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دانلود کتاب Encyclopedia of Color Science and Technology
دانلود کتاب دایره المعارف علوم و فناوری رنگ
مشخصات کتاب
Encyclopedia of Color Science and Technology
ویرایش: 2
نویسندگان: Renzo Shamey
سری: Springer Nature Reference
ISBN (شابک) : 9783030898618, 9783030898625
ناشر: Springer
سال نشر: 2023
تعداد صفحات: 1634
زبان: English
فرمت فایل : PDF (درصورت درخواست کاربر به PDF، EPUB یا AZW3 تبدیل می شود)
حجم فایل: 67 مگابایت
قیمت کتاب (تومان) : 76,000
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Preface List of Topics About the Editor Section Editors Contributors A Achromatic Color Achromatopsia Acquired Color Vision Impairment Acquired Color Vision Loss Adaptation Definition Adaptation Dark and Light Adaptation Chromatic Adaptation Spatial Adaptation Summary Cross-References References Additivity Failure for Brightness Advanced Front Lighting Systems (AFS) - Intelligent Light Aftereffect Afterimage Synonyms Definition Introduction Possible Explanations Breathing Light Illusion Cross-References References Age-Related Changes of Human Seeing Abilities Al-Biruni References Al-Farisi, Kamal al-Din Hasan ibn Ali ibn Hasan References Al-Haytham (Alhazen), Abu ʿAlī al-asan ibn al-asan ibn References Alizarin Synonyms Definition Overview Cross-References References Alizarin Red Alizarine Al-Tusi, Nasir al-Din References Anchoring Theory of Lightness Synonyms Definition Background Summary of the Theory Frameworks Anchoring Simple and Complex Images Simple Images Complex Images Codetermination Segmentation and Grouping Veridicality Versus Error Weighting Staircase Gelb Effect The Scaling Problem Anchoring in Other Domains Strengths and Weaknesses of the Theory Cross-References References Ancient Color Naming Ancient Color Terminology Synonyms Definition Words and Hues, Languages and Time: An Overview Color Terminology Black and White, Bright and Dark Red Green, Green-Blue, and Green-Yellow Yellow Blue Pink Other Colors Theory of Ancient Color Term Emergence Summary Cross-References References Apparent Magnitude - Visual Magnitude Apparent Magnitude, Astronomy Synonyms Definition Glossary of Terms Background Quantifying Apparent Brightness Wavelength Issues Stellar Spectral Types The UBV(RI) Magnitude System B-V and Stellar Spectral Types Absorption and Scattering Summary Cross-References References Appearance Synonyms Definition Historical Review of Studies on Visual Appearance A Classification of Visual Appearance into Four Categories Cesia Models to Organize Different Aspects of Visual Appearance Cross-References References Arc Lamps Architectural Lighting Synonyms Definition Lighting Quality Objectives of Design Light for Seeing Setting the Ambience Biological Impact A Framework for Design Daylighting Electric Lighting Endpiece Cross-References References Art and Fashion Color Design Synonyms Definition The Role of Art and Fashion Fashion and Identity of the Color Palette Belle Epoque Russian Constructivism and Suprematism Simultaneous Contrast and Sonia Delaunay Surrealism and Elsa Schiaparelli Coco Chanel and Japanese Art Neoplasticism and the Bauhaus Op Art, Minimalism, and Pop Art in Fashion Tactile Color and Haute Couture Cross-References References Artistic Rendering Assimilation Synonyms Definition Introduction Assimilation Description Possible Explanations for Assimilation Cross-References References Aura Automotive Front Lighting System (Status 2020) Synonyms Definition Introduction Light Sources Tungsten Halogen Lamps High-Intensity Discharge (HID) Light-Emitting Diodes (LEDs) Light Amplification by Stimulated Emission of Radiation (Laser) Advanced Front Lighting Technologies Static Bend Light/Cornering Light Dynamic Cornering Light High Beam Assist Adaptive Passing Beam Headlight Range Control Glare-Free High Beam Marking Light Road Projection Cross-References References Autonomous Vehicle (AV) Lighting Systems Synonyms Definition Introduction Lighting for Highly Automated Vehicles Different Levels of Automated Vehicles Communication Strategies for Automated Vehicles with Human Road Users Display-Based Communication Light Stripe-Based Communication Projection-Based Communication Light for Sensors Interior Lighting for Automated Vehicles Further Remarks Cross-References References Autonomous Vehicles - Automated Vehicles Autosomal Dominant Inherited Color Vision Deficiency AV Avicenna, Abu ʿAlī al-usayn ibn ʿAbd Allāh ibn Sīnā References B Balance Bartleson, C. James Further Reading Basic Color Categories Basic Color Terms Basic Colors Batik Synonyms Definition Background, Process, and Aesthetic Properties Cross-References References Bayesian Approaches to Color Category Learning Synonyms Definition Color Category Learning Cultural Transmission of Color Category Systems Cross-References References Bend Light - Cornering Light Benham´s Disc Berlin and Kay Theory Definition Basic Color Terms The Original Berlin-Kay Theory The World Color Survey and the Revised Berlin-Kay Theory Constraints on Color-Category Formation Alternative Explanations Further Questions Cross-References References Berlin-Kay Hypothesis Bezold-Brücke Effect Bilingual Color Naming/Categories Definition Cross-language Comparisons Cross-language Comparisons Within an Individual Color Naming Category Boundaries and Focal Colors Color Lexicon Evolution Theoretical Considerations Cross-References References Billmeyer, Fred Wallace, Jr. Major Books References Binocular Color Matching Synonyms Definition Introduction Binocular Color Fusion Binocular Color Rivalry Color and Stereopsis Binocular Color Summation Binocular Color Appearance Conclusion Cross-References References Binocular Color Perception Binocular Color Vision Biopolymers Black Body Blackbody and Blackbody Radiation Synonyms Definition Description Examples Cross-References References Black-body Radiation Blacklight Lamp Synonyms Definition Ultraviolet Radiators and Blacklight Lamps Working Principle and Properties of Blacklight Lamps Safety Cross-References References Blending Blind Spot Synonyms Definition Overview Cross-References References ``Blue-Blindness´´ Blue-Yellow Deficiency Brightness Perception Associated with Photoreceptors´ Stimulations Brightness Perception Based on Physiology Brightness-Luminance Ratio: B/L C Canonical Color Carbon Arc Lamp Synonyms Definition Carbon Arc Electric Lamps Working Principle Materials and Construction Electrodes Common Carbon Rods Jablochkoff´s Parallel Electrodes Carbon Rods with Additives (Flame Arc Lamps) Electrodes Regulator Lantern Enclosed Arc Optics Properties Cross-References References CAT Catalysts Categorical Color Constancy Categorical Perception Cavity Radiation Chevreul, Michel-Eugène Definition Chevreul´s Life and Work Means of Naming and Defining Colors Dyes Chevreul´s Influence on Artists and Artisans Cross-References References Chiasma Opticum Chinese Color Language Synonyms Definition Notions on Color in Early China ``Primary´´ and ``Secondary´´ Colors Chinese Mnemonic Phrases for the Colors of a Rainbow Symbolism of the Main Color Categories Black White Red Yellow Green and Blue Purple Pink Conclusion Cross-References References Chromatic Contrast Chromatic Contrast Sensitivity Synonyms Definition Conceptual Clarifications Achromatic Contrast, Isochromaticy, and Isoluminance Color Contrast Color Edges, Spatial and Temporal Contrast Detection, Discrimination, and Contrast Sensitivity Spatial Resolution and Chromatic Acuity Method Contrast Indices Color Differences Spatial Frequency Temporal Frequency Chromatic Contrast Sensitivity Functions Spatial Contrast Sensitivity Temporal Contrast Sensitivity Function Development Eye Movements Theories on Chromatic Contrast Sensitivity Physiological Basis Functional Role in Ecology Cross-References References Chromatic Description Chromatic Image Statistics Chromatic Labeling Chromatic Processing Chromophore Definition Basis for Color in Organic Compounds Absorption of Visible Light Chromophores and Conjugation in Organic Colorants References Chromostereopsis Synonyms Definition Overview Summary Cross-References References Chromotherapy CI Mordant Red 11 CIE 1931 and 1964 Standard Colorimetric Observers: History, Data, and Recent Assessments Synonyms Definition Overview Short History of the CIE Colorimetric Observer Cross-References References CIE 1976 L*a*b* CIE 1976 L*u*v* Color Space CIE 1994 (ΔL* ΔC*ab ΔH*ab) CIE 2000 Color-Difference Equation CIE Chromatic Adaptation: Comparison of von Kries, CIELAB, CMCCAT97, and CAT02 Synonyms Definition Overview von Kries Chromatic Adaptation Transform CIELAB CMCCAT97 Chromatic Adaptation Transformation CAT02 Transform Experimental Datasets Investigated by CIE TC1-52 Evaluation of CATs Further Extension to CAT16 Cross-References References CIE Chromaticity Coordinates (xyY) Definition Chromaticity Coordinates Properties of the Chromaticity Diagram Further Considerations and Future Directions Cross-References References CIE Chromaticity Diagrams, CIE Purity, CIE Dominant Wavelength Definitions Chromaticity Diagram Purity (of a Color Stimulus) Excitation Purity [pe] Colorimetric Purity [pc] Dominant Wavelength (of a Color Stimulus) [λd] Overview x, y Chromaticity Diagram Dominant Wavelength and Purity Dominant and Complementary Wavelength Excitation Purity Colorimetric Purity Summary Cross-References References CIE Color Appearance Model 2002 CIE Color Rendering Index Synonyms Definition Overview Determination of Color Rendering Indices Reference Illuminant Test-Color Samples Color Difference CIE Color Rendering Indices References CIE Color-Matching Functions CIE Cone Fundamentals CIE Fundamental Color Matching Functions CIE Guidelines for Evaluation of Gamut Mapping Algorithms: Summary and Related Work (Pub. 156) Definition Overview Future Directions References CIE Guidelines for Mixed Mode Illumination: Summary and Related Work Synonyms Definition Background Recommended Model Implementation Cross-References References CIE L*a*b* CIE Method of Assessing Daylight Simulators Definition Development of the CIE Methods of Assessing Daylight Simulators Chromaticity Limits of Daylight Simulators Visible Range Evaluation of Daylight Simulators Ultraviolet Range Evaluation of Daylight Simulators Practical Application of the CIE Method References