of Muscle Tissues
		Muscle Types
			Skeletal Muscle
			Smooth Muscle
			Cardiac Muscle
		Muscle Functions
			Producing Movement
			Maintaining Posture and Body Position
			Stabilizing Joints
			Generating Heat
			Additional Functions
	Microscopic Anatomy of Skeletal Muscle
	Skeletal Muscle Activity
		Stimulation and Contraction of Single Skeletal Muscle Cells
			The Nerve Stimulus and the Action Potential
			Mechanism of Muscle Contraction: The Sliding Filament Theory
		Contraction of a Skeletal Muscle as a Whole
			Graded Responses
			Providing Energy for Muscle Contraction
			Muscle Fatigue and Oxygen Deficit
			Types of Muscle Contractions—Isotonic and Isometric
			Muscle Tone
			Effect of Exercise on Muscles
	Muscle Movements, Types, and Names
		Types of Body Movements
			Special Movements
		Interactions of Skeletal Muscles in the Body
		Naming Skeletal Muscles
		Arrangement of Fascicles
	Gross Anatomy of Skeletal Muscles
		Head and Neck Muscles
			Facial Muscles
			Chewing Muscles
			Neck Muscles
		Trunk Muscles
			Anterior Muscles
			Posterior Muscles
		Muscles of the Upper Limb
			Muscles of the Humerus That Acton the Forearm
		Muscles of the Lower Limb
			Muscles Causing Movement at the Hip Joint
			Muscles Causing Movement at the Knee Joint
			Muscles Causing Movement at the Ankle and Foot
	Developmental Aspects of the Muscular System
	Summary
	Review Questions
	Critical Thinking and Clinical Application Questions
	A Closer Look Anabolic Steroids: Dying to Win?
	Systems in Sync
Chapter 7: The Nervous System
	Organization of the Nervous System
		Structural Classification
		Functional Classification
	Nervous Tissue: Structure and Function
		Supporting Cells
		Neurons
			Anatomy
			Classification
			Physiology: Nerve Impulses
			Physiology: Reflexes
	Central Nervous System
		Functional Anatomy of the Brain
			Cerebral Hemispheres
			Diencephalon
			Brain Stem
			Cerebellum
		Protection of the Central Nervous System
			Meninges
			Cerebrospinal Fluid
			The Blood-Brain Barrier
		Brain Dysfunctions
		Spinal Cord
			Gray Matter of the Spinal Cord and Spinal Roots
			White Matter of the Spinal Cord
	Peripheral Nervous System
		Structure of a Nerve
		Cranial Nerves
		Spinal Nerves and Nerve Plexuses
		Autonomic Nervous System
			Somatic and Autonomic Nervous Systems Compared
			Anatomy of the Parasympathetic Division
			Anatomy of the Sympathetic Division
			Autonomic Functioning
	Developmental Aspects of the Nervous System
	Summary
	Review Questions
	Critical Thinking and Clinical Application Questions
	A Closer Look The “Terrible Three”
	A Closer Look Tracking Down CNS Problems
	Systems in Sync
Chapter 8: Special Senses
	Part I: The Eye and Vision
		Anatomy of the Eye
			External and Accessory Structures
			Internal Structures: The Eyeball
				Layers Forming the Wall of the Eyeball
				Lens
		Physiology of Vision
			Pathway of Light through the Eye and Light Refraction
			Visual Fields and Visual Pathways to the Brain
			Eye Reflexes
	Part II: The Ear: Hearing and Balance
		Anatomy of the Ear
			External (Outer) Ear
			Middle Ear
			Internal (Inner) Ear
		Equilibrium
			Static Equilibrium
			Dynamic Equilibrium
		Hearing
		Hearing and Equilibrium Deficits
	Part III: Chemical Senses: Smell and Taste
		Olfactory Receptors and the Sense of Smell
		Taste Buds and the Sense of Taste
	Part IV: Developmental Aspects of the Special Senses
	Summary
	Review Questions
	Critical Thinking and Clinical Application Questions
	A Closer Look Visual Pigments—The Actual Photoreceptors
	A Closer Look Bringing Things into Focus
	Focus on Careers Physical Therapy Assistant
Chapter 9: The Endocrine System
	The Endocrine System and Hormone Function—An Overview
		The Chemistry of Hormones
		Hormone Action
			Direct Gene Activation
			Second-Messenger System
		Control of Hormone Release
			Endocrine Gland Stimuli
	The Major Endocrine Organs
		Pituitary Gland and Hypothalamus
