Ecological Sustainability of Fish Resources of Inland Waters of the Western Balkans: Freshwater Fish Stocks, Sustainable Use and Conservation (Fish & Fisheries Series, 43)

Preface
Acknowledgments
Introduction
Contents
Contributors
Part I: Fish Resources and Fishing Areas of the Western Balkans
	Summary
	Fish Resources of Inland Waters and Fisheries in Slovenia: Management, Sustainability, and Conservation
		1 Slovenian Inland Fisheries: Geographical Features and Fish Resources
		2 Fisheries Management in Slovenia: Organization, Implementation, and Applicability
			2.1 Fisheries History in Slovenia
			2.2 Fisheries Management Organization Today
			2.3 Implementation and Applicability of Fisheries Management
		3 Game Fish; Management and Future Prospective: Conservation and Sustainable Approaches
			3.1 Indigenous Game Fish; Management and Future Prospective: Conservation and Sustainable Approaches
			3.2 Huchen (Danube salmon) Hucho hucho (Linnaeus, 1758); Salmoniformes, Salmonidae
			3.3 Marble trout Salmo marmoratus; Salmoniformes, Salmonidae
			3.4 Brown trout Salmo trutta; Salmoniformes, Salmonidae
			3.5 Grayling Thymallus sp.; Salmoniformes, Salmonidae
			3.6 Northern pike Esox lucius; Esociformes, Esocidae
			3.7 Common nase Chondrostoma nasus; Cypriniformes, Cyprinidae
			3.8 Wels catfish Silurus glanis; Siluriformes, Siluridae
			3.9 Sander Sander lucioperca; Perciformes, Percidae
		4 Non-indigenous Game Fish; Management and Future Prospective
		5 Economic Impact of Slovenian Inland Fisheries
		References
	Inland Fisheries in Croatia: Historical Aspects, Fish Resources, Management, and Conservation
		1 Introduction
		2 Historical Overview of Inland Fisheries in Croatia
			2.1 Legislation Through History
			2.2 Overview of Commercial Fishing
			2.3 Overview of Recreational Fishing
			2.4 Development of Fishing Gears
		3 Current Legal Regulations of Inland Commercial and Recreational Fishery
			3.1 Legislation in Force
			3.2 Legal Background on Commercial Fisheries
			3.3 Legal Background on Recreational Fisheries
			3.4 Digitalisation of the Data Collection System
			3.5 Fish Monitoring and Stock Management Plans
		4 Inland Water Fish Resources
			4.1 Commercial Fishery Catch and Data Analysis
			4.2 Recreational Fishery Catch and Data Analysis
			4.3 Sustainability of the Most Important Commercial and Recreational Fish Species
		5 Conservation Measures
		6 Conclusion
		References
	Fish Resources and Fisheries in Bosnia and Herzegovina: Overview, Sustainability, and Conservation
		1 Historical Overview of Ichthyological Studies in Bosnia and Herzegovina
		2 Overview of the Freshwater Ichthyofauna of Bosnia and Herzegovina
		3 Endemic Species of Freshwater Fish in Bosnia and Herzegovina
		4 Non-native Freshwater Fish Species in Bosnia and Herzegovina
		5 Endangerment and Protection of Freshwater Ichthyofauna of Bosnia and Herzegovina
			5.1 National Framework
			5.2 International Framework
		6 Models of Conservation of Fish Resources
		7 The Sector of Aquaculture and Freshwater Fisheries in Bosnia and Herzegovina
		8 Quality and Ecological Status of Water: Importance for the Sustainability of Fish Resources
		9 Key Threats to Ichthyofauna and Fisheries Resources in Bosnia and Herzegovina
		10 Conclusions
		References
	Inland Fisheries in Serbia: Historical Aspect, Fish Resources, Management, and Conservation
		1 Introduction
			1.1 Inland Waters of Serbia, Fishing Waters, Fishing Areas, and Current Legislation
		2 Historical Overview: Fish and Fisheries in Serbia
			2.1 Fishes of Serbia
			2.2 Fish Species Important for the Fishery in the Waters of Serbia
			2.3 Fisheries
			2.4 Legal Regulation of Fisheries in Serbia
				2.4.1 The Period of the Middle Ages (1217-1459): Principality, Kingdom, Empire, Despotism
				2.4.2 The Period of Complete Rule of the Ottoman Empire (1459-1804)
				2.4.3 The Period of the Struggle for Independence (1804-1878-1912): Principality of Serbia
				2.4.4 The Period of Serbia under Occupation by the Austro-Hungarian Monarchy
				2.4.5 The Period after World War II
		3 Fish Resources of Serbia, Current Situation and Perspective
			3.1 Data Sources for Analysis
			3.2 Quantitative Data on Fish Resources in the Fishing Waters of Serbia
		4 Perspective: Management, Sustainable Use, Conservation
			4.1 A Critical View of the Current Fish Stock Management Model
		5 Factors Affecting the Sustainability of the Serbian Fish Stock and Perspectives
			5.1 Changes and Destruction of Habitats
		6 Conclusion
		References
			Links
	The Freshwater Fish Resources and Freshwater Fisheries of Montenegro, Management, Sustainability, and Conservation: With a Spe...
