Nanoscale Technologies in Plant Sciences: Principles and Applications

Cover
Title Page
Copyright Page
Preface
Table of Contents
1. Overview and Introduction to Nanotechnology
	1.1 Nanoscale and History of Nanotechnology
	1.2 Modern Nanotechnology
	1.3 What are Nanomaterials?
	1.4 Why Nanomaterials are Unique?
	1.5 Types of Nanomaterials
		1.5.1 Natural Nanomaterials
		1.5.2 Incidental Nanomaterials
		1.5.3 Engineered Nanomaterials
	1.6 Conclusion and Future Perspectives
2. Synthesis of Nanomaterials
	2.1 Chemical Methods
		2.1.1 Co-precipitation
		2.1.2 Sol-gel Method of Nanomaterial Synthesis
		2.1.3 Template Synthesis of Nanomaterials
	2.2 Physical Methods
		2.2.1 Mechanical Attrition
		2.2.2 Lithography
		2.2.3 Gas Condensation
		2.2.4 Chemical Vapour Deposition
	2.3 Biological Synthesis
		2.3.1 Potential for green synthesis of nanoparticles and advantages
	2.4 Conclusion and future perspectives
3. Nanomaterials Intake and Translocation in Plants
	3.1 The Release of Engineered Nanomaterials into the Environment
	3.2 Fate and Behavior of Nanomaterials in the Environment
	3.3 Physicochemical Properties Influencing the Fate and Behavior of Nanomaterials
	3.4 Processes and Transformations Affecting Nanomaterial Fate and Behavior
		3.4.1 Dissolution and solubility
		3.4.2 Aggregation, sedimentation, and deposition
		3.4.3 Sulphidation and redox behavior
	3.5 Nanomaterials Uptake, Translocation and Deposition by Plants
	3.6 Uptake and Translocation of Nanomaterials
	3.7 Conclusion and Future Perspectives
4. Nanodelivery Systems of Agrochemicals for Plants
	4.1 Controlled and Targeted Delivery of Agrochemicals
	4.2 Advantages of Controlled-release Formulations over Conventional Formulations
		4.2.1 Types of Potential Nanocarrier Systems that can be Used in Agricultural Applications, their Advantages and Disadvantages
	4.3 Enhancers of Soil Water Retention
	4.4 Targeted Drug Delivery in Humans and Animals
		4.4.1 Nanomaterials in Gene Delivery
		4.4.2 Evaluation of Saturation Solubility
		4.4.3 Evaluation of Release of Components from a Chemical Delivery System
	4.5 Conclusion and Future Perspectives
5. Nanosensors for Plant Disease Diagnosis
	5.1 Conventional Approaches and their Limitations
	5.2 Components of Nanosensors used in Plant Disease Diagnosis
	5.3 Classification of Nanosensors
	5.4 Nanoparticles as Sensing Elements
	5.5 Potential Applications of Nanosensors in Disease Diagnosis by Phytopathogens
	5.6 Conclusion and Future Perspe
6. Nanomaterials in Seed Germination and Plant Growth
	6.1 Physiology of Seed Germination
	6.2 Nanomaterials for Enhancing Seed Germination and Seedling Emergence
		6.2.1 Seed Nanopriming
	6.3 Revitalizing Aged Seeds
	6.4 Genetic Regulation of Increasing the Germinability Due to Nanopriming
	6.5 Nanomaterials in Plant growth
	6.6 Metallic Nanomaterials
	6.7 Non-metallic Nanomaterials
	6.8 Co-application of Synthetic Nanomaterials
	6.9 Conclusion and Future Perspectives
7. Toxicity of Nanomaterials on Plants and their Habitats
	7.1 Effects of Nanomaterials on Nutrient Uptake by Plants
	7.2 Toxic Effects on Plant Functionality
		7.2.1 DNA Damage
	7.3 Effects on Plant Physiological Functions
		7.3.1 Effects on Plant Metabolism and Related Mechanisms
		7.3.2 Excessive Production of Reactive Oxygen Species and Oxidative Enzyme Activity
		7.3.3 Effects on Photosynthesis
	7.4 Toxic Effects of Nanomaterials on Soil Ecosystems
		7.4.1 Effects on Soil Microbial Communities
		7.4.2 Effects on Nutrient Cycling
		7.4.3 Soil Enzyme Activity
	7.5 Conclusion and Future Perspectives
8. Characterization Techniques of Nanomaterials
	8.1 Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM)
	8.2 Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM)
	8.3 Atomic Force Microscopy (AFM)
	8.4 Powder X-ray Diffraction (PXRD)
	8.5 Fourier Transform Infra-Red Spectroscopy (FTIR)
	8.6 Thermal Analysis
		8.6.1 Thermo-Gravimetric Analysis (TGA)
		8.6.2 Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC)
		8.6.3 Dynamic Mechanical Analysis (DMA)
	8.7 Conclusion and Future Perspectives
Index