			Pituitary-Hypothalamus Relationships
			Posterior Pituitary and Hypothalamic Hormones
			Anterior Pituitary Hormones
		Thyroid Gland
		Parathyroid Glands
		Adrenal Glands
			Hormones of the Adrenal Cortex
			Hormones of the Adrenal Medulla
		Pancreatic Islets
		Pineal Gland
		Thymus
		Gonads
			Hormones of the Ovaries
			Hormones of the Testes
	Other Hormone-Producing Tissues and Organs
		Placenta
	Developmental Aspects of the Endocrine System
	Summary
	Review Questions
	Critical Thinking and Clinical Application Questions
	A Closer Look Potential Uses for Growth Hormone
	Systems in Sync
Chapter 10: Blood
	Composition and Functions of Blood
		Components
		Physical Characteristics and Volume
		Plasma
		Formed Elements
			Erythrocytes
			Leukocytes
			Platelets
		Hematopoiesis (Blood Cell Formation)
			Formation of Red Blood Cells
			Formation of White Blood Cells and Platelets
	Hemostasis
		Disorders of Hemostasis
	Blood Groups and Transfusions
		Human Blood Groups
		Blood Typing
	Developmental Aspects of Blood
	Summary
	Review Questions
	Critical Thinking and Clinical Application Questions
	Focus on Careers Phlebotomy Technician
Chapter 11: The Cardiovascular System
	The Heart
		Anatomy of the Heart
			Size, Location, and Orientation
			Coverings and Walls of the Heart
			Chambers and Associated Great Vessels
			Heart Valves
			Cardiac Circulation
		Physiology of the Heart
			Intrinsic Conduction System of the Heart: Setting the Basic Rhythm
			Cardiac Cycle and Heart Sounds
			Cardiac Output
	Blood Vessels
		Microscopic Anatomy of Blood Vessels
			Tunics
			Structural Differences in Arteries, Veins, and Capillaries
		Gross Anatomy of Blood Vessels
			Major Arteries of the Systemic Circulation
			Major Veins of the Systemic Circulation
			Special Circulations
		Physiology of Circulation
			Arterial Pulse
			Blood Pressure
			Capillary Exchange of Gases and Nutrients
			Fluid Movements at Capillary Beds
	Developmental Aspects of the Cardiovascular System
	Summary
	Review Questions
	Critical Thinking and Clinical Application Questions
	A Closer Look Electrocardiography: (Don’t) Be Still My Heart
	A Closer Look Atherosclerosis? Get Out the Cardiovascular Dr¯ano!
	Systems in Sync
Chapter 12: The Lymphatic System and Body Defenses
	Part I: The Lymphatic System
		Lymphatic Vessels
		Lymph Nodes
		Other Lymphoid Organs
	Part II: Body Defenses
		Innate Body Defenses
			Surface Membrane Barriers
			Internal Defenses: Cells and Chemicals
				Natural Killer Cells
				Inflammatory Response
				Phagocytes
				Antimicrobial Proteins
				Fever
		Adaptive Body Defenses
			Antigens
			Cells of the Adaptive Defense System: An Overview
				Lymphocytes
				Antigen-Presenting Cells
			Humoral (Antibody-Mediated) Immune Response
				Active and Passive Humoral Immunity
				Antibodies
			Cellular (Cell-Mediated) Immune Response
			Organ Transplants and Rejection
			Disorders of Immunity
	Part III: Developmental Aspects of the Lymphatic System and Body Defenses
	Summary
	Review Questions
	Critical Thinking and Clinical Application Questions
	A Closer Look AIDS: The Modern-Day Plague
	Systems in Sync
Chapter 13: The Respiratory System
	Functional Anatomy of the Respiratory System
		The Nose
		Pharynx
		Larynx
		Trachea
		Main Bronchi
		Lungs
			The Respiratory Membrane
	Respiratory Physiology
		Mechanics of Breathing
			Inspiration
			Expiration
		Respiratory Volumes and Capacities
		Nonrespiratory Air Movements
		Respiratory Sounds
		External Respiration, Gas Transport, and Internal Respiration
			External Respiration
			Gas Transport in the Blood
			Internal Respiration
		Control of Respiration
			Neural Regulation: Setting the Basic Rhythm
			Nonneural Factors Influencing Respiratory Rate and Depth
	Respiratory Disorders
	Developmental Aspects of the Respiratory System
	Summary
	Review Questions
	Critical Thinking and Clinical Application Questions
	A Closer Look Too Clean for Our Own Good?