		1 Introductions
		2 Fish Resources and Fisheries
		3 Commercial Fishing
		4 Recreational Fishing
		5 Aquaculture, Stocking, and Fish Processing
			5.1 Management
			5.2 By-laws
			5.3 The Management of Lake Skadar and Fishery Legislation in Montenegro
		6 Sustainability and Conservation
		7 Towards Sustainable Fishing
		References
	Fish and Fisheries of the Republic of North Macedonia, Current Situation, and its Perspective
		1 Introduction
		2 Aquatic Ecosystems in R.N. Macedonia
			2.1 Natural Lakes
				2.1.1 Lake Ohrid
				2.1.2 Lake Prespa
				2.1.3 Lake Dojran
		3 Rivers in the Republic of North Macedonia
		4 Artificial Lakes in the Republic of North Macedonia
		5 Fish Species in the Republic of North Macedonia
		6 The Conservation Status of the Fish in the Republic of North Macedonia
		7 Valuable Fish Habitats
			7.1 Macrophyte Vegetation as Habitat and Spawning Ground of Fish
		8 Fishing Tools in the Republic of North Macedonia
		9 Fishing Tools in Lake Ohrid
			9.1 Fishing Tools in Lake Prespa
			9.2 Fishing Tools in Lake Dojran
				9.2.1 Fishing in Mandra
		10 Commercial and Recreational Fisheries
			10.1 Lake Ohrid
			10.2 Stocking for Fisheries
				10.2.1 Lake Prespa
		11 Pressures, Transboundary Impacts, and Responses
			11.1 The Main Threats to the Lake Ohrid
			11.2 Threats to Fish Stocks from Lake Ohrid
			11.3 Lake Prespa
			11.4 The Main Threats to the Lake Prespa
			11.5 Threats to Fish Stocks from Lake Prespa
			11.6 Lake Dojran
			11.7 The Main Threats to the Lake Dojran
			11.8 Threats to Fish Stocks from Lake Dojran
		12 Fish Stocks in Artificial Lakes
		13 Recreational Fishing
			13.1 Natural Lakes
			13.2 Artificial Lakes
			13.3 Rivers
		14 Aquaculture
		15 Legislative (Laws)
		16 Conclusions
		References
	Fish Resources of Inland Waters and Fisheries in Albania, Management, Sustainability, and Conservation
		1 Introduction
		2 Brief Notes on Diversity and Distribution of Freshwater Fishes in Albania
		3 Significant Fish Resources Water Bodies in Albania
			3.1 Lake Ohrid
			3.2 Lake Prespa
			3.3 Lake Skadar/Shkodra
			3.4 Coastal Lagoons
		4 Commercial Fisheries Syntheses
		5 National Fisheries Management Policy and Obstacles
		6 Threats
		7 Concluding Remarks
		References
Part II: Some Fish Species of the Western Balkans Important for Fisheries and Conservation
	Summary
	Freshwater Crayfish of the Western Balkans: Is it Possible to Use them Sustainably or Do they Need Prompt Conservation Actions?