CIE Physiologically Based Color Matching Functions and Chromaticity Diagrams Synonyms Definition Overview Choice of ``Physiologically Relevant´´ RGB CMFs Spectral Sensitivity Measurements L- and M-cone Fundamentals S-Cone Fundamental LMS Transformation Matrix XYZ Transformation Matrix Cross-References References CIE Special Metamerism Index: Change in Observer Synonyms Definition Overview Standard Deviate Observer Procedure for Computing CIE Observer Metamerism Index Deriving 95% Confidence Ellipse Effect of Age on Color Mismatches Evaluation of the CIE Observer Metamerism Index Future Directions Cross-References References CIE Standard Deviate Observer CIE Standard Illuminant A CIE Standard Illuminant D65 CIE Standard Illuminants and Sources Synonyms Definitions CIE Standard Illuminants CIE Standard Sources Overview CIE Standard Illuminant A CIE Standard Illuminant D65 Short History CIE Standard Illuminant A Daylight Illuminants Further CIE Illuminants CIE Standard Source Cross-References References CIE Standard Source A CIE Tristimulus Values Synonyms Definition Background Cross-References References CIE u′, v′ Uniform Chromaticity Scale Diagram and CIELUV Color Space Synonyms Definitions Uniform Chromaticity Scale Diagram (UCS Diagram) Uniform Color Space Correlates of Lightness, Saturation, Chroma, and Hue Color Differences Overview Cross-References References CIE Whiteness Definition Development of the CIE Whiteness Formula Further Considerations and Future Directions Cross-References References CIE94, History, Use, and Performance Synonyms Definition Overview Development Performance Cross-References References CIECAM02 Synonyms Definition Overview Future Directions Cross-References References CIECAM02 (Standards: CIE) CIEDE2000, History, Use, and Performance Synonyms Definition Overview CIEDE2000 (KL:KC:KH) Color-Difference Formula Three-Term CIEDE2000 Color-Difference Formula Evaluation of the CIEDE2000 Future Directions Cross-References References CIELAB Synonyms Definition Overview CIE L*a*b* Formula (CIELAB) Evaluation of CIELAB Color Space Future Directions Cross-References References CIELAB (Standards: CIE) CIELAB for Color Image Encoding (CIELAB, 8-Bit; Domain and Range, Uses) Synonyms Definition CIELAB Overview CIELAB Color Space Quantization and Dynamic Range CIELAB Encodings Conclusions Cross-References References Circadian Rhythms Circadian System Clapper-Yule Model Definition The Clapper-Yule Equation Fresnel Terms and Measuring Geometries Calibration of the Model and Prediction Improved Ink Spreading Assessment Method Experimental Testing Conclusion Cross-References References Clinical Color Vision Tests Coarseness Coatings Coefficient of Utilization, Lumen Method Definition Introduction Calculating the Maximum Achievable Illuminance Accounting for Losses Within the Light Fitting Accounting for Losses Through Aging and Dirt Accounting for Reflection Losses from Room Surfaces Calculating the Number of Luminaires Required in a Room Cross-References References Coherence Cold Body Radiation Cold Light Collective Intelligence Color Accord Color Adaptation Color Aesthetics Color and Culture Color and Light Effects Color and Light Interdependence Color and Lightness Constancy Color and Visual Search, Color Singletons Synonyms Definition Characteristics of the Visual Search Task Visual search: A Historical Overview Determinants of Visual Search for Color Concluding Comments Cross-References References Color Appearance Color Appearance Solid Color Atlases Color Bleeding Color Blindness Color Board Color Categorical Perception Definition Categorical Perception Using a Two Alternative Forced-Choice Procedure Categorical Perception in Visual Search Tasks Categorical Perception and Event Related Potentials (ERPs) Cross-References References Color Categories Color Categories and Vagueness Synonyms Definition The Metaphysics of Color Categories, Their Prototypes, and Their Boundaries Language, Logic, and Vagueness Predicting the Vagueness of Color Shades Cross-References References Color Categorization Color Categorization and Naming in Inherited Color Vision Deficiencies Synonyms Definition Color Naming and Categorization in Color Deficients Color Vision Deficiencies Dichromats Color Naming and Categorization Abilities Explanations for Dichromat Color Naming and Categorization Abilities Cross-References References Color Categorization: Patterns and Mechanisms of Evolution Synonyms Definition The Universalism Versus Relativism Debate Modern Age Phenomenon: Increasing Lexical Refinement of Color Categorization New Developments in Understanding of Color Category ``Basicness´´ Visualization of Color Category Concepts Concluding Remarks Cross-References References Color Category Boundaries Color Category Learning in Naming-Game Simulations Synonyms Definition Language Game Models Explaining the Universal Character of Color Categories References Color Centers Definition Color Centers F Centers: Electron Excess Centers Hole Excess Centers Color Centers in Diamond Colored Diamonds Nitrogen-Vacancy Centers Tenebrescence Some Applications of Color Centers F Center Lasers Persistent Luminescence Photostimulable Phosphors Postscript Cross-References References Color Circle Synonyms Definition Introduction The Variety of Color Circles Precursors to the Color Circle Development of the Color Circle Newton The First Color Circles Published in Color Harris Goethe Chevreul Hering The Natural Color System (NCS) Ostwald Müller The CIE Chromaticity Diagram Munsell The Color Circle Today Itten An Elastic Color Circle Conclusion Cross-References References Color Classification Color Combination Synonyms Definition Overview Syntactic Color Combinations Spatial Color Combinations Temporal Color Combinations Color Selection as the First Step for Harmonic Color Combinations A Theory for Colors in Combination Semantic and Pragmatic Aspects in Color Combinations Cross-References References Color Constancy Definition Human Color Constancy Results of Human Color Constancy Measurements Cues of Color Constancy Constancy Across Surface Colors and Illuminations What Do we Know about Neural Processing of Color Constancy? Theories of Human Color Constancy #TheDress and Individual Variations in Constancy Machine Color Constancy Future Directions Cross-References References Color Constancy and Categories Synonyms Definition Color Constancy The Problem Measuring Color Constancy Constancy and Categories Color Categorization as a Method to Study Color Constancy Measuring Chromatic Adaptation with Color Naming Color Naming with Real or Simulated Surfaces Summary and Outlook Cross-References References Color Contrast Synonyms Definition Overview Effects in Perception Sonia Delaunay´s Simultaneous Contrast Simultaneous Contrasts in Patterns Simultaneous Contrast in Costume and in Fashion Cross-References References Color Contrast Adaptation Synonyms Definition Concepts History Key Principles Phenomena Function Cross-References References Color Contrast Sensitivity (Rarely) Color Coordination Color Dictionaries and Corpora Definition History of Color Name Corpora and Scholarly Data Sets The Color Deficiency Explanation The Cultural Explanation Empirical Studies Color Naming Worldwide Cross-References References Color Directions Color Dynamics Color Effects to Humans and the Environment Color Environment Color Experience Color Fidelity Index Color Field Painting Synonyms Definition Overview Color Field Painting: The Influence on Design Color Field Painting: The Impact on Immersive Color Installations Cross-References References Color from Motion Color Harmonies for Fashion Design Color Harmony Synonyms Definition Color Harmony Theories Color Harmony: A Twenty-First-Century Approach Harmony as a Balance Between Psychophysical Forces Harmony as Arrangement of Colors in Scales Color Harmony as an Aesthetic Experience Philosophical and Historical Overview Color Harmony as Historical Model Color Harmony as Mimesis Color Harmony as Ostentation Color Harmony in the Society of Permanent Colors Color Harmony in the Society of Permutable Colors Conclusion Cross-References References Color Identification Color Idiom Color Image Statistics Color Imaging Color in Care Environments Color in Clinical and Nonclinical Areas Color in Educational Environments Color in Healthcare Environments Color in Hospitals Synonyms Definition Introduction Role of Color Application in Hospitals Cross-References References Color in Schools and Offices Synonyms Definition Role of Color Application in Schools Role of Color Application in Offices Cross-References References Color in Transport Synonyms Definition Role of Color Application in Transport Hubs Cross-References References Color in Transport Hubs Color in Traveling Color in Workplaces Color Information Processing in Higher Brain Areas Synonyms Definition Human Studies Showing the Importance of the Ventral Higher Area in Color Vision Importance of the Inferior Temporal Cortex in Color Vision in the Macaque Monkey Functional Organization of the IT Cortex in Relation to Color Processing Neural Representation of Color in the IT Cortex Unresolved Issue: Processing of Object Color Cross-References References Color Language Color Language Translation Color Lexicon Color Magnitude Diagrams Definition Historical Antecedents Diagram for Stars Diagram for Galaxies Cross-References References Color Mapping Color Mixture Color Models Color Name Applications in Computer Vision Synonyms Definition The Problem of Labeling Image Regions by Color Name Why Label Image Regions by Color Name? Computational Solutions Space Partitioning-Based Models Random Initialization-Based Models Applications Outline for Future Research Cross-References References Color Names for Image Understanding Color Naming Color Order Systems Synonyms Definition Color Systems: Review and Evaluation Old Linear Organizations and Diagrams Modern Two-Dimensional Color Arrangements Two Important Three-Dimensional Systems Before the Twentieth Century Classification of Color Order Systems Review List of Ancient and Modern Color Order Systems Systems of Color Stimuli Device-Dependent Systems Device-Independent Systems Systems of Color Sensations Systems Based on Experience Systems Bearing a Parallelism to Music Systems Based on