Essential Readings in Light Metals: Alumina and Bauxite, Volume 1

Cover	#1,0,-5Title Page
Copyright Page
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Preface
Lead Editors
Editorial Team
Part 1: Bauxite
	Section Introduction
	Bauxite - Its Technical and Economical History During the Last Hundred Years
	Bauxite Mineralogy
	The Classification of Bauxites from the Bayer Plant Standpoint
	Effect of Bauxite Microstructure on Beneficiation and Processing
	Chinese Bauxite and Its Influences on Alumina Production in China
	Impact of Jamaican Bauxite Mineralogy on Plant Operations
	Sustainable Bauxite Mining: A Global Perspective
	Bauxite Mining Sustainability
	Bauxite Mine Rehabilitation Programs: A Progress Report
	Cross-Country Bauxite Slurry Transportation
	Design and Operation of the World\'s First Long Distance Bauxite Slurry Pipeline
	Recommended Reading
Part 2: Bayer Process
	Section Introduction
	Bayer Process Design
		A Hundred Years of the Bayer Process for Alumina Production
		The Alumina Industry Technology Roadmap
		Basic Principles of Bayer Process Design
		Chemical Reaction Engineering in the Bayer Process
		The Effect of Silica, Temperature, Velocity and Particulates on Heat Transfer to Spent Bayer Liquor
	Physical Data
		The Effect of Four Common Bayer Liquor Impurities on Alumina Solubility
		Autoprecipitation of Gibbsite and Boehmite
		Equilibrium Composition of Sodium Aluminate Liquors
		Boiling Point Rise of Bayer Plant Liquors
		Viscosity, Specific Gravity, and Equilibrium Concentration of Sodium Aluminate Solutions
		The Heat of Dissolution of Gibbsite at Bayer Digestion Temperatures
		Reactions of Iron Minerals in Sodium Aluminate Solutions
		Identification of Organics in Bayer Liquor
		Behavior of Radioactive Elements (Uranium and Thorium) in Bayer Process
		Solubility of Bayer Liquor Impurities in Evaporative Crystallization
	Calcium Chemistry
		Reaction of Lime in Sodium Aluminate Liquors
		Some Aspects of Calcium Chemistry in the Bayer Process
		Chemistry of Bayer Liquor Causticization
		The Equilibrium Approach to Causticization for Optimizing Liquor Causticity
		Layered Double Hydroxides in the Bayer Process: Past, Present, and Future
	Silica Chemistry
		Dissolution Kinetics of Kaolin in Caustic Liquors
		The Dissolution Rate of Quartz and the Rate of Desilication in the Bayer Liquor
		Mathematical Modeling of the Kinetics of Gibbsite Extraction and Kaolinite Dissolution/Desilication in the Bayer Process
		Autoclave Desilication of Digested Bauxite Slurry in The Flashing Circuit
	Organic Removal
		Characterization of Organics in Bayer Liquor
		Review of Bayer Organics-Oxalate Control Processes
		Sizing an Organic Control System for the Bayer Process
		Organic Control Technologies in Bayer Process
		Removal of HMW Organic Compounds by Partial Wet Oxidation
		Removal of Organic Carbon from Bayer Liquor by Wet Oxidation in Tube Digesters
		A Year of Operation of the Solid-Liquid Calcination (SLC) Process
		A Thermodynamically Based Model for Oxalate Solubility in Bayer Liquor
		Oxalate Removal by Occlusion in Hydrate
		Recommended Reading
Part 3: Digestion
	Section Introduction
	Bayer Digestion and Predigestion Desilication Reactor Design
	Digester Design Using CFD
	Preheaters and Digesters in the Bayer Digestion Process
	The Improved Low Temperature Digestion (ILTD) Process: An Economic and Environmentally Sustainable Way of Processing Gibbsitic Bauxites
	New Technology for Digestion of Bauxites
	Boehmitic Reversion in a Double Digestion Process on a Bauxite Containing Trihydrate and Monohydrate
	Mixer Design Optimization for High Solids Contents Media: Methodology and Application to the Pechiney\'s High Density Predesilication Process
