Ecofascism: Lessons from the German Experience

Introduction
Fascist Ecology: The “Green Wing” of the Nazi Party and its Historical Antecedents*by Peter Staudenmaier
	The Roots of the Blood and Soil Mystique
	The Youth Movement and the Weimar Era
	Nature in National Socialist Ideology
	Blood and Soil as Official Doctrine
	Implementing the Ecofascist Program
	Fascist Ecology in Context
‘Ecology’ and the Modernization of Fascism in the German Ultra-right*by Janet Biehl
	Neofascist ‘Ecology’
		National RevolutionariesUnless otherwise indicated, quotations in this section are from the National Revolutionaries’ documents Gegen Fremdherrschaft und Kapital and Grundsätze unseres Wollens — Die fünffache Revolution (n.d.), as cited in Ditfurth, Feuer, pp. 228–30.
		The Freedom German Workers PartyUnless otherwise indicated, quotations in this section are from the FAP’s Action Program (15 Aug. 1990); the FAP charter (15 Aug. 1989); “Basic Principles and Goals of the FAP — Electoral Program for Rhineland-Westphalia” (n.d.); and “Overview of Members of the Party Executive Committee for the Provincial Associations” (15 Aug. 1990), all as cited in Ditfurth, Feuer, p. 229ff. [Since early 1993, when this article was originally written, the FAP has been banned in the Federal Republic.]
		The RepublicansQuotations in this section are from the basic program of the Republicans, adopted at their first federal congress (26 Nov. 1983) in Munich; the 1987 program of the Republicans; “Ja zu Europa — Nein zu dieser EG — Deutsche Interessen haben Vorrang,” the Dinkelsbühl Declaration of the Republicans for the European elections of 1979; and the 1990 party program of the Republicans, all as cited in Ditfurth, Feuer, p. 228ff.
		The National Democratic PartyUnless otherwise indicated, quotations in this section are from the NPD’s 1973 Düsseldorf program; the 1988 Wurfsendung of the NPD; and the NPD newspaper Deutsche Stimme 4–5 ( 1992), all as cited in Ditfurth, Feuer, p. 228ff. On the NPD generally, see David Childs, “The Far Right in Germany Since 1945,” in Neo-Fascism in Europe, Cheles, Ferguson, and Vaughan, eds.
		The German People’s UnionQuotations in this section are from a DVU leaflet (c. 1990) and “Overview of the Members of the Party Executive and the Provincial Associations” (20 Nov. 1989), as cited in Ditfurth, Feuer, p. 228ff.
		Anthroposophy and the World League for the Protection of Life
	Rudolf Bahro: Völkisch Spirituality
	Liberating the ‘Brown Parts’
	Social Darwinist ‘Ecology’: Herbert Gruhl
	A Social Ecology of Freedom