Additive Color Mixing Systems Based on Subtractive Color Mixing Printed Screen Systems Educational Systems Based on Psychological Effects Perceptually Equidistant Color Systems Practical Color Collections Color Systems Used Today, Recommended for Art and Design Munsell Color System Natural Color System (NCS) Coloroid System Küppers´ Atlas and Rhombohedric Color System Additional Studies, Classifications, and Evaluations of Color Order Systems Punctuated Evolution of Color Order Systems Cross-References References Color Palette Color Perception and Environmentally Based Impairments Synonyms Definition Types of Neurotoxic Substances Causing Dyschromatopsias General Characteristics of Neurotoxin-Induced Color Vision Impairments Classification of Acquired Dyschromatopsias Tests of Color Vision for Assessing Acquired Dyschromatopsias Occupational Exposure to Neurotoxic Substances Self-Administered Consumption of Substances Containing Neurotoxic Chemicals Side Effects from Pharmacological Treatments Consumption of Food Contaminated by Neurotoxic Elements Cross-References References Color Phenomenology Synonyms Definition Color Phenomenology and Ontology Epistemological Issues Color Phenomenology and the Structure of Color Experience Cross-References References Color Pollution Synonyms Definition Overview Color Pollution as a Component of Visual Pollution Negative Impact of Color in the Environment Color as Intended by Nature and Adaptation to Color Coding Color Pollution in Cities Color Pollution in Natural Settings Consequences of Color Pollution Causes of Color Pollution Solutions for Color Pollution Cross-References References Color Pop-out Color Preference Synonyms Definition Main Text Preference for Single Colors Describing Patterns of Color Preferences Explaining Color Preferences Development of Color Preferences Color Preferences in Different Contexts Preference for Color Combinations Empirical Research on Color Pair Preference and Harmony in Combinations Theories of Preferences for Color Combinations Cross-References References Color Processing in the Inferior Temporal Cortex Color Processing in the Ventral Higher Visual Area Color Processing, Cortical Synonyms Definition Processing of Chromatic Signals in the Early Visual Pathways Color in the Striate Cortex (V1) Chromatic Properties of Individual Neurons Clustering and Specialization of Color-Selective Cells in V1 The Case of Blue-Yellow Signals Color in the Extrastriate Cortex Proportion of Color-Selective Cells Chromatic Properties of Individual Neurons Color Versus Other Visual Attributes Clustering of Color-Selective Cells Is There a Color Center in the Primate Brain? Unresolved Issues Cross-References References Color Psychology Synonyms Definition Overview Defining Color Psychology The Interface Between Color and Human Response: Recent Research Color Psychology in Popular Media An Irrefutable, Causal, and Universal Link Between Color and Human Response? Birren, Gerard, Goldstein, and Lüscher Color Psychology and Color Therapy: Caveat Emptor Cross-References References Color Qualia Color Range Color Roles Color Scene Statistics, Chromatic Scene Statistics Synonyms Definition Overview Measurement of Objects, Illumination, and Scenes Analysis of Natural Color Statistics Effect on Evolution of Color Vision Cortical Mechanism and Probabilistic Approaches Effect of Color Statistics of a Scene on Color Constancy Adaptation to the Color of Natural Scenes Cross-References References Color Scheme Synonyms Definition Introduction and Classification of Color Schemes Color Schemes Using Harmony of Similarities Color Schemes Using Harmony of Contrasts Cross-References References Color Science Color Selection Color Signals Color Similarity Space Color Solids Color Sorting Color Spaces Color Spreading Color Spreading, Neon Color Spreading, and Watercolor Illusion Synonyms Definition Neon Color Spreading Coloration Effects in Neon Color Spreading Figural Effects in Neon Color Spreading Watercolor Illusion Coloration Effects in the Watercolor Illusion Figural Effects in the Watercolor Illusion Similarities and Differences in Between the Two Illusions A Limiting Case Near the Limiting Case Neural Mechanisms Underlying the Two Illusions Summary Cross-References References Color Statistics Color Stereoscopic Effect Color Stereoscopy Color Symbolism Color Synaesthesia Color Synesthesia Synonyms Definition Marks of Color Synesthesia High-Level Versus Low-Level Synesthesias Cognitive and Neural Mechanisms Cognitive Advantages of Color Synesthesia Cross-References References Color Syntax Color Term Translation Color Terms Color Theory Color Transfer Synonyms Definition Key Principles Statistical Methods Correspondence-Based Techniques Non-Automatic Methods Machine Learning Techniques Measuring Success Cross-References References Color Trends Synonyms Definition Sociological Function of Color Trends Cyclic Recurrence of Color Trends The Emergence of Color Trends Not Only Colors, But Also Range Quality What Are Trends? Individualization of Color Trends Creation of Color Trends Work Phases Why to Be Aware of Trends Lifestyle Proposal Trends and Revivals Trends for the House of the Century From 2000 to 2020 Cross-References References Color Union Color Uses Color Vision Abnormality Color Vision Screening Color Vision Test Color Vision Testing Synonyms Definition Pseudoisochromatic Tests Color Arrangement Tests Anomaloscopes Computerized Tests ``Electrodiagnosis´´ Tests Cross-References References Color Wheel Color Word Translation Colorant Colorant, Environmental Aspects Synonyms Definition Overview Mutagenicity Carcinogenicity Aquatic Toxicity Future Directions References Colorant, Halochromic Colorant, Natural Synonyms Definition Major Classes of Natural Colorants Indigoid Dyes Flavonoids and Anthocyanins Quinoid, Naphthoquinoid, and Anthraquinoid Dyes Tannin-Based Dyes Carotenoid Dyes Chlorophylls Applicatory Aspects Cross-References References Colorant, Nonlinear Optical Synonyms Definition Historical Background Principles and Origin of Nonlinear Optical (NLO) Effects Nonlinear Optical Effects and Their Practical Applications Nonlinear Optical Materials: Classes, Advantages, and Limitations Inorganic Coordination and Organometallic Complexes Organic Polymeric Oriented Guest-Host Polymers Oriented Side-Chain and Main-Chain Polymers Langmuir-Blodgett Films Zeolites Nanofibers Experimental Methods for the Determination of Second-Order Nonlinear Effects Future and Perspectives Cross-References References Colorant, Photochromic Definition Photochromism T-Type Photochromic Colorants Spiropyrans Spirooxazines Naphthopyrans Applications of T-Type Dyes P-Type Photochromic Colorants Diarylethenes Fulgides Applications of P-Type Dyes Cross-References References Colorant, Textile Definition Textile Dyes and Pigments Natural Textile Colorants Synthetic Textile Colorants Nomenclature and Composition of Commercial Textile Colorants Textile Colorant Structure Azo Textile Colorants Carbonyl Textile Colorants Other Textile Colorant Structural Types Textile Colorant Application Classes Acid Dyes Azoic Colorants Basic Dyes Direct Dyes Disperse Dyes Pigments Reactive Dyes Sulfur Dyes Vat Dyes Future Prospects Cross-References References Colorant, Thermochromatic Colorant, Thermochromic Synonyms Definition Introduction Organic Thermochromism Bianthrone and Crowded Ethenes Schiff Bases, Also Known as Salicylidene-Anilines Spiro Compounds, Including Spiropyrans Liquid Crystals Polymers Inorganic Thermochromism Thermochromic Materials Thermochromic Colorants Cross-References References Coloration, Fastness Definition Color Fastness May Thus Be Defined as the Resistance to Change or Removal of the Color of an Item Under End-Use Conditions Overview Color Change: Colorant Destruction Color Change and Staining: Colorant Removal Achieving Fastness Fastness Testing Testing for Fastness: Challenges Fastness to (Textile) Production Processes Fastness in Use Fastness to Refurbishment Assessing the Results of Fastness Tests Gray Scales Instrumental Color Measurement of Fastness Test Data Conclusions Cross-References References Coloration, Hair Synonyms Definition Overview of the Dyeing of Human Hair Hair Dye Diffusion Permanent Hair Dye Chemistry Permanent Hair Dye Toxicity Concerns Alternative Permanent Hair Dye Precursors and Coloration Technologies Cross-Reference References Coloration, Ink-Jet Printing Synonyms Definition Technology Development System Components Cross-References References Coloration, Mordants Definition Overview Natural Fibers Natural Dyes Mordants for Cotton and Cellulosic Fibers Mordant Dyeing of Wool Synthetic Fibers Conclusion Cross-References References Coloration, Textile Synonyms Definition Dyeing Process Textile Fibers Stages of Coloration Process Dye Transport from the Bulk Solution to the Fiber Surface Intermolecular Forces Operating Between Colorants and Textile Material Levelness Dyeing of Various Textile Materials Batch, Semicontinuous, and Continuous Coloring Processes Exhaustion Exhaustion Profiles Linear Exhaustion Profiles Other Exhaustion Profiles Practical Difficulties Involved in the Dyeing Process Dyeing Rate Initial Stage of Dyeing Dye/Fiber Types and Dye Migration Factors Affecting Levelness of Dyeing Flow Rate Measurement of Levelness Dyes Sorption Isotherms Summary Cross-References References Colorfulness Adaptation Coloring Color-Opponency, Unique Hues Synonyms Definition Historical View Behavioral Evidence for Unique Hues Neural Basis of Unique Hues Individual Differences Cultural and Environmental Factors Unique Hues and Focal Colors Summary Cross-References References Color-Opponent Processing Colors: Where Are They? Statement of the Question Light as a Primary Cause of Color Perception The Visual System Is the Creator of Color Perceptions Cross-References References Color-Separation Overlay Color-Word Interference Colour Index Definition Overview Historical First Edition Second Edition Third Edition Pigments and Solvent Dyes Edition Heritage Edition Current Aspects Definitions Essential Colorant(s) ETAD Definition of Dyes CPMA Definition of Pigments Definition of C.I. Generic Names (CIGNs) Definition of C.I. Constitution Numbers (CICNs) Organic Structures Use of Colon Numbers Product Registration Cross-References