	Mechano-Activated Bauxite Behaviour
	Processing of Diaspore Bauxites
	On-Line Multivariable Control for Digestion A/C Analysis
	Recommended Reading
Part 4: Clarification, Red Mud Washing, and Liquor Filtration
	Section Introduction
	Selection of Sedimentation Equipment for the Bayer Process: An Overview of Past and Present Technology
	Effect of Particle Characteristics on the Solids Density of Bayer Mud Slurries
	Red Mud Flocculants Used in the Bayer Process
	Development of New Bayer Process Flocculants
	Effects of Temperature and Method of Solution Preparation on the Performance of a Typical Red Mud Flocculent
	Advanced Filtration Methods for Pregnant Liquor Purification
	Impact of Excess Synthetic Flocculent on Security Filtration
	Hydroseparators, Hydrocyclones and Classifiers as Applied in the Bayer Process for Degritting (Desanding) of Digested Bauxite, and for Sand Washing to Recover Soda
	Development of a Self-Sluicing Pressure Leaf Filter
	Comparison of the Rheology of Bauxite Residue Suspensions
	Pressure Decantation at Gramercy Alumina
	The Manufacture of Tricalcium Aluminate
	Recommended Reading
Part 5: Precipitation, Classification, and Seed Filtration
	Section Introduction
	Precipitation Technology
	Some Studies in Alumina Trihydrate Precipitation Kinetics
	Physical Chemistry Considerations in Aluminum Hydroxide Precipitation
	Modeling Bayer Precipitation with Agglomeration
	Gibbsite Growth History: Revelations of a New Scanning Electron Microscope Technique
	Alumina Yield in the Bayer Process
	Alumina Yield in the Bayer Process – Past, Present and Prospects
	Improvements by the New Alusuisse Process for Producing Coarse Aluminum Hydrate in the Bayer Process
	Agitation Effects in Precipitation
	Hydrodynamics Effect on Precipitation Yield
	Hydrodynamics of Hydrate Slurries in Precipitators: Application to Precipitators Design
	Alumina Crystallizer Mixing Using CFD
	Particle Strength of Bayer Hydrate
	The Effect of Glucoisosaccharinate on the Bayer Precipitation of Alumina Trihydrate
	Influence of Mineral and Organic Impurities on the Alumina Trihydrate Precipitation Yield in the Bayer Process
	Factors Affecting Residual NA2O in Precipitation Products
	Soda Incorporation During Hydrate Precipitation
	A Method for Evaluating Seed Balance Parameters in Alumina Refinery Seed Classifications Systems
	Utilization of Horizontal Belt Filters for Washing Fine Alumina Seed and Kiln Feed Product
	Recommended Reading
Part 6: Product Hydrate Filtration and Alumina Production by Calcination
	Section Introduction
	The World\'s Largest Hydrate Pan Filter: Engineering Improvements and Experiences
	Utilization of Steam Hoods in Horizontal Table Filters
	Conversion of Conventional Rotary Kiln into Effective Sandy Alumina Calciner
	Application of Circulating Fluid Bed Calcinaters in Large-size Alumina Plants
	Alumina Calcination in the Fluid-Flash Calciner
	Industrial Prospects and Operational Experience with 32 Mtpd Stationary Alumina Calciner
	Experience with 3 x 4500 TPD Gas Suspension Calciners (GSC) for Alumina
	Alcoa Pressure Calcination Process for Alumina
	Recommended Reading
Part 7: Water, Evaporation, and Energy
	Section Introduction
	Alumina Refinery Wastewater Management: When Zero Discharge Just Isn\'t Feasible
	Wastewater Treatment Methods
	The Need for Energy Efficiency in Bayer Refining
	Prediction of Heat Exchanger - Heat Transfer Coefficient Decay Due to Fouling
	Heat Transfer in the Bayer Process
	Perspective on Bayer Process Energy
	Recommended Reading
Part 8: Alumina Quality
	Section Introduction
	Dehydration Products of Gibbsite by Rotary Kiln and Stational Calciner
	Morphological Analysis of Alumina and Its Trihydrate