		1 Introduction
		2 The Importance of Crayfish
			2.1 Distribution of Crayfish and the Main Threats
				2.1.1 Literature Review
			2.2 Crayfish through Human History
		3 The Astaciculture: Freshwater Crayfish Farming
			3.1 Crayfish Farming in Europe in Comparison to the Western Balkans
		4 Conclusion
		Appendix
		References
	Salmonid Fish Species: Opportunities for Sustainable Use under Multiple Pressures and Current Climatic Change
		1 Commercial and Social Importance of Salmonid Species
		2 Salmonid Species Native to the Western Balkans
			2.1 Brown Trout (Salmo  spp.)
			2.2 Marble Trout (Salmo marmoratus Cuvier, 1829)
			2.3 Dentex Trout (Salmo dentex (Heckel, 1852))
			2.4 Softmouth Trout (Salmo obtusirostris (Heckel, 1852))
			2.5 Belvica Trout (Salmo ohridanus Steindachner, 1892)
			2.6 Huchen (Hucho hucho (Linnaeus, 1758))
			2.7 European Grayling (Thymallus thymallus, Linnaeus, 1758)
			2.8 Adriatic Grayling (Thymallus aeliani, Valenciennes, 1848)
		3 Current State and Threats
		4 Recommendations for Sustainable Use of Salmonid Populations
		References
	Past and Future of Sturgeon Species (Acipenseridae) in Western Balkans: Case for Permanent Conservation or Sustainable Managem...
		1 Introduction
		2 Western Balkans Sturgeons Species
			2.1 Acipenser Ruthenus Linnaeus, 1758 (eng. sterlet, rus. , srp. , hrv. kečiga, slv. kečiga)
				2.1.1 Distribution (Past and Present) in Europe and Western Balkans
				2.1.2 Species Description, Biology, and Habitat
				2.1.3 Conservation Status (IUCN Red List)
					Endangered (EN), A2cde
			2.2 Acipenser Gueldenstaedtii Brandt  , Srp.  , Hrv. Dunavska Jesetra, Slv. kasikar/Ruski Jester)
				2.2.1 Distribution (Past and Present) in Europe and Western Balkans
				2.2.2 Species Description, Biology, and Habitat
				2.2.3 Conservation Status (IUCN Red List)
					Critically endangered (CR), A2bcde
			2.3 Acipenser Naccarii Bonaparte, 1836 (Eng. Adriatic Sturgeon, Rus.  , Alb. Blini I Adriatikut, Cnr. Jesetra Tuponoska, Hrv. ...
				2.3.1 Distribution (Past and Present) in Europe and Western Balkans
				2.3.2 Species Description, Biology, and Habitat
				2.3.3 Conservation Status (IUCN Red List)
					Critically Endangered (CR), A2bcde
			2.4 Acipenser Nudiventris Lovetzky, 1828 (Eng. Ship Sturgeon, Rus. , Srp. , Hrv. Sim, Slv. Glatki Jeseter)
				2.4.1 Distribution (Past and Present) in Europe and Western Balkans
				2.4.2 Species Description, Biology, and Habitat
				2.4.3 Conservation Status (IUCN Red List)
					Critically Endangered (CR), A2cde
			2.5 Acipenser stellatus Pallas, 1771 (Eng. Stellate/Starry Sturgeon, Rus. , Alb. Blini Turigjate, Cnr. Pastruga, Hrv. Pastruga...
				2.5.1 Distribution (Past and Present) in Europe and Western Balkans
				2.5.2 Species Description, Biology, and Habitat
				2.5.3 Conservation Status (IUCN Red List)
					Critically Endangered (CR), A2bcde
			2.6 Acipenser Sturio Linnaeus, 1758 (Eng. European Atlantic Sturgeon, Rus. A , Alb. Blini, Cnr. Jesetra, Hrv. Atlanska Jesetra...