References Colouring Combustion Lamp Synonyms Definition Types of Combustion Lamps Working Principle Oil Lamps Materials and Construction The Oil The Wick The Fuel Reservoir or Lantern Properties Candles Materials and Construction The Candle Substance The Wick The Lantern Properties Gas Lamps Materials and Construction The Gas The Burner Open Flame Burner Gas Mantle Regenerative Burners The Lantern Ignition Control Properties Cross-References References Complementary Colors Synonyms Definition Introduction Color Harmony Pleasing Color Combinations Ways of Establishing Complementary Colors Colored Shadows Afterimages Afterimage Color Progression Individual Variations in the Experience of Afterimages Colors That Are Least Like Each Other Mixture to a Neutral Subtractive Mixture Additive and Partitive Mixture Possibilities from Physics Newton´s Rings Polarized Light and Cellophane Tape Contradictory Complementaries An Elastic Color Circle Complementary Colors as a Guide to Mixing Complementary Colors as a Guide to Color Harmony Choosing a Single Definition as the Key to Harmony Complementary Colors as a Fuzzy Concept Conclusion Cross-References References Compositing and Chroma Keying Synonyms Definition Origin of the Terms Techniques Chroma Keying Alpha Blending Blend Modes Gradient-Domain Compositing Deep Compositing Visual Transfer and Relighting Deep Learning-Based Compositing Cross-References References Compton Effect Compton Process Compton Scattering Synonyms Definition Photon Interaction Processes History Kinematics Cross Section Applications Gamma Spectrometry Compton Imaging Cross-References References Compton-Debye Effect Computation of Colorimetric Stimuli Computer Depiction Computer Modeling Conceptual Spaces Cone Fundamentals Synonyms Definition Overview Phototransduction Univariance Trichromacy Spectral Sensitivity Measurements Cone Fundamentals Other Factors that Influence Cone Fundamentals Cross-References References Cone Fundamentals, Stockman-Sharpe Cone Pigments Cone Spectral Sensitivities Congenital Color Vision Abnormality Contextual Color Design Continuous Ink Jet (CIJ) Contrary Colors Contrasting Colors Contribution of Melanopsin-Containing Retinal Ganglion Cell to Brightness Perception Correlated Color Temperatures Cortical Cortical Color Processing Crawford, Brian Hewson Biography Major Accomplishments/Contributions References Cross-cultural Communication Definition Introduction Kay and Kempton (1984): Two Ways of Seeing Color Similarity Free-Sorting Matching-to-Sample Concluding Remarks Cross-References References Crowdsourcing of Multilingual Color Names Synonyms Definition Color Naming Crowdsourcing and Laboratory Color Naming Studies Crowdsourcing Color Naming Experiments Conclusions Cross-References References Culturally Specific Basic Color Terms Cyan, Magenta, Yellow, or Black (CMYK) D Dalton, John Biography and Major Accomplishments/Contributions Dalton´s Color Blindness Atomic Theory Other Contributions References Daltonism Daylight Daylight Factor Definition Average Daylight Factor Daylight Factor at a Point Cross-References References Daylight Illuminants Definitions Description of Daylight Phases Nominal and Actual Temperature Interpolation of Daylight Illuminants and Its Consequences CIE Standard Illuminant D65 (Shortly CIE D65) CIE D50, D55, and D75 Recalculation of Daylight Illuminants Indoor Daylight Illuminants Cross-References References Daylight Spectra Daylighting Synonyms Definition Introduction The Standard Solar Spectrum The Standard Daylight Illuminants Daylight and Correlated Color Temperature Daylight Quantities in the Standard Climate Datasets Sky Models Daylight in Buildings Transformation of Daylight by Reflection and Transmission Practical Simplifications Measured Daylight Spectra Two Outdoor Daylight Spectra Two Indoor Daylight Spectra Applications The Nonvisual Effects of Daylight Variable Transmission Glazing The Future Cross-References References d-Block Elements DE*ab Deep Compositing ΔE*94 ΔE00 Demichel Equations Synonyms Definition Overview References Depth in Color Designer´s Color Model Deuteranopia Synonyms Definition Retinal Mosaic Genetic Background Confusion Lines Luminous Efficiency and Wavelength Discrimination Color Perception Diagnosis of Deuteranopia Incidence of Deuteranopia Cross-References References Diagnosis of Defective Color Vision Diagnostic Color Dichromacy Dichromat Color Naming Diffuse Lighting Definition Daylighting Electric Lighting Consequences of Diffuse Lighting Cross-References 1,2-Dihydroxy-9,10-anthracenedione 1,2-Dihydroxyanthraquinone Direct to Garment (DTG) Displays Drop-on-Demand (DOD) Dry or Mechanical Finishing Dye Synonyms Definition History of the Development of Synthetic Dyes Principles of Color Constitution in Dyes Early Theories Using Qualitative Method Modern Theories Classification and Nature of the Chromogens Effect of Substituents on Color in Azo Dyes Principles of Photofading in the Dye Molecule Jablonski Diagram Types of Photoreaction Solvatochromism of Dyes Solvatochromism Types Halochromism of Dyes Halochromism Types Halochromism in 4-Aminoazobenze Dyes Solubility of Dyes Future Prospects Cross-References References Dye Functional Dye, DSSC Synonyms Definition Introduction Structure of Dye-Sensitized Solar Cells Photoanode Counter Electrode Electrolyte Photosensitizer Working Function and Principles Photovoltaic Parameters Final Considerations Design Features of Photosensitizers Cross-References References Dye, Functional Definition Interactions of Functional Dyes Electromagnetic Radiation Heat Electricity Frictional Force/Pressure Functional Dyes Classified by Application Data Storage Data Display Cathode Ray Tube Liquid Crystal Display Organic Light-Emitting Devices Energy Transfer Organic Semiconductor Solar Cells Nonlinear Optical Dyes Laser Dyes Biomedical Applications Smart Textiles with Photochromic Dyes Cross-References References Dye, Ink-Jet Definition Principal Applications Deskjet Photo Printing Industrial Inkjet Printing Inkjet Textile Printing Cross-References References Dye, Metal Complex Synonyms Definition Chemistry and Application Coloration of Textiles Ink-Jet Printing Photoconductors for Laser Printer Toners for Photocopiers and Laser Printers Dark Oxidation Catalysts Singlet Oxygen Generators Organic Semiconductors Infrared Absorbers Silver Halide Photography Nonlinear Optics High-Density Memory Storage Cross-References References Dye: Photodynamic Therapy Definition Introduction Photosensitizers and Photodynamic Therapy (PDT) Photosensitizers Used in PDT Necrosis/Apoptosis Treatable Cancers Photodynamic Antimicrobial Chemotherapy (PACT) Photoantimicrobials Light Sources Treatment of Age-Related Macular Degeneration (ARMD) Cross-References References Dyeing Dyes Dye-Sensitized Solar Cells Dynamic Color Design Dynamic Color Spreading Dynamics of Color Category Formation and Boundaries Definition Color Boundaries Cross-References References Dyschromatopsia E Early Color Lexicons Early Expression of Color in Language Eco-/genotoxicity of Synthetic Dyes Effects of Color Terms on Color Perception and Cognition Synonyms Definition Color Perception and Color Communication Breaking the Circularity: The Logic of Measuring Category Effects Model-Based Approaches Equating Color Stimuli but Varying the Subject Population Equating Color Stimuli but Varying the Hemifield: Lateralized Whorf Equating Color Stimuli but Varying the Role of Language: Verbal Interference Cognition and Perception: What to Measure Subjective Judgments Memory Reaction Time on Suprathreshold Discrimination Discrimination Thresholds Interpretation and Future Directions Cross-References References Efficient Coding Elastic Light Scattering Elastic Scattering Electrical Control Gear for Lamps Definition Igniters Igniters for Fluorescent Lamps Igniters for HID Lamps Ballasts Electromagnetic Ballasts Electronic Ballasts for Fluorescent Lamps Electronic Ballasts for HID Lamps Drivers for LEDs Cross-References Electrodeless Low-Pressure Mercury Lamps Elementary Colors Emergency Lighting Definition Security Lighting Standards Categories of Emergency Lighting Escape-Route Lighting High-Risk Task Area Lighting Standby Lighting Emergency Lighting Installation Centralized System Decentralized System References Emotional Color Effects Environmental Chemistry of Synthetic Dyes Environmental Color Design Synonyms Definition The Function of Color in Space Experience The Function of Color in Space Perception The Role of Color in Expressing the Function of Space The Color Dynamics of Color Theory and Practice of Environmental Planning Color Expression in the Built Environment Background Architecture Figural Color Color Constellations Cross-References References Environmental Influences on Color Vision Synonyms Definition Environmental Signals and the Evolution of Color Vision Color Appearance and the Color Environment Variations in the Color Environment Cross-References References ERP Event Related Potential Evolution Evolution of Color Expression Synonyms Definition Introduction The Evolution of the Linguistic Division of the Spectrum Further Complications for Applying Modern Standards to Ancient Materials Detailed Linguistic Issues in the Debate About the Significance of Ancient Color Naming Black and White, Dark and Light Salience, Convergence, Usage and Meaning Color as Categorization Summary Cross-References References Evolution of Primate Color Vision Synonyms Definition The Neurophysiology of Color Vision The Evolution of Primate Color Vision Cross-References References Expressive Rendering Extended Dynamic Range Eye Sensitivity Functions F Factors of Color Categorization Favorite Colors Fechner, Gustav Theodor References Fechner´s Colors and Benham´s Top Synonyms Definitions Basic Phenomenon and History Creating and Measuring Fechner Colors Explanations and Future Directions Cross-References References Fechner-Benham Subjective Color Femto-Photography Ferroelectric Liquid Crystal Cells for Modern Applications in Displays and Photonics Synonyms Definition Applications Recent Developments References Ferroelectric Liquid Crystals Field Sequential Filling-in Finish, Textile Synonyms Definition Introduction Classification ``Dry´´ or ``Mechanical´´ Finishes Drying Calendering