Essential dental therapeutics

Cover
Title Page
Copyright
Contents
List of contributors
Preface
About the companion website
Chapter 1 Introduction to pharmacology and therapeutics – pharmacodynamics
	Introduction
	History of therapeutics
	Targets for drug actions
		Receptors
		Enzymes
		Ion channels
		Carrier proteins
	Selective toxicity
		Antibacterial drugs
		Antifungal agents
		Antiviral drugs
		Cancer chemotherapy and treatment
	Conclusion
Chapter 2 Introduction to pharmacology and therapeutics – pharmacokinetics
	Introduction
	Introduction to pharmacokinetics
		Distribution
		Elimination of drugs from the body
		Routes of administration and drug absorption
		Basic kinetics
Chapter 3 Introduction to pharmacology and therapeutics – drug safety
	Introduction
	Determining drug safety
		Therapeutic index
		Extension and side effects with drug therapy
		Drug allergy
		Drugs in pregnancy
		Natural therapies
		Clinical studies
		Meta analysis
		Pharmacovigilance
	Individual variations
		Age
		Genetics
		Drug–drug interactions
		Pharmacodynamic interactions
		Pharmacokinetic interactions
Chapter 4 Antimicrobials – antiseptics and disinfectants
	Introduction
	Antiseptics
		Mouthwashes
		Root canal treatment medicaments
		Hand hygiene
	Disinfectants
		Surface cleaning agents
		Instrument cleaning agents
		Impression and prosthesis disinfection
	Specific agents
		Chlorhexidine
		Iodophors
		Triclosan
		Alcohol
		Quaternary ammonium compounds
		Oxidizing agents
		Essential oils
Chapter 5 Antimicrobials – antibiotics
	Introduction
	Management of infection
		Dental abscess
		Necrotizing ulcerative gingivitis and pericoronitis
		Oral mucosal infections
		Sinusitis
		Periodontal disease
	Antibiotic prophylaxis
	Prescribing considerations
		The patient
	Microbiological considerations
		Sensitivity
		Resistance
	General aspects of antibiotic drugs
		Absorption
		Tissue distribution
		Route of elimination
		Adverse effects
		Drug interactions
	Mechanisms of action
		Drugs that inhibit cell wall synthesis
		Drugs that inhibit protein synthesis
		Drugs that inhibit nucleic acid synthesis
		Other important drugs
	Pharmacokinetics
		Penicillins
		Cephalosporins
		Other β-lactam antibiotics
		Aminoglycosides
		Sulphonamide-trimethoprim combinations
		Tetracyclines
		Quinolones
		Other antibacterial drugs
	Tuberculosis
	Principles of treatment
		Immunocompromised patients
		Treatment of pulmonary TB
		Extrapulmonary TB
	Antituberculosis drugs
		Monitoring
Chapter 6 Antimicrobials - antifungals
	Introduction
	Aspergillosis
		Clinical features
		Treatment
	Blastomycosis
		Clinical features
		Treatment
	Cryptococcosis
		Clinical features
		Treatment
	Histoplasmosis
		Clinical features
		Treatment
	Oral fungal infections
		Overview
		Pseudomembranous candidiasis
		Acute/chronic erythematous candidiasis
	Skin and nail infections
	Antifungal drug treatment
		Triazole antifungals
		Imidazole antifungals
		Polyene antifungals
		Echinocandin antifungals
		Other antifungals
	Implications for dental practioners
Chapter 7 Antimicrobials - antivirals
	Introduction
	Hepatitis (viral)
		Hepatitis B drug treatment
		Hepatitis C drug treatment
	Herpesvirus infections
		Clinical Features - Oral
		Herpes simplex infections - drug treatment
	Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV)
		HIV - drug treatment
	Influenza
		Influenza - drug treatment
	Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV)
		Respiratory syncytial virus - drug treatment