				2.6.1 Distribution (Past and Present) in Europe and Western Balkans
				2.6.2 Species Description, Biology, and Habitat
				2.6.3 Conservation Status (IUCN Red List)
					Critically endangered (CR), A2cde
			2.7 Huso Huso Linnaeus, 1758 (Eng. Beluga, Rus. , Alb. Blini Turishkurte, Cnr. Moruna, Hrv. Moruna, Slv. Beluga, Srp. )
				2.7.1 Distribution (Past and Present) in Europe and Western Balkans
				2.7.2 Species Description, Biology, and Habitat
				2.7.3 Conservation Status (IUCN Red List)
					Critically Endangered (CR), A2bcd
		3 Sturgeons Research (and Conservation Assessment) in Western Balkans
		4 Parasites and Food Composition
		5 Review of Legislation Measures in Force
			5.1 Serbia
			5.2 Slovenia
			5.3 Croatia
			5.4 Bosnia and Herzegovina
			5.5 Montenegro
			5.6 Macedonia
			5.7 Albania
		6 Aquaculture
			6.1 Serbia
			6.2 Slovenia
			6.3 Croatia
		7 Conclusions
		References
Part III: Effects of Stressors on Inland Water Ecosystems and Fish Resources
	Summary
	Eutrophication of Fishing Waters and the Influence of Cyanobacterial Occurrence and Blooming on Fish Resources: Case Studies i...
		1 Eutrophication, Cyanobacterial Blooming, Cyanotoxins, and Adverse Effect on the Fisheries
			1.1 Cyanobacteria and Cyanotoxins
			1.2 Adverse Effects on the Fish Stocks and Health Hazards after Cyanotoxin Exposure
		2 The Serbian Experience
		3 Eutrophication in Selected Fishing Waters of Serbia, and the Potential Toxicity of Cyanobacterial Blooms and Cyanotoxins
			3.1 Reservoir Vlasina
			3.2 Reservoir Potpeć
			3.3 Reservoir Sumarice
			3.4 Reservoir Barje
			3.5 Reservoir Garasi
			3.6 Reservoir Vrutci
			3.7 Bovan Reservoir
			3.8 Gruza Reservoir
			3.9 Reservoir Aleksandrovac
			3.10 Lake Palić
			3.11 Ludas Lake
		4 Effects of Cyanotoxins on Fish
			4.1 Exposure Routes and Absorption
			4.2 Accumulation and Biotransformation
			4.3 Toxic Effects of Cyanotoxins in Fish
			4.4 Case Studies of Fish Intoxications in the Western Balkans
		5 Conclusion
		References
	Pollution of Fishing Waters of the Western Balkan: Potentially Toxic Elements and Their Impact on the Ecological Sustainabilit...
		1 Introduction
		2 Inland Water Resources of the Western Balkans
			2.1 Inland Waters of Slovenia and Pollution Pressures
			2.2 Inland Waters of Croatia and Pollution Pressures
			2.3 Inland Waters of Bosnia and Herzegovina and Pollution Pressures
			2.4 Inland Waters of Serbia and Pollution Pressures
			2.5 Inland Waters of Montenegro and Pollution Pressures
			2.6 Inland Waters of North Macedonia and Pollution Pressures
			2.7 Inland Waters of Albania and Pollution Pressures
		3 Inland Waters for Commercial Fishing in Countries of Western Balkan
			3.1 Danube River: Main Characteristics and Anthropogenic Pressures
			3.2 Sava River: Main Characteristics and Anthropogenic Pressures
			3.3 Tisza River: Main Characteristics and Anthropogenic Pressures
			3.4 Skadar Lake: Main Characteristics and Anthropogenic Pressures
			3.5 Ohrid Lake: Main Characteristics and Anthropogenic Pressures
			3.6 Prespa Lake: Main Characteristics and Anthropogenic Pressures
			3.7 Dojran Lake: Main Characteristics and Anthropogenic Pressures
		4 Pollution of Fishing Waters of the Western Balkan: Potentially Toxic Elements in Fish Species
			4.1 Methodology
			4.2 Potentially Toxic Elements in Fish Species
		5 Conclusions
		References
	Invasive Macroinvertebrate and Fish Species and Their Impact on Fish Resources: A Case Study on Fishing Waters of Serbia
		1 Introduction
		2 Methodology
			2.1 Study Sites
			2.2 Macroinvertebrates Sampling
			2.3 Fish Sampling
		3 Overview of Invasive Macroinvertebrates and Fishes in Fishing Waters of Serbia
			3.1 Composition of the Macroinvertebrate Community of the Investigated Localities
			3.2 Composition of the Fish Community of the Investigated Localities
		4 Role and Impact of Invasive Species in Fishing Waters in Serbia
		References
Part IV: Fish Stock Assessment Methods
	Summary
	A Brief Overview of the Development of the ES-HIPPO Model for Assessing the Sustainability and Conservation Priorities of Fish...
