EcoDesign and Sustainability II: Social Perspectives and Sustainability Assessment

Preface
Contents
Part ISustainable Design and User Behavior
1 The Chinese-Brand Electric Vehicles in the Eyes of the US Consumers
	1.1 Introduction
	1.2 Literature Review
		1.2.1 Product Quality, Perceived Benefits, and Perceived Risks
		1.2.2 China’s Economic Success
	1.3 Methodology
		1.3.1 Respondents
		1.3.2 Key Variables
		1.3.3 Statistical Analysis
	1.4 Results
		1.4.1 Summary Statistics
	1.5 Conclusion
		1.5.1 Study Summary
		1.5.2 Plant Location
		1.5.3 Strategic Recommendations for CBEVs
		1.5.4 Ethnocentric Beliefs and COO
	References
2 Comparative Analysis of the Users’ Kansei Evolutions Over Their Short and Long-Lived Products’ Lifetimes in Iran
	2.1 Introduction
	2.2 Framework
	2.3 Method
	2.4 Results
		2.4.1 Kansei Items Distribution
		2.4.2 Kansei Evolutions Over the Products Lifetime
	2.5 Discussion and Conclusion
		2.5.1 Trends of Kansei Evolution
		2.5.2 Comparison
		2.5.3 Conclusion
	References
3 A Toolkit for Designing Products and Services Fit for Circular Consumption
	3.1 Introduction
	3.2 Method
	3.3 The Use2Use Toolkit
		3.3.1 Use2Use Thinking Activation Pack
		3.3.2 Circular Journeys Exploration Pack
		3.3.3 Multiple Use-Cycles Exploration Pack
		3.3.4 Circular Designs Ideation Pack
		3.3.5 Circular Designs Evaluation Pack
	3.4 Discussion
		3.4.1 Contribution
		3.4.2 Implications for Design Practice
		3.4.3 Future Work
	3.5 Concluding Remarks
	References
4 Embedding a Sustainability Focus in Packaging Development Processes
	4.1 Introduction
	4.2 Point of Departure
		4.2.1 Product-Packaging Sustainability
		4.2.2 Product-Packaging Development Processes
		4.2.3 Packaging Within Societal Boundaries
		4.2.4 Point of Departure: Conclusion
	4.3 Research Method
		4.3.1 Research Phases
		4.3.2 Tools and Techniques
	4.4 Discussion and Conclusions
	References
5 Consumer’s Perception of Plastics in Everyday Products in Relation to Their Personality
	5.1 Introduction
	5.2 Research Aim
	5.3 Methodology
		5.3.1 Procedure
		5.3.2 Respondents
		5.3.3 Processing
	5.4 Results
		5.4.1 Cluster Analysis
		5.4.2 Descriptive Categories
		5.4.3 Product Categories
		5.4.4 Descriptive Categories × Product Categories
		5.4.5 Positive Versus Negative Fit
		5.4.6 Link to Personality Clusters
	5.5 Discussion
	5.6 Conclusion
	References
6 User Activity Matters: An Activity Theory Informed Design Toolkit for Sustainable Behavior Design
	6.1 Introduction
	6.2 Activity Theoretical Background
	6.3 ACD Toolkit Development and Literature Insights
		6.3.1 Use of AT in the Context of Design for Sustainability
		6.3.2 Requirements of AT-Informed Design Tools
	6.4 Introduction to the ACD Toolkit Prototype
	6.5 Case Study Deployment: Reducing Household Food Waste Through Packaging Design
		6.5.1 Case Study Background
		6.5.2 Applying the Toolkit in Collaborative Design Workshops
		6.5.3 Applying the Toolkit in Individual Ideation Session
		6.5.4 Feedback Regarding the Concept of the Toolkit
	6.6 Conclusion and Future Work
	References
7 Strengthening Aesthetic Individualization in Product Design to Enhance Customer Loyalty and Sustainability
	7.1 Introduction
	7.2 State of the Art
		7.2.1 Mass Customization
		7.2.2 Potentials and Challenges
	7.3 Research Approach
		7.3.1 Study Aim and Results
		7.3.2 Co-creation Workshop
	7.4 Discussion and Conclusion
		7.4.1 Stakeholders
		7.4.2 Environment/Technology
		7.4.3 Process
		7.4.4 Product
		7.4.5 Outlook
	References
8 Analysis of the Personal Cars Sustainability in Relation with Their Formalistic Characteristics in Iran
	8.1 Introduction
	8.2 Method
	8.3 Framework
		8.3.1 Sustainability Dimensions and Indicators
