Ecology (Zambak)

I. The Scope of Ecology
The scope of ecology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .6
Terms used in ecology . . . . . . . . . . .8
Sciences related to ecology . . . . . . . .9
Factors affecting the distribution of
living things . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .10
Test Your Knowledge . . . . . . . . . . . . . .18
Choose The Correct Alternative . . . .18
II. The Interactions of Life
The interactions of life . . . . . . . . . . . . .20
Autotrophic organisms . . . . . . . . . .20
Auto-heterotrophic organisms . . . . .21
Heterotrophic organisms . . . . . . . . .22
Food chain . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .26
Ecological pyramids . . . . . . . . . . . .28
Energy flow . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .30
Test Your Knowledge . . . . . . . . . . . . . .32
Choose The Correct Alternative . . . .32
III. Population Ecology
Population Ecology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .34
Features of population . . . . . . . . . . .35
Test Your Knowledge . . . . . . . . . . . . . .44
Choose The Correct Alternative . . . .44
IV. Behavioral Ecology
Behavioral Ecology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .46
What is behavior and how it works . .46
Types of behaviors . . . . . . . . . . . . .50
Society and its features . . . . . . . . . .52
Test Your Knowledge . . . . . . . . . . . . . .56
Choose The Correct Alternative . . . .56
V. Community and Ecosystem
Community . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .58
Succession . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .59
Ecosystem . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .61
What is bione . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .61
Biomes and climate . . . . . . . . . . . .62
Test Your Knowledge . . . . . . . . . . . . . .68
Choose The Correct Alternative . . . .68
VI. Biogeochemical Cycles
Biogeochemical cycles . . . . . . . . . . . . .70
Water cycle . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .71
Carbon cycle . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .72
Nitrogen cycle . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .73
Phosphorus cycle . . . . . . . . . . . . . .74
Test Your Knowledge . . . . . . . . . . . . . .76
Choose The Correct Alternative . . . .76
VII. Human and the Biosphere
Environmental Problems . . . . . . . . . . . .78
Water pollution . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .79
Soil pollution . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .80
Air pollution . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .81
Noise pollution . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .85
Radiation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .86
Measures against
environmental pollution . . . . . . . . . .87
Human and environment . . . . . . . . .88
Erosion and forests . . . . . . . . . . . . .93
Energy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .93
Industrialization . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .94
Test Your Knowledge . . . . . . . . . . . . . .96
Choose The Correct Alternative . . . .96
VIII. Appendix
Scientific Measurement . . . . . . . . . . . . .98
Glossary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .100
Reference . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .110