Endogenous Interferences in Clinical Laboratory Tests: Icteric, Lipemic and Turbid Samples

Preface\n1 Accuracy Goals for Laboratory Tests\n	1.1 Accuracy and Precision\n		1.1.1 Definition\n		1.1.2 Imprecision as a Form of Error\n	1.2 Types of Error\n		1.2.1 Bias\n		1.2.2 Impact of Bias\n	1.3 Interference as a Type of Bias\n	1.4 References\n2 Nature of Interferences\n	2.1 Definition\n	2.2 Nature of Interferences\n	2.3 Instrumentation\n	2.4 The Chemistry of the Absorbance of Light\n	2.5 References\n3 The Nature of Icteric Interference\n	3.1 Source Information on Bilirubin Interference\n	3.2 Allen Correction as a Source of Bilirubin Interference\n	3.3 Bilirubin Interference with Oximetry\n		3.3.1 Co-oximetry Interference\n		3.3.2 Pulse Oximetry\n		3.3.3 Cerebral Oximetry\n		3.3.4 Interference with Methemoglobin\n	3.4 Chemical Reactions as a Cause of Bilirubin Interference\n		3.4.1 Bilirubin Reaction with Creatinine Methods\n		3.4.2 Bilirubin Reactions with Peroxidase Methods\n	3.5 References\n4 The Nature of Lipemic and Turbidity Interferences\n	4.1 Types of Interferences\n	4.2 Lipemia Causes Turbidity\n	4.3 Lipemia Interference Mechanisms\n		4.3.1 Light Scattering\n		4.3.2 Lipoprotein Particles\n		4.3.3 Intralipid® and Lipemia Simulation\n		4.3.4 Empirical Studies in Lipemia Turbidity\n	4.4 Lipoprotein Particles and Lipemia\n	4.5 References\n5 Measurement of Interference\n	5.1 A Typical Commercial Study\n	5.2 Guidelines for Interference Studies\n	5.3 Bilirubin\n	5.4 Intralipid®\n	5.5 Procedure to Make Five Concentrations\n	5.6 Interference Criteria\n	5.7 Data Analysis\n	5.8 References\n6 Origin of Icteric Samples\n	6.1 The Origin of Bilirubin\n	6.2 Bilirubin Toxicity\n	6.3 Transport of Bilirubin in the Blood\n	6.4 Uptake of Bilirubin by the Liver\n	6.5 Clinical Aspects of Bilirubin\n	6.6 Neonatal Jaundice\n	6.7 Cholestasis\n	6.8 Hepatitis\n	6.9 Alcoholic Liver Disease\n	6.10 Hemolysis\n	6.11 Drug Induced Hyperbilirubinemia\n	6.12 Summary\n	6.13 References\n7 Impact of Icterus\n	7.1 Introduction\n	7.2 Estimated Impacts Based on Interference Studies\n	7.3 Differential Interference with Different Bilirubin Isoforms\n	7.4 Non-spectrophotometric Icterus Interference\n	7.5 Resolving Icterus Interference\n	7.6 Summary\n	7.7 References\n8 Origin of Lipemia and Turbidity\n	8.1 Lipoprotein Pathways\n	8.2 Classification of Hypertriglyceridemia\n		8.2.1 Frederickson Classification of Dyslipidemias\n		8.2.2 Obesity, Metabolic Syndrome and Diabetes\n		8.2.3 Alcohol\n		8.2.4 Nonalcoholic Fatty-liver Disorder\n		8.2.5 Medications\n		8.2.6 HIV Infection\n		8.2.7 Renal Disease\n	8.3 References\n9 Impact of Lipemia/Turbidity\n	9.1 Introduction\n	9.2 Estimated Impacts Based on Interference Studies\n		9.2.1 Interference by Light Scattering\n		9.2.2 Interference by Volume Displacement\n		9.2.3 Interference by Lipid Partitioning\n	9.3 Summary\n	9.4 References\n10 Endogenous Interferences in Clinical Laboratory Tests: Icteric, Lipemic and Turbid Samples\n	10.1 Interference Indices\n	10.2 Generating Interference Indices\n		10.2.1 Preparation of Standards\n		10.2.2 Data Collection and Deconvolution of Non-Target Interferences\n			10.2.2.1 Subtraction Using Selected Wavelengths\n			10.2.2.2 Index Calculation Using Derivative Spectrometry\n		10.2.3 Establishing Indices and Defining Ranges\n	10.3 Limitations\n	10.4 Summary\n	10.5 References\n11 Reporting of Results\n	11.1 Introduction\n	11.2 Procedures for Handling Samples with Interference Within the Laboratory\n	11.3 Reporting of Results in Icteric and Turbid Samples\n	11.4 Autoverification and Reporting Algorithms\n	11.5 Practical Issues: Education and Implementation\n	11.6 References\n12 Analyte-dependent Interference\n	12.1 Complex Interferences\n		12.1.1 Model for Analyte-dependent Interference\n		12.1.2 Examples of Analyte-Dependent Interference\n	12.2 Statistical Testing for Significance\n	12.3 Failure to Design the Interference Study\n	12.4 Advantages of Using Multiple Regression Analysis\n	12.5 Concluding Remarks\n	12.6 References\nIndex