		8.3.2 Vehicle Formalistic Characteristics
	8.4 Result
		8.4.1 Samples Overall Sustainability Levels
		8.4.2 Formalistic Items Distribution
		8.4.3 Samples Formalistic Distribution and Clusters
		8.4.4 Sustainability Levels of Clusters and Quarters
	8.5 Conclusion
	References
Part IISustainable Consumption and Production
9 Enhancing Role and Participation of Industry and Community for Sustainable E-Waste Recovery for Sustainable Consumption and Production (SCP): Case Study  Kuala Lumpur Malaysia
	9.1 Introduction
	9.2 Methods
	9.3 Results and Discussion
	9.4 Conclusion
	References
10 Understanding of Individuals’ Intention Toward Car Sharing Usage in the Southeast-Asia Region: From University Students in Thailand and Indonesia
	10.1 Introduction
	10.2 Materials and Methods
		10.2.1 Literature Review Analysis
		10.2.2 Semi-structured Interviews
	10.3 Factors Affecting Car Sharing Adoption
		10.3.1 Socio-economic and Demographic Factors
		10.3.2 Psychological Factors
		10.3.3 Infrastructural Factors
		10.3.4 Conceptual Model Structure Among Potential Factors and Individuals’ Car Travel Behavior
	10.4 Case Study with Semi-structured Interviews
		10.4.1 Current Travel Patterns and Their Satisfaction
		10.4.2 Advantages and Disadvantages of Car Ownership
		10.4.3 Car Sharing Adoption and Critical Factors
	10.5 Hypothesis Formulation
		10.5.1 Perceived Benefits of Car Sharing
		10.5.2 Infrastructural Variables
		10.5.3 Perception of Car Ownership
	10.6 Conclusions and Future Work
	References
11 Economy-Wide Material Flow Analysis and Its Projection: DMI Versus TMR in Japan
	11.1 Introduction
	11.2 Methodology
		11.2.1 Classification of Material Categories
		11.2.2 Mathematical Relation Between TMR and DMI
		11.2.3 Projection Analysis
	11.3 Results and Discussion
		11.3.1 DMI and TMR in Japan in 1990–2013
		11.3.2 Sensitivity Analysis
		11.3.3 Projection Analysis
	11.4 Conclusion
	References
12 Ecological Smart and Sustainable Waste Management: A Conceptual Framework
	12.1 Introduction
	12.2 Research Method
	12.3 Results of Literature Review and Formulating the Conceptual Framework
	12.4 Validating and Revising the Conceptual Framework Based on Local Phenomenon and Tradition
		12.4.1 Validating Framework Based on Local Phenomenon and Tradition
		12.4.2 Revising the Conceptual Framework
	12.5 Implications of Revised Framework
	12.6 Conclusion
	References
13 Information Flow System for Chemicals in Products (CiP) with Adequate Attention to the Social Dimension: The Japanese Challenge and the Way Forward
	13.1 Introduction
	13.2 Conceptual Background
		13.2.1 Chemical Management
		13.2.2 The Circular Economy
	13.3 ChemSHERPA in Japan
		13.3.1 A Brief History of ChemSHERPA
		13.3.2 ChemSHERPA Characteristics
		13.3.3 The Missing Element in ChemSHERPA
	13.4 Analysis of Legal Systems
		13.4.1 Scope
		13.4.2 Japan
		13.4.3 The US and EU
	13.5 Proposal
	13.6 Conclusion
	References
Part IIIEcoDesign of Social Infrastructure
14 Forecast of Future Impacts of Using ICT Services on GHG Emissions Reduction and GDP Growth in Japan
	14.1 Introduction
	14.2 Estimation Method
	14.3 Target ICT Services and Future ICT Scenarios
		14.3.1 Evaluation Target ICT Services
		14.3.2 Direct Effects Expected by ICT Use
		14.3.3 Future ICT Scenarios
	14.4 Results and Discussions
		14.4.1 Model Results
		14.4.2 Discussion
		14.4.3 Future Issues
	14.5 Conclusion
	References
15 Methodology for Modeling the Energy and Material Footprint of Future Telecommunication Networks
	15.1 Motivation
	15.2 State of Research
	15.3 Requirement Specifications for the Model
	15.4 Multi-level Model Approach
		15.4.1 Conditions—Application Scenario
		15.4.2 Components—Network Architecture