Friction Calendering Embossed Effects Schreiner Finishing Napping Sanforizing ``Wet´´ or ``Chemical´´ Finishes Application of Chemical Finishes Important Chemical Finishes Softening Agents Water and Oil-Repellent Finishes Easy-Care and Durable Press Finishes Antimicrobial Finishes Conclusions Cross-References References Fitting (Anglo-Saxon English) Fixture (American English) Flame Light Lamps Focal Colors Forecast Four-Dimensional Color Vision Full Radiator Functionality of Color Synonyms Definition Color and Function Utility Function of Colors Aesthetic Function of Colors Informative Function of Colors Functionality in Architectural Color From the User´s Perspective From an Architectural Perspective Color Tectonics in Architecture Conceptual Phase Design Development Detail Color Imagery Cross-References References Fundamental Colors G Galaxy Color Magnitude Diagram Definition Absolute Magnitude and Temperature Scales History Coordinate Options Cross-References Gamut Volume Synonyms Definition Calculation Applications References Ganglion Cells Definition Physiology of Retinal Ganglion Cells Cross-References References Ganzfeld Definition History Perceptual Experience in the Ganzfeld Producing an Experimental Ganzfeld Theoretical Importance Observable Characteristics Explanation Related Phenomena References Geniculate Pathways Gestalt Grouping Principles (or Laws) Ghost Image Glare Glare-Free High Beam - Adaptive Driving Beam (ADB) Glints Global Illumination Synonyms Definition Introduction Example Phenomena Formalization Computation Cross-References References Gloss Meter Synonyms Definition Introduction Applications Gloss Meter Industry Standards General Gloss Measurement Paint Plastics Metals Paper Furniture Floor Polish Ceramics Fabrics Cross-References References Glossing Glossmeter Glow Discharge Lamps Goethe, Johann Wolfgang von Biography Major Accomplishments/Contributions References Goniochromatism Goniometer Goniophotometer Synonyms Definition Overview Cross-References References Graininess ``Green-Blindness´´ Guild, John References H Habituation Hair Dyes Halftone Layer Superposition Equations Halogen Lamp Synonyms Definition Halogen Lamps Halogen Cycle Principle Materials and Construction Bulb Filament Fill Gas Lamp Cap Properties Energy Balance Luminous Efficacy Lumen-Package Range Color Characteristics Lamp Life Lamp-Lumen Depreciation Burning Position Run-Up and Reignition Switching Dimming Mains-Voltage Variations UV Component Product Range Grouping of Halogen Lamps Cool-Beam Halogen Lamps Halogen Lamps with Infrared-Reflective Coating Cross-References References Hard-Edge Painting HDR HDRI Helmholtz, Hermann Ludwig von Biography Major Accomplishments/Contributions References Helmholtz-Kohlrausch Effect Synonyms Definition Overview Definition of Luminance Definition of Brightness Problems in Photometry Luminous Efficiency Functions Additivity Failures for Brightness Physiological Mechanism and Model for Brightness Brightness-Luminance Ratio, B/L Cross-References References Hering, Karl Ewald Konstantin Biography Major Accomplishments/Contributions References Hertzsprung-Russell Diagram Definition Absolute Magnitude and Temperature Scales Coordinate Conventions History Cross-References High- and Low-Pressure Sodium Lamp Synonyms Definition Sodium Gas Discharge Lamps Low-Pressure Sodium Lamps Working Principle Materials and Lamp Construction Discharge Tube Fill Gas Electrodes Outer Bulb Lamp Cap Properties Energy Balance System Luminous Efficacy Lumen-Package Range Color Characteristics Lamp Life Lamp-Lumen Depreciation Burning Position Run-Up and Reignition Dimming Ambient-Temperature Sensitivity Mains-Voltage Variations Product Range High-Pressure Sodium Lamps Working Principle Materials and Construction Discharge Tube Fill Gas Electrodes Outer Bulb Lamp Caps Getter Properties Energy Balance System Luminous Efficacy Lumen-Package Range Color Characteristics Lamp Life Lamp-Lumen Depreciation Run-Up and Reignition Dimming Ambient-Temperature Sensitivity Mains-Voltage Variation Product Range Cross-References References High Dynamic Range Imaging Synonyms Definition Overview Imaging Pipeline Capture Encoding and Formats Display Tone Reproduction Perceptual Background Perceptually Motivated Tone Reproduction Multi-scale Tone Reproduction Display and Viewing-Adaptive Tonemapping Dynamic Range Expansion Commercial Solutions Color Management in Tone Reproduction Cross-References References High Pressure Mercury Lamp Synonyms Definition High-Pressure Mercury Gas-Discharge Lamps Working Principle Materials and Construction Discharge Tube Fill Gas Electrodes Outer Bulb Fluorescent Powder Lamp Cap Properties Energy Balance Luminous Efficacy Lumen Package Range Color Characteristics Lamp Life Lamp Lumen Depreciation Run-Up and Reignition Dimming Mains Voltage Variations Product Range Cross-References References Highly Automated Vehicles High-Pressure Mercury Gas-Discharge Lamp High-Pressure Mercury-Vapor Lamp Highway Lighting History, Use and Performance Hue Difference, Delta H Hue Opponency Hue Sequence Human-Centric Lighting Synonyms Definition Image and Non-Image Forming Processes in the Eye Circadian and Direct Photobiological Effects of Light Dynamic Lighting Scenario for Daytime Work Cross-References References Hyperspectral Imaging Synonyms Definition Overview Some Basics on Image Acquisition and Spectral Imaging Direct Spectral Measuring Systems Spectral Domain Systems Spatial Domain Systems Snapshot-Based Systems Indirect Spectral Imaging Systems Applications Hyperspectral Imaging of Pictorial Artworks Multispectral Imaging of Natural Scenes Multispectral Image Capture of Natural and Artificial Illumination Cross-References References I Ibn Rushd (Averroes) References Ibn Sahl, Abu Saʿd al-ʿAlaʾ References ICC L*a*b* ICCLAB Ideal Black Surface Ideal Emitter Ideal Observer Models of Color Category Learning Ideal Thermal Radiator Illuminance Meter Synonyms Definition Introduction Application 1 Application 2 Calibration Cross-References References Illusory Colors Image Burn-in Image Fidelity Image Quality Synonyms Definition Overview Image Quality Assessment Image Quality Metrics Full-Reference Quality Metrics No-Reference Image Quality Metrics Reduced-Reference Image Quality Metrics Cross-References References Image Similarity Impressionism Definition Overview Theory and Practice Optical Mixture Artificial Pigments Renoir, Monet, and Pissarro Cross-References References Inappropriate Use of Color Incandescence Definition Thermal Light Radiators Black Body Radiator Characteristics of Commercial Incandescent Lamps Cross-References Incandescent Bulb Incandescent Lamp Synonyms Definition Incandescent Lamps Working Principle Materials and Construction Filament Bulb Fill Gas Lamp Cap Properties Energy Balance Luminous Efficacy Lumen-Package Range Color Characteristics Lamp Life Lamp-Lumen Depreciation Run-Up and Re-Ignition Switching Dimming Mains Voltage Variations Product Range Cross-References References Incoherent Scattering Indirect Illumination Individual Differences Indoor Lighting Induction Lamp Synonyms Definition Induction Lamps Working Principle Materials and Construction Properties Energy Balance System Luminous Efficacy Lumen-Package Range Color Characteristics Lamp Life Lamp Price Lamp-Lumen Depreciation Run-Up and Reignition Dimming Ambient-Temperature Sensitivity Product Range Cross-References References Infant Color Categories Synonyms Definition Key Principles and Concepts Methods and Examples Negative Findings Alternative Explanations Theoretical Questions and Future Directions Cross-References Acknowledgment References Influences Between Light and Color Inorganic, Hybrid, and Functional Pigments Synonyms Definition Introduction General Information Classification of Inorganic Pigments Properties Production of TiO2 Sulfate Method Chloride Process Sol-Gel Method Hydrothermal and Solvothermal Methods Chemical Vapor Deposition Metallurgical Process Controlled Precipitation Mechanochemical Process Hybrid Pigments Pigments Obtained by Grafting of an Organic Dye to a Modified Oxides Surface Pigments Obtained in the Process of Silica Synthesis Colored Bioorganic-Based Hybrid Pigments Summary Cross-References Acknowledgment References Instrument: Colorimeter Synonyms Definition Overview Optical Structure Measuring Geometry Spectral Responsivity and Measuring Correction Applications Cross-References References Instrument: Photometer Synonyms Definition Overview Luminous-Intensity Meter Structure and Measuring Theories Acceptance Area Applications References Instrument: Spectrophotometer Synonyms Definition Overview Structure Viewing/Illumination Geometries The Field of View Applications References Integrating Sphere Synonyms Definition Overview Cross-References References Integrative Lighting Interactions of Color and Light Synonyms Definition Interactions of Color and Light in the Context of Creative Training and Practices Initial Position Research on the Interactions of Color and Light in the Creative Disciplines ColorLightLab LED-ColorLab Colour and Light - Materials for a Theory of Colour and Light Summary of Investigations Summary of Surveys and Empirical Aspect Implementing Knowledge as Mediation Tools and Materials Selected Instruments of a Theory of Color and Light Installations Tools Color-Light Toy Conclusion Cross-References References Interior Lighting Synonyms Definition Overview Lighting Quality Task Visibility Visual Comfort Interior Lighting Design Lighting Components for Interior Lighting Concluding Cross-References References Internet of Things and LEDs Synonyms Definition Internet of Things (IoT) IoT Lighting System Infrastructure for IoT Lighting Systems IoT Lighting System Technology Services of IoT Lighting Systems Cross-References Acknowledgment References Interpolation of Spectral Data Synonyms Definition Background Current Status Cross-References References Interreflection Intrinsic Decomposition Intrinsic Images Intrinsic Imaging Synonyms Definition Overview Priors and Methods to Constrain the Problem Automatic Priors User Defined Constraints Learning from Data Applications Cross-References References Intrinsically Photosensitive Retinal Ganglion Cells Iodine Lamps IoT ipRGCs Iridescence (Goniochromism) Synonyms Definition