	Systems in Sync
Chapter 14: The Digestive System and Body Metabolism
	Part I: Anatomy and Physiology of the Digestive System
		Anatomy of the Digestive System
			Organs of the Alimentary Canal
				Mouth
				Pharynx
				Esophagus
				Stomach
				Small Intestine
				Large Intestine
			Accessory Digestive Organs
				Teeth
				Salivary Glands
				Pancreas
				Liver and Gallbladder
		Functions of the Digestive System
			Overview of Gastrointestinal Processes and Controls
			Activities Occurring in the Mouth, Pharynx, and Esophagus
				Food Ingestion and Breakdown
				Food Propulsion—Swallowing and Peristalsis
			Activities of the Stomach
				Food Breakdown
				Food Propulsion
			Activities of the Small Intestine
				Food Breakdown and Absorption
				Food Propulsion
			Activities of the Large Intestine
				Food Breakdown and Absorption
				Propulsion of the Residue and Defecation
	Part II: Nutrition and Metabolism
		Nutrition
			Dietary Sources of the Major Nutrients
				Carbohydrates
				Lipids
				Proteins
				Vitamins
				Minerals
		Metabolism
			Carbohydrate, Fat, and Protein Metabolism in Body Cells
				Carbohydrate Metabolism
				Fat Metabolism
				Protein Metabolism
			The Central Role of the Liver in Metabolism
				General Metabolic Functions
				Cholesterol Metabolism and Transport
			Body Energy Balance
				Regulation of Food Intake
				Metabolic Rate and Body Heat Production
				Body Temperature Regulation
	Part III: Developmental Aspects of the Digestive System and Metabolism
	Summary
	Review Questions
	Critical Thinking and Clinical Application Questions
	A Closer Look Peptic Ulcers: “Something is Eating at Me”
	A Closer Look Obesity: Magical Solution Wanted
	Systems in Sync
Chapter 15: The Urinary System
	Kidneys
		Location and Structure
			Blood Supply
		Nephrons
		Urine Formation
			Glomerular Filtration
			Tubular Reabsorption
			Tubular Secretion
			Characteristics of Urine
	Ureters, Urinary Bladder, and Urethra
		Ureters
		Urinary Bladder
		Urethra
		Micturition
	Fluid, Electrolyte, and Acid-Base Balance
		Maintaining Water and Electrolyte Balance of Blood
			Body Fluids and Fluid Compartments
			The Link between Water and Salt
			Regulation of Water Intake and Output
		Electrolyte Balance
		Maintaining Acid-Base Balance of Blood
			Blood Buffers
			Respiratory System Controls
			Renal Mechanisms
	Developmental Aspects of the Urinary System
	Summary
	Review Questions
	Critical Thinking and Clinical Application Questions
	A Closer Look Renal Failure and the Artificial Kidney
	Focus on Careers Licensed Practical Nurse (LPN)
	Systems in Sync
Chapter 16: The Reproductive System
	Anatomy of the Male Reproductive System
		Testes
		Duct System
			Epididymis
			Ductus Deferens
			Urethra
		Accessory Glands and Semen
			Seminal Glands
			Prostate
			Bulbo-urethral Glands
			Semen
		External Genitalia
	Male Reproductive Functions
		Spermatogenesis
		Testosterone Production
	Anatomy of the Female Reproductive System
		Ovaries
		Duct System
			Uterine (Fallopian) Tubes
			Uterus
			Vagina
		External Genitalia and Female Perineum
	Female Reproductive Functions and Cycles
		Oogenesis and the Ovarian Cycle
		Uterine (Menstrual) Cycle
		Hormone Production by the Ovaries
	Mammary Glands
	Pregnancy and Embryonic Development
		Accomplishing Fertilization
		Events of Embryonic and Fetal Development
		Effects of Pregnancy on the Mother
			Anatomical Changes
			Physiological Changes
		Childbirth
			Initiation of Labor
			Stages of Labor
	Developmental Aspects of the Reproductive System
	Summary
	Review Questions
	Critical Thinking and Clinical Application Questions
	A Closer Look Contraception: Preventing Pregnancy
	Systems in Sync
Appendixes
	Appendix A: Word Roots, Prefixes, and Suffixes
	Appendix B: Periodic Table of the Elements*
	Appendix C: Key Information about Vitamins and Many Essential Minerals
	Appendix D: Answers to Did You Get It? Questions and Multiple Choice Review Questions
Credit
	Photographic Credits
	Art Credits
	Text Credits
Glossary
Index