		15.4.3 Configuration—Network Settings
		15.4.4 Control—Network Operation
	15.5 Specific Energy and Material Aspects of 5G Technologies and Architecture
		15.5.1 Multi-connectivity and C-RAN
		15.5.2 Massive MIMO and Beamforming
		15.5.3 Small Cells and Network Densification
	15.6 Discussion of Scientific Challenges
	15.7 Summary
	References
16 Towards Intercity Cooperation: Comparison of Spatial Transport Energy Efficiency Between Central and Peripheral Cities in Japan
	16.1 Introduction
	16.2 Method
		16.2.1 Boundary of Transport Energy Consumption
		16.2.2 Transportation Modes
		16.2.3 Computation of Spatial Transport Energy Intensity
		16.2.4 Case Study
		16.2.5 Data Collection
	16.3 Results and Discussion
		16.3.1 Transport Energy Intensity
		16.3.2 Spatial Transport Energy Intensity
		16.3.3 Comparison of Spatial Transport Energy Intensity Between Central and Peripheral Cities
	16.4 Conclusion
	References
17 Energy Efficiency Within Sustainable Development in Asia: A Boundary Infrastructure and Knowledge Based Frame of Reference
	17.1 Introduction
	17.2 Energy Efficiency and the Asian Context
		17.2.1 Energy Efficiency and Related Concepts
		17.2.2 Historical Perspective and the Asian Context
	17.3 Scope and Perspective of Approach
	17.4 Toward a Shared Perspective and Understanding at the Boundaries of Intersecting Social Worlds
		17.4.1 Outline
		17.4.2 The Technical and Economic Dimensions
		17.4.3 The Societal and Cultural Dimensions
	17.5 Conclusions
	References
18 Study on the Quantitative Evaluation of Greenhouse Gas (GHG) Emissions in Sewage-Sludge Treatment System
	18.1 Introduction
	18.2 Materials and Methods
		18.2.1 Boundary Definition
		18.2.2 Analysis of Different Sewage-Sludge Scenarios
		18.2.3 Sources of Estimated Input Data
	18.3 Estimation Procedure of Ghg Emissions from Sewage-Sludge Treatment System
		18.3.1 Estimation of CO2 Direct Emissions from Sewage Treatment Process
		18.3.2 Estimation of N2O Direct Emissions from Sewage Treatment Process
		18.3.3 Estimation of GHGs Indirect Emissions from Sewage Treatment Process
		18.3.4 Estimation of GHG Emissions from Sludge Treatment Process
	18.4 Results and Discussions
		18.4.1 GHG Emissions of Different Sewage-Sludge Treatment Scenarios
		18.4.2 GHG Emissions from Different Sources
		18.4.3 CO2 Emissions from Sewage Treatment and N2O from Sludge Treatment
	18.5 Summary
	References
Part IVSustainability Education
19 Gamifying Sustainable Design to Enhance Environmental Consciousness of Industrial Design Students
	19.1 Introduction
	19.2 Background
		19.2.1 Gamification in Design Education
		19.2.2 Sustainable Design Principles and Tools
	19.3 Materials and Methods
		19.3.1 Participants
		19.3.2 Data Collection
		19.3.3 Evaluation
	19.4 Results and Discussion
	19.5 Summary
	References
20 Consideration of Communication Methods with the Next Generation for Sustainable Living Through the Case Study of a Visiting Lecture
	20.1 Introduction
		20.1.1 Background
		20.1.2 Purpose
		20.1.3 Literary Review
	20.2 Method
		20.2.1 Solar Decathlon
		20.2.2 Case Study of CUJ’s Visiting Lecture
	20.3 Results
		20.3.1 Development Process
		20.3.2 Questionnaire Results
		20.3.3 Comparison with Other Countries
	20.4 Discussion
	20.5 Conclusion
	References
Part VSustainability Assessment and Indicators
21 Progress for Life Cycle Sustainability Assessment by Means of Digital Lifecycle Twins — A Taxonomy
	21.1 Introduction
	21.2 Challenges of LCSA
	21.3 Literature Review
		21.3.1 Approach
		21.3.2 Results
	21.4 Taxonomy and Gap Analysis
		21.4.1 Approach
		21.4.2 Taxonomy
		21.4.3 Mapping and Gap Analysis
	21.5 New Concept Digital Lifecycle Twin
	21.6 Sustainability Impact and Conclusion
