Emerging Applications of 3D Printing During CoVID 19 Pandemic

Preface
Contents
About the Editors
Practical Frontline 3D Printing of Biomedical Equipment: From Design to Distribution—A North American Experience
	1 Introduction
	2 Practical Financial Considerations
	3 Industrial Resources and Partnerships
	4 Community Contributions
	5 Device Sterilization and Reuse
	6 Specific Implementation Examples
		6.1 Personal Protective Equipment: Face Masks
		6.2 Personal Protective Equipment: Face Shields
		6.3 Nasopharyngeal Swabs
		6.4 Environmental Modifiers
		6.5 Specialized Equipment: Laryngoscope Blades
		6.6 Specialized Equipment: Ventilators and Ventilator Parts
		6.7 Facilitating Coming Back to School
	7 Conclusion
	References
The Role of Distributed Manufacturing and 3D Printing in Development of Personal Protective Equipment Against COVID-19
	1 Introduction
	2 SARS-CoV2 Transmission and Infection
		2.1 Droplet Transmission
		2.2 Aerosol Transmission
		2.3 Ocular Transmission
	3 3D Printing of Personal Protective Equipment
		3.1 3D Printed Face Shields
		3.2 3D Printed Masks
		3.3 3D Printed Powered Air-Purifying Respirators
		3.4 Decontamination and Sterilisation of 3D Printed Materials
	4 Conclusion
	References
Effectiveness of 3D Printing and Open-Source Technologies for Development of Ventilators, and Other Critical Care Technology in the Context of the COVID-19 Pandemic
	1 Introduction
	2 COVID-19 Pathophysiology
	3 Operational Characteristics of Critical Care Ventilators
	4 Open-Source Ventilators
		4.1 Bag Valve Mask Designs
		4.2 Non-BVM Designs
	5 Multi-patient Solutions
	6 Conclusion and Future Directions
	References
Artificial Intelligence in 3D Printing: A Revolution in Health Care
	1 Introduction
	2 Artificial Intelligence
		2.1 Artificial Intelligence Can Be Mainly Categorized into Two Parts
	3 Working of AI
	4 Machine Learning
		4.1 Supervised Learning
		4.2 Unsupervised Learning
	5 Working of Machine Learning
	6 Deep Learning
	7 Internet of Things (IoT)
	8 Cloud Computing
	9 3D Printing
		9.1 Types of 3D Printing
	10 Use of 3D Printing Technology to Fight the Outbreak of COVID-19
	11 Applications of 3D Printing Technology
	12 Regenerative Medicine
	13 To Eliminate the Prerequisite for Animal Experimentation
	14 Personalized Medicines
	15 Imaging of the Head and Neck
	16 Imaging of the Musculoskeletal System
	17 Imaging of Cardiac System
	18 Imaging of the Vascular System
	19 Imaging of the Gastrointestinal System
	20 Imaging of the Genitourinary System
	21 3D Bioprinting
	22 Education and Training of Physicians
	23 Impact of AI in 3 D Printing
	24 Challenges and Future Prospects of 3D Printing
	References
3D Printing Technology for Fighting COVID-19 Pandemic
	1 Introduction
		1.1 Importance of 3DP Technologies in Biomedical Applications
	2 3DP for the Fabrication of PPEs
		2.1 Face Mask and Face Shield
		2.2 Ventilator Valve and Nasopharyngeal Swab
		2.3 Non-contact Hook
	3 Hybrid Additive Manufacturing for PPEs
		3.1 Hybrid Additive Manufacturing Process for PPEs
	4 3D Printing for Biomedical Implants
		4.1 Surface Functionalization on AM Parts with Antibacterial Effect
		4.2 Additive Manufacturing to Combat COVID-19
	5 3D Bioprinted Lung Models
		5.1 3D in Vitro Lung Tissue Models
		5.2 3D Bioprinting for the Development of 3D Lung Tissue Models
		5.3 Challenges of 3D Bioprinting of Lung Tissue
	6 3D Printed Drug Delivery Systems for Covid-19
		6.1 3D Printed Bespoke Drug Delivery Systems
		6.2 3D Printed Drug Delivery Systems for COVID-19