	Implications for dentistry
Chapter 8 Therapeutics of pain management
	Introduction
		Nociceptors
		Dorsal horn of the spinal cord
		Acute and chronic pain
		Neuropathic pains
		Role of pain medications within pain management
	Local anaesthesia
		Metabolism and excretion
		Adverse effects of local anaesthetics in dentistry
	General anaesthesia
		Mode of action
		Metabolism and excretion
	Sedation
		Nitrous oxide
		Benzodiazepines
	Analgesics
		Paracetamol
		Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs)
		Opioids
		Chronic pain medications
	Reference
Chapter 9 Corticosteroids
	Introduction
	Topical corticosteroids
		Uses in dentistry
		Topical corticosteroid side effects
	Systemic corticosteroids
		Prednisolone
Chapter 10 Fluoride and toothpaste
	Introduction
	Water fluoridation
	Fluoridated milk
	Fluoridated salt
	Toothpaste
	Fluoridated mouth rinses
	Fluoride gels and foams
	Fluoride varnishes
	Fluoride tablets
Chapter 11 Treatments for dry mouth
	Introduction
	Topical treatments for dry mouth
	Systemic treatments for dry mouth
Chapter 12 Therapeutics for medical emergencies in dental practice
	Introduction
	Emergency drugs
		Adrenaline
		Glucagon
		Glyceryl Trinitrate
		Oxygen
		Midazolam
		Salbutamol
	Adrenal insufficiency
		Management
	Anaphylaxis
		Management
	Asthma
		Management
	Cardiac emergencies
		Management of chest pain in an adult
		Management of cardiac arrest in adults
	Choking and aspiration
		Management of choking and aspiration in adults
	Epileptic seizures
		Management
	Hypoglycaemia
		Management
	Syncope
		Management
Chapter 13 Central nervous system 1 - mood disorders
	Introduction
	Depression
		Clinical features
		Neurochemical basis of depression
	Antidepressant drug treatment
		Unipolar depression - drug treatment
		Bipolar disorder - drug treatment
	Anxiety disorders
		Generalized anxiety disorder
		Panic disorder
		Phobias
		Obsessive-compulsive disorder
		Social anxiety disorder
		Post-traumatic stress disorder
		Anxiety and the dental patient
		Anxiolytic medication
Chapter 14 Central nervous system 2 - neurodegenerative and acquired disorders
	Introduction
	Stroke
		Impact on oral hygiene and oral health
	Neurodegenerative disorders
		Alzheimer's disease
		Parkinson's disease
		Huntington's disease
		Motor neuron disease
		Multiple sclerosis
Chapter 15 Central nervous system 3 - genetic and developmental disorders
	Introduction
	Seizures and epilepsy
		Management of epilepsy
		Epilepsy and the dental patient
	Schizophrenia
		Considerations within the dental clinic
	Attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder
	Cerebral palsy
		Considerations within the dental clinic
	Down syndrome
Chapter 16 Endocrine disorders 1
	Introduction
	Pituitary gland
	Thyroid gland
		Hyperthyroidism
		Hypothyroidism
	Parathyroid glands
	Adrenal glands
		Addison's disease
		Cushing's syndrome
	Reproductive hormones
		Pregnancy
		Contraceptive pill
		Menopause
Chapter 17 Endocrine disorders 2 - diabetes mellitus
	Introduction
	Diabetes mellitus
		Type 1 diabetes mellitus
		Type 2 diabetes mellitus
		Gestational diabetes
		Other types of diabetes mellitus
	Signs and symptoms of diabetes
		Systemic signs of diabetes
		Oral signs of diabetes
		Diabetes, inflammation and periodontal disease
	Diagnosis of diabetes
	Management of diabetes mellitus
	Management of the diabetic patient in the dental chair
Chapter 18 Cardiovascular therapeutics
	Introduction
	Cardiovascular physiology