	References
22 Adopting Life Cycle Assessment for Various Greenhouse Typologies in Multiple Cropping Environment in Australia
	22.1 Introduction
	22.2 Methodology
	22.3 Greenhouse Configurations
		22.3.1 General Typology
		22.3.2 High-Tech Greenhouse Structure
	22.4 Life Cycle Assessment (LCA)
		22.4.1 Goal and Scope
		22.4.2 Life Cycle Inventory (LCI)
		22.4.3 Life Cycle Impact Assessment (LCIA)
		22.4.4 Interpretation
	22.5 Summary
	References
23 Process Modelling for an Efficient and Dynamic Energy Consumption for Fresh Produce in Protected Cropping
	23.1 Introduction
	23.2 Research Methodology
	23.3 Data Collection, Results and Analysis
	23.4 Discussion and Conclusions
	References
24 CO2 Removal Using the Sun and Forest: An Environmental Life Cycle Assessment of a Solar & Biomass Hybrid Carbon Capture and Sequestration Plant
	24.1 Introduction
	24.2 Background and Literature Review
		24.2.1 National and International BECCS Research
		24.2.2 CSP and BECCS Precedents
	24.3 Plant Design
		24.3.1 Plant Configuration
		24.3.2 CSP Plant
		24.3.3 IGFC Plant
		24.3.4 CCS Plant
	24.4 Method
		24.4.1 Environmental Life Cycle Assessment
		24.4.2 System Boundary
		24.4.3 Database and Software
		24.4.4 Impact Assessment Method
		24.4.5 Modeling for Solar Hybrid BECCS
		24.4.6 Modeling for Comparing Power Plants
	24.5 Results and Discussion
	24.6 Conclusions
	References
25 Environmental and Economic Impacts of Biofouling on Marine and Coastal Heat Exchangers
	25.1 Introduction
	25.2 Methodology
	25.3 Results
		25.3.1 Environmental Impacts
		25.3.2 Economic Impacts
	25.4 Discussion
	25.5 Conclusion
	References
26 Ecological Cost-Benefit Analysis of a Sensor-Based Parking Prediction Service
	26.1 Introduction
	26.2 System Architecture of “Park&Joy”
		26.2.1 Sensor Composition
		26.2.2 Server Infrastructure
	26.3 Basic Environmental Data
		26.3.1 Vehicle Fleet and Its Emissions
		26.3.2 Simplified Life Cycle Assessment of the Sensor
		26.3.3 Simplified Life Cycle Assessment of the Server
	26.4 Cost-Benefit Model
		26.4.1 Methodology for the Hamburg Scenario
		26.4.2 Emission Saving Calculation
		26.4.3 Influencing Factors
	26.5 Summary
	References
27 Scenario Analysis of Environmental Impact of Paddy Rice Farming Systems Utilizing Different Fertilizer Materials
	27.1 Introduction
	27.2 Materials and Methods
		27.2.1 Framework of Evaluation
		27.2.2 Process Model of Paddy Rice Farming System
		27.2.3 Estimation of Potential Nitrogen and Phosphorus Loss, Using FGB
		27.2.4 Data Source and Scenario of Paddy Rice Farming Systems
		27.2.5 Data Source of Background Data
	27.3 Results and Discussion
		27.3.1 Comparing the Environmental Impacts Between Organic Fertilizer and Conventional Scenarios
		27.3.2 Comparing Environmental Impacts of the Manure Scenario and Artificial Fertilizer Scenario
	27.4 Summary
	References
28 Techno-Economic Assessment on Waste from Palm Oil Mill to Electricity in Malaysia
	28.1 Introduction
	28.2 Objectives
	28.3 Methodology
		28.3.1 Model of Calculation
		28.3.2 Cost Calculation
		28.3.3 Selling Price of Electricity in Malaysia
		28.3.4 Selling Price of Ash as Fertilizer
		28.3.5 Sales Calculation
		28.3.6 Profit Calculation
	28.4 Result
		28.4.1 Cost Calculation
		28.4.2 Sales Calculation
		28.4.3 Profit Calculation
	28.5 Conclusion
	References
29 Influence of Thermal Conductivity and Subsurface Temperature on Life-Cycle Environmental Load of the Ground Source Heat Pump in Bangkok, Thailand
	29.1 Introduction
	29.2 Objective
	29.3 Methodology
		29.3.1 Simulation of Cooling Load
		29.3.2 System Designing and Electricity Consumption
		29.3.3 Life-Cycle Inventory Analysis
		29.3.4 Sensitivity Analysis
	29.4 Results and Discussion