Description and Examples Mechanisms Reflection Diffraction Holograms Suppressed Iridescence Cross-References References Irisation Isochromatic Color Confusions Itten, Johannes Color Star, Color Circle, and Color Sphere Color Contrasts Subjective and ``Objective´´ Color Harmony Color Expression References Further Reading ITULAB Ives, Frederic Eugene Biography Major Accomplishments/Contributions References J Judd, Deane Brewster Colorimetric System Color Difference Systematic Color Names Color Constancy Miscellaneous References K Katz, David Biography Major Accomplishments/Contributions References Kohlrausch, Arnt Biography Major Accomplishments/Contributions References Kries, Johannes Adolph von References Kruithof Curve Definition Preferred Correlated Color Temperature (CCT) for General Lighting in Interiors CCT and Lighting Level CCT and Climatic Conditions CCT and Cultural Background CCT and Nonvisual Biological Effects Cross-References References Kubelka, Paul References L Lab Labradorescence Lambert, Johann Heinrich Biography Major Accomplishments/Contributions References Land Retinex Theory Lanthanide Ions Lanthanides Lanthanoid Ion Color Synonyms Definition Colors, Electron Configurations, and Energy Levels Color Lanthanoid Free-Ion Energy Levels Selection Rules Some Lanthanoid Absorption Colors Ce3+ and Eu2+ Pr3+, Tm3+, Nd3+, and Dy3+ Some Applications of Lanthanoid Fluorescence Colors Trichromatic Fluorescent Lamps Plasma Displays Phosphor Electroluminescent Displays Upconversion Quantum Cutting Cross-References References Layering Le Blon, Jacob Christoph Biography Major Accomplishments/Contributions References LED Sphere Light Bounces Light Depreciation Light Distribution Synonyms Definition Luminaire Performance Characteristic Measurement Graphical Presentation Intensity Table Cross-Reference Light Pollution Synonyms Definition Light Pollution Recognized Types of Light Pollution Spectral Effects Other Light Pollution Effects Human Health Effects References Light Sensors Light Stage Synonyms Definition Light Stage and Reflectance Field Lighting Reproduction Facial Capture Object Capture References Light, Electromagnetic Spectrum Synonyms Definitions Overview Early Views of Light Description of Electromagnetic Radiation and Light Properties of Electromagnetic Waves Interaction of Light with Matter Light Intensity Distribution and Color Applications of Electromagnetic Radiation Cross-References References Light-Emitting Diode, LED Synonyms Definition Solid-State LED Light Sources Working Principle Principle of Solid-State Radiation Principle of White LEDs Materials and Construction Semiconductor Chip Material Shape of the Chip Reflector Cup Primary Optics Electrodes and Bond Wires Heat Sink Phosphors Phosphors Applied Direct to the Chip Remote Phosphor LED Cluster Modules Properties Temperature of the Chip Junction Binning Energy Balance System Luminous Efficacy Lumen-Package Range Color Characteristics Beam Control Lifetime Lumen Depreciation Run-Up and Reignition Dimming Ambient-Temperature Sensitivity Mains Voltage Variations UV and IR Component Product Range Cross-References References Light-Emitting Diode, OLED Synonyms Definition Solid-State Light Sources Working Principle Materials and Construction Properties System Luminous Efficacy and Brightness Dimensions Lifetime Color Properties Light Distribution Run-Up and Reignition Dimming Ambient-Temperature Sensitivity Cross-References Acknowledgment References Light-in-Flight Imaging Lighting Arc Lighting Control Systems Lighting Controls Synonyms Definition Basics Overview Applications Shops Façades Museums Hotels Health and Care Office Industry Education Corridors and Stairways Streets and Public Spaces Domestic Interfaces for Lighting Management Strategies for Lighting Management User Acceptance and Energy Efficiency Technical Requirements Definitions Lighting Design Factors Driving Lighting Management Cross-References References Lighting Design Lighting Dome Lighting for Indoor Spaces Lighting for Interior Spaces Lighting for Visual Comfort Lighting for Visual Satisfaction Synonyms Definition Room Appearance Directionality and Modeling Flow of Lighting Light Tubes Discomfort Glare Light Color Preference Cross-References References Lighting Management Linguistic Influences on Color Perception Linguistic Relativism Lippmann, Jonas Ferdinand Gabriel Logic Lorenz-Mie Theory Lorenz-Mie-Debye Theory Lovibond, Joseph Williams References Low-Pressure Glow Discharge Lamps Lumen Depreciation Synonyms Definition Lamp Lumen Depreciation Lumen Depreciation and Lifetime of LEDs Luminaire Depreciation Room Surface Depreciation Maintenance Factor Cross-References References Luminaires Synonyms Definition Luminaire Characteristics Optical Characteristics Reflectors Specular Reflectors Spread Reflectors Diffuse Reflectors Reflector Forms Plane Reflectors Curved Reflectors Faceted Reflectors Total Internal Reflection Optics Refractors Diffusers Screenings Screening the Lamp from Direct View Color Filters Light-Distribution Characteristics Mechanical Characteristics Material Sheet Steel Stainless Steel Aluminum Alloys Plastics Glass Ceramics Strength Resistance to Pollution and Humidity Ease of Installation and Maintenance Electrical Characteristics Lamp Holders Electrical Wiring Mains Connection Electrical Safety Classification Thermal Characteristics Temperature Control Protection Against Flammability Aesthetics Approval Cross-References References Luminance Measurement Device Luminance Meter Synonyms Definition Introduction Applications Cross-References References Luminescence Synonyms Definition Overview Types of Luminescence and Their Applications Luminescent Materials Cross-References References Luminescent Materials Luminous Efficiency Function Luminous Intensity Distribution Luminous Intensity Meter Luxmeter M M, P, and K Pathways MacAdam, David L Optimal Object Color Limits MacAdam Ellipses Instrumentation and Computation Principal-Component Analysis of Daylight Optical Society of America Uniform Color Scales References Mach Bands Definition History of Mach Bands Summary References Madder Lake Magno-, Parvo-, and Koniocellular Pathways Synonyms Definition Anatomical Considerations Historical Overview Functional Considerations Summary Cross-References References Mass Pigmenting Material Origins of Advanced Color Terminology Materiality, Luxury, Hue, Saturation, Brightness, Intensity Linguistically Expressed in Ancient Languages Materials and the Origins of Abstract Color Naming Synonyms Definition Material Color Precious Materials, Loanwords, Abstraction, and Grammar Summary Cross-References References Matrix Beam Matting Mauveine Definition Historical Dye Formation Structures Further Comments References Maxwell, James Clerk Biography Maxwell and Color References Mayer, Tobias Biography Major Accomplishments/Contributions References Mechanisms of Color Categorization Synonyms Definition What Is Color Categorization and Why It Matters Graded Membership and Prototype Theory Color Categories Where Do Prototypes Come from? The Perceptual Account Ecological Constraints Perceptual Mechanisms Are Not Enough Communication Constraints and Cultural Transmission Conclusion Cross-References References Melanin Synonyms Definition Overview of Melanin Pigment Cross-References References Melanopic Equivalent Daylight Illuminance Definition Photosensitive Retinal Ganglion Cells (pRGCs) Spectral Sensitivity of Photopigments Melanopic Equivalent Daylight Ratio Melanopic Equivalent Daylight Illuminance Cross-References References Melanopsin Contributions to Human Brightness Perception Synonyms Definition Overview Discovery of Melanopsin-Containing Retinal Ganglion Cells Difficulties in Estimating the Contribution of Melanopsin to Brightness Perception Melanopsin and Human Brightness Perception Brightness-Matching Experiment Flicker-Photometry Experiment Spectral Sensitivity Curve for Melanopsin Photoreception Test Stimuli in Silent-Substitution Paradigm for Independent Stimulation of Melanopsin Brightness-Matching Experiment with Artificial Pupil Luminance, Color, Brightness, and Melanopsin in Photometry Cross-References References Melanopsin Retinal Ganglion Cells Synonyms Definition Discovery and Functions Anatomy and Physiology Spectral Sensitivity Cross-References References Memory Color Synonyms Definition Conceptual Clarifications Memory Color Effects Canonical and Typical Colors Color Diagnosticity Measurement Object Identification Color Typicality Color Diagnosticity Characteristics of Memory Colors Object and Scene Recognition Priming Effects Color Constancy Development The Memory Color Effect Evidence Determinants Neural Substrate Cross-References References Mesoamerican Color Survey Digital Archive Definition Introduction MCS and Theories of Color Categorization The MCS: History, Methodology, and Data Historical Background MCS Methodologies MCS Data The MCS and the Robert E. MacLaury Color Categorization Digital Archive (ColCat) Uses of the MCS Archive Cross-References References Metal Halide Lamp Definition Metal Halide Gas Discharge Lamps Working Principle Materials and Construction Discharge Tube Metal Halide Additives Fill Gas Electrodes Outer Bulb Lamp Caps Properties Energy Balance System Luminous Efficacy Lumen Package Range Color Characteristics Lamp Life Lamp Lumen Depreciation Burning Position Run-Up and Reignition Dimming Mains Voltage Variations Product Range Cross-References References Metamerism Definition Color of the Light Metamerism of Light Colors Metamerism of Object Colors Cross-References References Mie Solution Mie Theory Minimally Distinct Border Definition Historical Beginnings Luminance and MDB Measuring MDB Physiological Basis Extension to Mesopic Photometry Cross-References References Mixed Adaptation Condition Mixed Chromatic Adaptation Modern Art and Fashion Design Monochromator Definition Overview Cross-References References Mosaics Synonyms Definition Overview Cross-References Motion and Color Cognition Synonyms Definition Overview Evidence for Separate Processing of Color and Motion Evidence for Interactions in the Processing of Color and Motion Summary Cross-References References mRGCs Multi-beam Multispectral Imaging Munsell, Albert Henry Biography Major Accomplishments/Contributions