	Cardiovascular pathology
		Hypertension
		Cardiac failure
		Cardiac arrhythmia
		Venous thromboembolism
		Peripheral vascular disease
		Stroke
	Drugs used in cardiovascular disease
		Anticoagulants
		Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors
		Angiotensin II receptor blockers
		Beta blockers
		Calcium channel blockers
		Diuretics
		Statins
		Vasodilators
		Antiarrhythmics
	Efects of cardiovascular medications of relevance to dentistry
		Xerostomia
		Oral lichenoid reactions
		Taste disturbances
		Oral ulceration
		Drug-related gingival enlargement
		Angioedema
		Oral burning symptoms
		Haemorrhage
Chapter 19 The respiratory system
	Introduction
	Respiratory physiology
	Asthma
	Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD)
	Rhinitis
	Cough
	Drugs used in respiratory disease
		β2 agonists
		Muscarinic receptor antagonists
		Xanthine drugs
		Leukotriene modulators
		Glucocorticoids
		H1 receptor antagonists
		α1 adreonceptor agonists
		Antitussives
		Mucolytics
	Implications for dentistry
Chapter 20 Coagulation
	Introduction
	Normal haemostasis
		Physiology
		Laboratory investigations
	Haemostasis and platelets
		Platelet disorders
		Considerations in dentistry
		Antiplatelet drugs
	Coagulation cascade and haemostasis
		Coagulation disorders
		Considerations in dentistry
	Local haemostatic measures
	Anti-coagulant medications
		Indications
		Drugs
		Novel anticoagulants
		Heparins
Chapter 21 Gastrointestinal pharmacology
	Introduction
	Gastric acid-related conditions
		Peptic ulcers
	Medications used in gastric acid-related conditions
		Antacids
		Helicobactor pylori eradication
		Acid secretion reducing drugs
		Mucosal protectants
	Nausea and vomiting
	Anti-emetics
		Anticholinergic drugs
		Antihistamines
		Phenothiazines
		Dopamine receptor antagonists
		Domperidone
		5-Hydroxytryptamine (5-HT) antagonists
		Corticosteroids
	Constipation
		Bulking agents
		Osmotic laxatives
		Stimulants
		Faecal softeners
	Diarrhoea
		Anti-motility drugs
		Adsorbents
		Infective diarrhoea
	Irritable bowel syndrome
		Antispasmodics
	Inflammatory bowel disease
		Crohn's disease
		Ulcerative colitis
		Drugs used in inflammatory bowel disease
	Gallstones
Chapter 22 Antineoplastic therapeutics
	Introduction
	Chemotherapy (cytotoxic therapeutics)
		Alkylating drugs
		Cytotoxic antibiotics (including anthracyclines)
		Antimetabolites
		Vinca alkaloids/etoposide
	Hormone therapy
	Biological therapy
		Monoclonal antibodies
		Anti-angiogenesis treatments
		Interferon and interleukin 2
		Gene therapy
		Vaccines
	Transplants
		Bone marrow transplant
		Stem cell transplants
	Bisphosphonates
	Other treatments
		Corticosteroids
		Analgesics
		Combination therapy
	Dental management of the patient undergoing treatment for cancer
Chapter 23 Vitamins and minerals
	Introduction
	Fat-soluble vitamins
		Vitamin A
		Vitamin D
		Vitamin E
		Vitamin K
	Water-soluble vitamins
		Vitamin B1
		Vitamin B2
		Vitamin B3
		Vitamin B6
		Folate
		Vitamin B12
		Vitamin C
	Minerals and trace elements
		Calcium and phosphorus
		Iron
		Fluoride
Chapter 24 Musculoskeletal therapeutics
	Introduction
	Musculoskeletal disorders
		Osteoarthritis
		Rheumatoid arthritis
		The spondarthropathies
		Gout
	Drugs used for musculoskeletal disorders
		Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs)
		Corticosteroids
		Colchicine
		Allopurinol
		Disease-modifying anti-rheumatic drugs (DMARDs)
		Biological agents - anti-TNFα agents
	Dental relevance
Index
EULA