	7 Conclusion and Future Work
	References
Fostering Novel Materials and Subsisting Technologies for 3D Printing
	1 Introduction
	2 Background
	3 Novel Materials
		3.1 Composite Materials
		3.2 Biomaterials
		3.3 Electronic Materials
		3.4 Ceramics Materials
		3.5 Smart Materials
	4 Novel Technologies
		4.1 Computed Axial Lithography (CAL)
		4.2 Continuous Liquid Interface Production (CLIP)
		4.3 Rotational 3D Printing
		4.4 Inverted Multi-material Laser Sintering
	5 Conclusion and Future Scope
	References
COVID-19 Safe Clinical Dentistry: Applications of 3D Printing Technologies
	1 Introduction
	2 COVID-19 and Post-pandemic Work Practice Recommendations for Dental Workers (Adapted from New Guidelines by OSHA and CDC)
		2.1 General Aspects
		2.2 Clinical Presentations
		2.3 COVID-19 Transmission
		2.4 Incubation Period
		2.5 Diagnosis
		2.6 Prevention of Infection Transmission in Dental Clinic
	3 3D Printing—As Potential Novel Solution During COVID-19 Pandemic
		3.1 Evolution of 3D Printing as an Emerging Mass Production Technique
	4 Applications of 3D Printing for Dental Applications
		4.1 Face Mask
		4.2 Face Shields
		4.3 Use of Disposable Barriers for Protection on Dental Equipment that Can Be 3D Printed in the Near Future
	5 Materials that Are Antimicrobial and Can Be 3D Printed/Materials and Coatings that Reduce Surface Transmission of Bacteria and Viruses
	6 Copper
		6.1 Graphene
		6.2 Polylactic Acid (PLA)
	7 Evolution and Innovations in 3D Printing Technologies to Combat COVID-19 Safe Dentistry
		7.1 Public-Private Partnerships a Way Forward to Coordinate 3D Healthcare Products for the COVID-19 Response
	8 Critical Issues Pertaining to Applications of 3D Printing for Clinical Dental Practice
		8.1 3D Printed PPE and Other Parts Vis a Vis FDA-Approved PPE and Medical Devices
		8.2 Sterilization and Sanitization During Manufacture and Delivery of 3D Printed Parts
		8.3 Production Time
	9 Summary and Conclusions
	References
Developing Personal Protective Equipment Against COVID-19
	1 Introduction
	2 Global Scenario of Additive Manufacturing-Based Industries
	3 3D Printing Involved in PPE Production
		3.1 3D Printed Masks
		3.2 3D Printed Face Shields
	4 Conclusion
	References
Use of Additive Manufacturing in the Battle Against COVID-19
	1 Introduction
	2 3D Printing Resources and Covid 19 Projects
		2.1 Ventilator Valves
		2.2 3D-Printed Hands-Free Door Handle Attachment
		2.3 Additive Manufactured Hand Sanitizer Holder
		2.4 3D Printing Service
		2.5 3D Print Farms
		2.6 3D-Printed Quarantine Hospital Booths
		2.7 Additive Manufactured Face Visors
		2.8 Additive Manufactured COVID-19 Test Swabs for Hospitals
		2.9 3D-Printed Components to Automate Pumping for Retrofitting Manual Ventilators
		2.10 Stop-Gap Additive Manufactured mMask
	3 Discussion
	4 Conclusion
	References
3D Printing During COVID-19: Challenges and Possible Solutions
	1 Introduction
	2 Challenges Encountered 3D Printing During COVID-19
		2.1 3D Printed Ventilators: Valves, Adapters, and Splitters
		2.2 PPE—Face Shield and Respirators
	3 Possible Solutions
		3.1 Extensive Adoption of Allied Technologies
		3.2 Repurposing Over Redesign
	4 Future Opportunities
	5 Conclusions
	References
Covid-19 Success Stories of 3D Printing
	1 Introduction
	2 Outbreak of COVID-19
	3 Covid-19 Success Stories of 3D Printing
		3.1 Door Handles and Push Buttons
		3.2 Face Shields
		3.3 Masks
		3.4 Ventilator Accessories
		3.5 Few Other Products (Arora et al. 2021)
	4 Supply Chain Issues in COVID-19
	5 Conclusion
	References