		1 Introduction
			1.1 The ES-HIPPO Basic Model and its Importance in the Conservation of Fish Stocks
		2 A Model Adapted to Assess the Sustainability of Commercially Important Fish Species ES-HIPPOfishing
		3 A Model Adapted to Assess the Viability of the Decapod Crustaceans ES-HIPPOcrayfish
		4 A Model for Assessing the Sustainability of River Basins ESE-HIPPOriverbasin
		5 The Application of Fish in the Assessment of the Ecological Status/Potential of Water Bodies
		6 Conclusion
		References
Part V: Conservation and Aquaculture
	Summary
	he Role and Importance of Aquaculture for the Ecological Sustainability of Fish Resources in the Inland Water of Serbia
		1 Introduction
		2 Fish Resources in the Inland Water in Serbia with an Emphasis on Economically Important and Protected Fish Species
		3 The most Important Factors that Jeopardize Ecological Sustainability of Fish Resources in the Inland Water in Serbia
			3.1 Changes in Fish Habitat
			3.2 Pollution of Fishery Waters
			3.3 Poaching and Overfishing
			3.4 Introduction of Allochthonous Fish Species in Fishery Waters
			3.5 Introduction of Diseases
		4 Ecological Sustainability of Fish Resources in the Inland Water in Serbia
		5 Interactive Relationship between Aquaculture and Ecological Sustainability of Fish Resources in the Inland Water in Serbia
		6 The Role of Aquaculture for the Ecological Sustainability of Fish Resources in the Inland Waters in Serbia in the Previous P...
			6.1 Family Acipenseridae: Sturgeon Species
			6.2 Family Cyprinidae: Cyprinid Species
			6.3 Family Salmonidae: Salmonid Species
			6.4 Family Umbridae
		7 The Role of Aquaculture for the Ecological Sustainability of Fish Resources in the Inland Water in Serbia
		8 The Need for Aquaculture Development from the Aspect of Preservation of Ecological Sustainability of Fish Resources
		9 Concluding Remarks
		References
	Huchen Hucho hucho (Linnaeus, 1758) in Croatia: Distribution, Genetic Diversity, Threats and Conservation
		1 Introduction
		2 Biology and Ecology
		3 Distribution
		4 The Challenge of Genetic Diversity
		5 Conservation
			5.1 Recreational Fishing
			5.2 Nature-Like Fish Passages
			5.3 Climate Change Response
			5.4 The Role of Aquaria-Education in Conservation
		6 Conclusions
		References
	Future Perspective of Sustainable Development of Freshwater Fisheries and Conservation of Threatened Fish Species, Crustaceans...
		1 Introduction
		2 Freshwater Fisheries
		3 Need for Sustainable Management
		4 Threats to Freshwater Fisheries
		5 The Legal Framework Promoting and Supporting Sustainable Use of Fisheries
		6 Protection Measures for Fish Species, Crustaceans, and Molluscs
		7 Future Perspectives
		References
Part VI: Social Aspect
	Summary
	Political and Socio-Economic Aspects of Fisheries in Inland and Coastal Waters of the Western Balkan
		1 Introduction
		2 Terminology
		3 Study Area
		4 Legal Background
		5 Political Aspects of Fishery
		6 Socio-Economic Aspects
			6.1 Historical Background
			6.2 Present Socio-Economic Status
		7 Management
		8 Conclusions
		References
	Fish Resources of the Western Balkans: Sustainable Use and/or Conservation?
		1 Contradictions: Significant Fish Resources: Relations between Social Community, Sustainable Use, and/or Conservation
			1.1 The Danube Basin, State of the Fish Stock, Problems, Perspective
		2 Historical Effects on the Fisheries of the Western Balkans in the Past and the Impact on the Current State of the Fish Stock
			2.1 Legislation and Education Are Key to Choosing the Optimal Fish Resource Management Model
		3 Ecosystem Approach: A Common Basis for the Integral Management of Water and Water Resources
		4 The Main Threats to the Fish Stock in the Western Balkans Area
		5 Future Perspectives
		References