References Further Reading N Natural Color Distribution Natural Colorants Natural Dyes Natural Hair Colorant Natural Hair Pigmentation Natural Object Natural Scene Statistics Neo-impressionism Definition Overview Art and Science Optical Mixture Luminosity Harmony Neo-impressionism and Color Development in Twentieth-Century Art Cross-References References Neon Color Spreading Neon Lamp Synonyms Definition Working Principle of Glow Discharge Lamps Tubular Glow Discharge Lamps Construction Properties System Luminous Efficacy Lumen Package Range Color Characteristics Lamp Life Run-Up and Reignition Compact Glow Discharge Lamps Construction Properties System Luminous Efficacy Lumen Package Color Characteristics Lamp Life Run-Up and Reignition Cross-References Newton, (Sir) Isaac Biography Major Accomplishments/Contributions Newton´s Theory of Color The Color Circle References Nickerson, Dorothy Biography Major Accomplishments/Contributions References Non-photorealistic Rendering Synonyms Definition Origin of the Term Related Fields: Art and Perception Classification Examples Cross-References References Nonvisual Lighting Effects and Their Impact on Health and Well-Being Synonyms Definition Introduction Overview of the Circadian System Biological Clock Output Rhythms Sleep/Wake Cycle and Alertness Core Body Temperature Hormone Production Regulation of Circadian Rhythms by Light Lighting Characteristics Affecting Circadian Rhythms Specifying Light for the Circadian System Measuring Light for the Circadian System Applications Seasonal Affective Disorder Jet Lag Delayed Sleep Phase Disorder Sleep in Older Adults Entrainment for the General Population The Future Cross-References Acknowledgment References O Online Experiments Op Art Opacity - Extinction Opalescence Opsin Genes Optic Chiasm, Chiasmal Syndrome Synonyms Definition Overview Optic Chiasm Chiasmal Syndrome Cross-References References Optical Art Synonyms Definition Overview Victor Vasarely (1906-1997) Bridget Riley (Born 1931) Cross-References References Optoelectronic Light Source Origin of Boundaries Origin of Prototypes Ostwald, Friedrich Wilhelm Biography Major Accomplishments/Contributions References P Paint Painted Dress Painter´s Color Model Paints Pale Colors Palette Synonyms Definition Introduction Palette, as a Board for Arranging and Mixing Paints Palette as a Color Range or Selection Historical Development of Palette Ancient Times Medieval Age Renaissance and Beyond Baroque and Classicism Nineteenth Century Twentieth Century Cross-References References Palmer, George Biography Major Accomplishments/Contributions References Parafovea Synonyms Definition Overview Cross-References References Parafoveal Vision Parallel Visual Pathways Pastel Colors Synonyms Definition The Pastel Crayon and the Pastel Technique The Pastel in Art Pastel Colors and the Pastel Palette Application in Industry and Design Cross-References References Pastel Crayons Pastel Paintings Pastel Sticks Pastel Tones Pattern Induced Flicker Colors Pearlescence Perceived Reflectance Perceived Value Perceptual Appearance Perceptual Color Effects Perceptual Grouping and Color Synonyms Definition The Effect of Color on Perceptual Grouping The Effects of Perceptual Grouping on Color Perceptual Grouping, Belongingness, Assimilation, and Contrast Cross-References References Philosophy of Color Definition The Scientific Tradition The Complexities of the Scientific Tradition Philosophical Responses Color Realism Color Relationism Goethe´s Theory of Colors Cross-References References Phosphors and Fluorescent Powders Synonyms Definition The Mechanism of Luminescence Transitions of Rare-Earth Ions and Transition Metal Ions Electronic Configuration, Energy Levels, and Transitions of Rare-Earth Ions Transitions of Transition Metal Ions Crystal Field Splitting and Nephelauxetic Effect Energy Transfer Characterization Spectrum Emission Spectrum Excitation Spectrum Quantum Efficiency Thermal Quenching Fluorescent Lifetime Practical Phosphors Phosphors for Fluorescent Lamps [2] Calcium Halophosphate Phosphors for Traditional Fluorescent Lamps Phosphors for Three-Band Fluorescent Lamps Phosphors for W-LEDs Oxide Yellow Phosphors Nitride Red Phosphors [3] Cross-References References Photoalignment Photodetector Synonyms Definition Overview Photodiode and Photomultiplier Tube Photodiode Array and Charge-Coupled Device Applications Cross-References References Photonics Photoreceptor Cells Photoreceptors, Color Vision Synonyms Definition Overview Future Directions Cross-References References Photosensitive Retinal Ganglion Cells Photosensors Physiologic Scotoma Piezoelectric Ink-jet (PIJ) Pigment, Ceramic Synonyms Definition Industrial Ceramic Pigments Overview Thermal and Chemical Stability: Cobalt Inks Structure Base: The Classical Pigment Palette Environmental Safety: Ecotoxicity Evaluation Cross-References Acknowledgment References Pigments Pigments, Organic Definition Properties Optical Properties Fastness Properties (Technical Performance) Dispersibility Classification of Organic Pigments Classification According to Technical Performance Classification According to Chemical Structure Product Overview Azo Pigments Copper Phthalocyanines Cationic Dye Complex Pigments Carbonyl Pigments Dioxazines Manufacture Current and Future Developments in Organic Pigments: A Brief Overview References Pixel Light Planckian Locus Planckian Radiator Plasmonics Polychromatism Polychromy Definition Overview Polychromy in Color Harmony Polychromatic Compositions Along History Architectural Polychromy in the Twentieth Century The Case of Le Corbusier Polychromy in Modern Architecture and Beyond Cross-References References Precious Stones and Metals at Origins of Linguistic Expression of Color Prelinguistic Color Categorization/Categorical Perception Premetallized Acid Dyes pRGCs Primary Colors Synonyms Definition Introduction The Nature of Color Confusion Between the Physical and Visual Aspects of Color Evolution of Ideas About Primary Colors Greek Philosophers Leonardo da Vinci Robert Boyle Jakob Christoph Le Blon Isaac Newton Thomas Young James Clerk Maxwell Ewald Hering The CIE System Primary Colors in the Twenty-First Century Further Problems with Standard Definitions Primaries for Mixing Other Colors in Print and on Screen Mixing with a Larger Number of Colors (Physical) Primary Confusion Plotting the Gamut for a Given Set of Colors (Physical) The Role of Color Names in the Confusion of Different Kinds of Primaries Conclusion Cross-References References Primate Color Vision Primitive Colors Principal Colors Printing Problems of the Earliest Language Development in the Domain of Color Protanopia Synonyms Definition Retinal Mosaic Genetic Background Confusion Lines Luminous Efficiency, Luminance Effect, and Wavelength Discrimination Color Perception Diagnosis of Protanopia Incidence of Protanopia Cross-References References Pseudoisochromatic Plates Synonyms Definition Design of Pseudoisochromatic Plates Administration of Pseudoisochromatic Plates Examples of Pseudoisochromatic Plates Cross-References Psychological Color Effects Synonyms Definition Introduction and Classification Advancing and Receding/Retreating Colors Colors in Isolation Colors in Combination In Relation to Temperature (Warm/Cool) Color in Relation to Physical Aspects (Perceived Temperature) of Warmth Color in Relation to Sensory Aspects of Warmth (Warm Colors Versus Cool Colors) Color Emotion Psychosomatic Effects of Color Cross-References References Psychological Color Space and Color Terms Synonyms Definition Psychological Color Space Why Three Dimensions? Abnormal Color Space Color Terms Primary and Secondary Terms Ontological Status Cross-References References Psychological Impact of Color Psychological Primary Colors Psychologically Pure Colors Synonyms Definition Overview Cross-References References Public Lighting Punctum Cecum Pure Colors Purkyně, Jan Evangelista Biography Major Accomplishments/Contributions Subjective Visual Phenomena (1818-1825) Objective Eye Examination Techniques (1823) References Q Quantum Dots Synonyms Definition Quantum Confinement Effect Classification of Quantum Dots Mechanism of Luminescence Properties of Luminescence Synthesis Energy Band Engineering Applications Quantum Dot Light-Emitting Diodes Fluorescent Probes Quantum Dot-Sensitized Solar Cells Photocatalysts Other Applications Cross-References References Quartz Halogen Lamps R Rare Earth Elements Rare Earth Ions Rare Earths Raster Image Processing (RIP) Rational Models of Color Category Learning Rayleigh and Mie Scattering Synonyms Definitions Introduction Classical Description Quantum Description Representative Scattering Media Cross-References References ``Red-blindness´´ Red-Green Deficiency Reference Standard Lamp Reflectance Standards Definition Applications Color Reflectance Standards Fluorescence Reflectance Standards Grayscale Reflectance Standards Wavelength Reflectance Standards Cross-References References Relational Color Space Relative Visibility Function Rendering Natural Phenomena Synonyms Definition Categories of Natural Phenomena Causes of Color Historical Overview Rendering Methodologies Phenomena Simulation Future Cross-References References Resist Printing Retinal Art Retinex Theory Synonyms Definition Overview Cone Quanta Catch Mondrian Experiments Retinex Mechanism Retinex Image Processing Signatures of Color Constancy Summary Cross-References References Retinogeniculate Pathways Retinogeniculocortical Pathways Richter, Manfred Biography Major Accomplishments/Contributions References Road Lighting Synonyms Definition Introduction Practices and Standards CIE 115 RP-8 Light Sources High-Pressure Sodium Metal Halide Low-Pressure Sodium Fluorescent and Induction Light-Emitting Diodes Luminaires Color: Mesopic Vision Cross-References References Roadway Lighting Runge, Philipp Otto Biography Major Accomplishments/Contributions References Rushton, William A. H. Nervous Excitation Retinal Densitometry Cone Pigments Analytical Anomaloscope Principle of Univariance References Further Reading RYB Color Synonyms Definition Categories of Color Traditional Color Theory Hierarchical Color Classifications Origins and Development of RYB Color RYB Color Model Cross-References References RYB Color Theory