	Factors Affecting the Attrition Strength of Alumina Products
	The Generation of Fines Due to Heating of Alumina Trihydrate
	Development of Particle Breakdown and Alumina Strength During Calcination
	Measurement of Sandy Alumina Dustiness
	Alumina Handling Dustiness
	The Influence of Alumina Properties on Its Dissolution in Smelting Electrolyte
	The Influence of Physical and Chemical Properties of Alumina on Hydrogen Fluoride Absorption
	SGA Requirements in Coming Years
	Recommended Reading
Part 9: Health, Safety, and Plant Maintenance
	Section Introduction
	Application of Operation Integrity Management in the Alumina Industry
	Management Methodology for Pressure Equipment
	The Design of Pressure Safety Systems in the Alumina Industry
	Inspection Techniques for Digestion Pressure Relief System
	Benefits of the Utilization of Cleaning Liquor in Red Side of CVG-Bauxllum
	MAX HTTM Sodalite Scale Inhibitor: Plant Experience and Impact on the Process
	Recommended Reading
Part 10: Process Control/Simulation
	Section Introduction
	Modern Control Instrumentation and Process Management in Bayer Plants
	Process Control in Alumina Refining, Review and Prospects
	Development of Automatic Control of Bayer Plant Digestion
	Aspen Modeling of the Bayer Process
	Bayer Digester Optimization Studies Using Computer Techniques
	Equations for Calculating Recovery of Soluble Values in a Countercurrent Decantation Washing System
	Simulation and Development of Internal Model Control Applications in the Bayer Process
	Dynamic Modeling of Yield and Particle Size Distribution in Continuous Bayer Precipitation
	Recommended Reading
Part 11: Red Mud Disposal and Other Environmental Concerns
	Section Introduction
	Opportunities for Improved Environmental Control in the Alumina Industry
	Ferrosilt (Red Mud): Geotechnical Properties and Soil Mechanical Considerations
	Correlation of Red Mud Consolidation with Its Soil Properties
	Mobility in Mud
	Developments in the Disposal of Residue from the Alumina Refining Industry
	Thickened Tailing Disposal in Any Topography
	Solar Drying of Red Mud
	Red Mud Stacking
	Proposed Mechanism for the Formation of Dust Horizons on Bauxite Residue Disposal Area
	Induction of Biological Activity in Bauxite Residue
	The Conversion and Sustainable Use of Alumina Refinery Residues: Global Solution Examples
	Recommended Reading
Part 12: Alternative Processes and Raw Materials
	Section Introduction
	Alumina Production by the Pedersen Process: History and Future
	Efficiency of Nepheline Ore Processing for Alumina Production
	A Technological Comparison of Six Processes for the Production of Reduction-Grade Alumina from Non-Bauxitic Raw Materials
	The Comparative Economics of Producing Alumina from U.S. Non-Bauxitic Ores
	Recovery of Alumina from Non-Bauxite Aluminum Bearing Raw Materials
	Alumina Extraction from a Pennsylvania Diaspore Clay by an Ammonium Sulfate Process
	Alumina From Clay: A Nitric Acid Process
	The Ammonoalunite Process for Production of Alumina From Clay
	Options in the HCl Process for the Production of Alumina from Clay
	The Leaching of Aluminium in Spanish Clays, Coal Mining Wastes and Coal Fly Ashes by Sulphuric Acid
	Recommended Reading
Part 13: Non-Metallurgical Uses of Bauxite, Hydrate, and Alumina
	Section Introduction
	Non-Metallurgical Use of Alumina and Bauxite
	The Grafting of Industrial Chemicals Operations onto the Bayer Process
	On Alumina Powders for Ceramics
	Development of Alumina and Silica Based Products in Hungary
	The Use of Bayer Alumina Fines for Other Industrial Purposes
	Aluminas in Air Pollution Control
	Aluminium Fluoride Synthesis in Circulating Fluidbeds
	Recommended Reading
Author Index