RYB Triad S Saltzman, Max Further Reading Sampling Problems in Computer Graphics Definition Two Categories of Sampling Problems Discretization: Sampling for Reconstruction Images Geometry Plenoptic Functions Physically Based Simulation Statistical Sampling: Sampling for Estimation Error and Assessment Sampling for Reconstruction Sampling for Estimation Cross-References References Sampling, Reconstruction, Aliasing, and Anti-aliasing Definition Key Principles Sampling Reconstruction Anti-Aliasing Image Downsampling Further Reading References Sapir-Whorf Hypothesis Schiller Schrödinger, Erwin References Scintillating Scotoma Synonyms Definition Overview Cross-References References Screening Plates Segmented High Beam Semantic-Color Interaction Semiconductor Nanocrystals Simple Colors Simulation Simulation and Image Synthesis of Natural Phenomena Simultaneous Color Contrast Definition History and Theories Cross-References References Sky Glow Sleep Model Sleep, Alertness, and Light Synonyms Definition Sleep, Health, Alertness, and Performance Model of How Sleep Is Regulated Daytime Light and the Circadian Process Light Level Light Spectrum Light, Sleep, Alertness, and Performance Cross-References References Sodium Gas Discharge Lamps Soft Colors Solid-State Light Source Sparkle Spectral Imaging Spectral Luminous Efficiency Synonyms Definition Overview Some Further Visibility Functions Cross-References References Spectral Power Distribution Synonyms Definition Overview Cross-References References Spectral Power Distribution Curves Spectrometer Synonyms Definition Overview Basic Principles Applications References Spectroradiometer Spectroreflectometer (for Reflectance Measurement) Sports Lighting Definition User Requirements Sports Lighting Classes Lighting Criteria Illuminance on a Horizontal Plane Vertical Illuminance Uniformity Glare Restriction Modeling and Shadows Color Properties of Lamps Lighting Recommendations Horizontal Illuminance Vertical Illuminance Illuminance Uniformity Color Properties of Lamps Flicker Effect Glare Restriction Environmental Aspect Safety Lighting for Participants Emergency Lighting Continuation of a Sport Broadcasting Continuity Spectator Area Lighting Light Sources Cross-References References Stain Standard Daylight Illuminants Standard Illuminating and Viewing Conditions Standard Lamp Synonyms Definition Overview Application (For Example, How to Use the Standard Lamp, Spectral Radiometer) Cross-References References Standard Measurement Geometries Synonyms Definition Example of Measurement Geometry Diffuse Illumination Hemispherical Illumination Directional Illumination Ring Light Illumination Collimated Light Illumination Application 1 Application 2 Cross-References References Stanziola, Ralph A References Stereo and Anaglyph Images Synonyms Definition Stereo and Anaglyph Images Stereo Images Anaglyph Images Cross-References References Stereo Pairs Stereograms Stevens, Stanley Smith References Stiles, Walter Stanley References Further Reading Street Lighting Stroop Effect Synonyms Definition Background The Gradient of Interference Variants of the Classic Stroop Task Evidence Against the Speed of Processing Account Alternative Explanations of Stroop Interference The Big Picture References Stroop Interference Structural Color Definition Description and Examples Mechanisms Scattering Dispersion Thin-Film Reflection Diffraction Isolated Centers Sheets Three-Dimensional Arrays Photonic Crystals Cholesteric Liquid Crystals Rainbow Holograms Cross-References References Structure Property Relationships Subjective Colors Subsampling Surface Plasmon Polariton Surface Plasmon Resonance Surface Plasmons Synonyms Definitions Overview Examples and Applications Surface Enhanced Spectroscopies SPR Sensors Summary References T Tactile Painting and Haute Couture Temporal Collective Color Preferences Tendencies Tessellations Tesserae Tetrachromatic Vision Synonyms Definition Conceptual Background X-Chromosome Inactivation and the Retinal Cone Mosaic What Are the Necessary Conditions for Tetrachromacy? Historical Considerations Methodological Issues and Results for Strong Tetrachromacy Tetrachromacy in Parafoveal and Peripheral Vision Cross-References References Textile Processing Textile Wet Processing Texture Measurement, Modeling, and Computer Graphics Synonyms Definition Overview Measurement and Observation of Texture Influence of Texture on Color Perception Setting Tolerances on Texture Predictive Models for Texture Rendering of Texture in Computer Graphics Future Directions References The International Textile Machinery Exhibition (ITMA) Thermal Ink-jet (TIJ) Tincture Definition Cross-References Tint Total Appearance Traditional Color Model Traditional Color Theory Synonyms Definition Introduction Defining Traditional Color Theory Origins and Development of Traditional Color Theory Hierarchical Color Classifications RYB Color Model and Illustrations Traditional Color Theory Constructs Cross-References References Transformation of Color Matching Functions Synonyms Definition Introduction Fitting with Real Reflectance Spectra Fitting with Synthetic Reflectance Spectra Transformation Under Illuminant E Conversion of LMS to XYZ Transformation Under Illuminant D65 Transforming Stimuli from Displays Cross-References References Transient Imaging Synonyms Definition Transient State Versus Steady State Historical Development Capturing Light in Flight Applications Range Imaging Material Estimation and Classification Non-line-of-Sight Imaging Cross-References References Transition Metal Ion Colors Synonyms Definition Color Production Electronic Energy Levels Energy Levels and Terms Crystal Field Splitting Term Splitting Selection Rules The Color of 3d Transition Metal Ions Color and Term Splitting The Effect of Crystal Field Strength and Other Factors Color as a Structural Probe Cross-References References Translation of Color Language Synonyms Definition Translation of Color Terms Between Languages Translation of Color Terms Between Different Stages of Language(s) ``Translation´´ of Color Terms Within One Language Translation of Colors in Figurative Language References Translation of Color Terms Translation of Color Words Translucency Transparency Synonyms Definition General History of the Model Field of Applications Overview Metelli´s Episcotister Model of Perceptual Transparency Transparency and Color Constancy Transparency and Contrast A Qualitative Account of the Model in the Achromatic Domain Transparency and Pictorial Art Improvements of the Model Cross-References References Trichromacy Tristimulus Colorimeter Tritanopia Synonyms Definition Retinal Mosaic Congenital Tritanopia: Genetic Background Confusion Lines Wavelength Discrimination Luminous Efficiency Color Perception Diagnosis of Tritanopia Cross-References References Tubular and Compact Fluorescent Lamp Synonyms Definition Types of Tubular Fluorescent Lamps Working Principle Tubular Fluorescent Lamps Materials and Construction Glass Tube Fill Gas Electrodes Fluorescent Powder Properties Energy Balance System Luminous Efficacy Lumen-Package Range Color Characteristics Lamp Life Lamp-Lumen Depreciation Run-Up and Reignition Switching Dimming Ambient-Temperature Sensitivity Mains-Voltage Variations Product Range Compact Fluorescent Lamps Working Principle Materials and Construction Tube Lamp Cap Properties Energy Balance System Luminous Efficacy Lumen-Package Range Color Characteristics Lamp Life Lamp-Lumen Depreciation Run-Up and Reignition Switching Dimming Ambient-Temperature Sensitivity Mains-Voltage Variations Product Range Cross-References References Tungsten Filament Lamp Turkey Red Typical Color U UCS Diagram Ulbricht Sphere Ultrafast Imaging Ultraviolet Radiator Umov Effect Synonyms Definition Introduction One Light Ray, Scattering Off a Single Particle Scattering in an Ensemble of Many Particles Albedo Polarization Practical Uses of the Umov Effect Cross-References References Umov´s Law Understanding Perception and Expression of Color in Ancient Languages Uniform Chromaticity Scale Diagram Unique Hues Universalism-Relativism Debate USC Diagrams; Uniform Chromaticity Scales; Yu′v′ Definition Historical Development Properties and Current Status Cross-References References V V(λ), V′(λ) Vagueness Vantage Theory of Color Synonyms Definition Vantage Theory Step by Step Overview Semantic Relations Between Vantages Finer Distinctions Other Notions Vantage Theory´s Unique Contributions Future Directions Cross-References References Variance Adaptation VEP Visible Light Communication Synonyms Definition Principle of Visible Light Communication Download-Only Systems Personal Movie System in Planes Indoor Navigation Light Itself as Sensor Combined Down-Upload Systems (Li-Fi) Cross-Reference Acknowledgment References Vision and Age Synonyms Definition Senescent Changes in the Visual Organ Spectral Sensitivity of the Eye and Luminance Spectral Sensitivity Luminance Contrast for Older People Color Perception Color Appearance Color Category Contrast Sensitivity Visual Acuity and Legibility of Characters Visual Acuity Legibility of Characters Visual Field Glare Summary Cross-References References Visual Appearance Visual Contamination Visual Evoked Potentials Synonyms Definition Scalp-Recorded Electrical Signals from the Brain Chromatic Evoked Potentials Limitations Uses Cross-References References Visual Illusions Visual Pigments Visual Pollution VLC von Bezold Spreading Effect Vora Measure, ν Vora Value Synonyms Definition Motivation: The Measure ν and the Q-Factor The Measure ν and Principal Angles Other Measures References VT and Color W Wax-Resist Dyeing Wet or Chemical Finishes Wide-Dynamic-Range Imaging Wood´s Lamps World Color Survey Definition Introduction The WCS: History and Methodology Initial Analysis Uses of the WCS Archive Universals of Color Naming Cross-References References Wright, David Main Interests Wyszecki, Gunter Biography Major Accomplishments/Contributions References X Xenon Lamp Definition Short-Arc Xenon Lamps (Fig. 1) Long-Arc Lamps (Fig. 2) Working Principle and Construction Properties System Luminous Efficacy Lumen Package and Luminance Range Color Characteristics Lamp Life Run-Up and Reignition Handling Cross-References X-Linked Inherited Color Vision Deficiency XYZ