		29.4.1 Life-Cycle Inventory Analysis
		29.4.2 Sensitivity Analysis
	29.5 Conclusion
	References
30 Material Criticality Assessment for Business Purposes Using Fuzzy Linguistic Method
	30.1 Introduction
	30.2 Materials and Methods
		30.2.1 Criticality Assessment
		30.2.2 Fuzzy Linguistic Approach
	30.3 Application of Fuzzy Linguistic Approach
	30.4 Discussion
	30.5 Conclusion
	References
31 Development of a Method for Measuring Resource Efficiency for Product Lifecycle
	31.1 Introduction
	31.2 Resource Efficiency Indicator
		31.2.1 Investigation
		31.2.2 Resource Efficiency Indicator
		31.2.3 Resource Impact Evaluation Formula
		31.2.4 Comparison of Resource Impact Coefficients
		31.2.5 Representation of the Purpose of This Paper Using Indicators
	31.3 Case Study
		31.3.1 Selection of Environmental Impact Coefficients
		31.3.2 Case Study Product
		31.3.3 Scenarios
		31.3.4 Setup Conditions
		31.3.5 Calculation Results
		31.3.6 Discussion
	31.4 Summary
	References
Part VIEnergy System Design
32 Techno-Economic Analysis of a Hybrid Solar-Hydrogen-Biomass System for Off-Grid Power Supply
	32.1 Introduction
	32.2 Case Study
	32.3 Simulation Module
		32.3.1 Wind Turbine
		32.3.2 PV Module
		32.3.3 Fuel Cell
		32.3.4 Electrolyzer
		32.3.5 Hydrogen Tank
		32.3.6 SCWG
	32.4 Results and Discussions
	32.5 Conclusion
	References
33 Optimal Design and Operation of a Residential Hybrid Microgrid System in Kasuga City
	33.1 Introduction
	33.2 Mathematical Modeling of the Proposed System
		33.2.1 Wind Power Generation
		33.2.2 PV Power Generation
		33.2.3 Diesel Generation
		33.2.4 Battery Modeling
	33.3 Optimization
		33.3.1 Cost Analysis
		33.3.2 Optimization Model
	33.4 Results and Discussions
	33.5 Conclusion
	References
34 Social Equity and Lifestyle Conscious Policy Making for the Energy Transition
	34.1 Introduction
	34.2 Methodology
	34.3 Results
		34.3.1 Household Footprint Estimates and Projection of ‘Virtual’ Footprints
		34.3.2 Social Inequity Impacts Considering Stakeholder Environmental Burden Preferences
	34.4 Discussion
	34.5 Conclusions
	References
35 Exergy and Environmental Analysis of a Bio-Hydrogen Supply Chain Using Data Envelope Analysis
	35.1 Introduction
	35.2 Target System and Methodology
		35.2.1 System Boundary and Functional Unit
		35.2.2 Life Cycle Assessment (LCA)
		35.2.3 Exergy Analysis
		35.2.4 Data Envelope Analysis
		35.2.5 Hydrogen Demand of Each Type of Mobility
	35.3 Inventory Analysis
		35.3.1 Hydrogen Production from Woody Biomass
		35.3.2 Hydrogen Production from Sewage Sludge
		35.3.3 Hydrogen Storage Using Hydrogen Compression
		35.3.4 Hydrogen Storage Using MH
		35.3.5 Mobility Using FC
		35.3.6 Conventional Case
	35.4 Results and Discussion
		35.4.1 LCA Results
		35.4.2 Exergy Efficiency
		35.4.3 DEA Results
	35.5 Conclusion
	References
36 The Readiness Levels of Japan Supported Biomass Energy Conversion Technology Development Projects in Emerging Southeast Asia: Verification of the J-TRA Results
	36.1 Introduction
	36.2 Methodology
		36.2.1 Conversion of Project Readiness Level Terminology
		36.2.2 The J-TRA Methodology
	36.3 Results
		36.3.1 Project Readiness Level in Generic Terms
		36.3.2 J-TRA Results Based on the Percentage of Checklists Compliance
		36.3.3 J-TRA Results Shown as TRL
	36.4 Analysis and Discussions
		36.4.1 Comparison of the Three Methods Results
		36.4.2 The Common Bottleneck and Opportunities Among the Technology Development Projects
	36.5 Summary
	References
37 Evaluation and Improvement Proposals for a Business Facility Solar and Ground-Heat Hybrid Heat Supply System
	37.1 Introduction
	37.2 Heat Supply System Overview
		37.2.1 Supply Area Overview
		37.2.2 Supply System Overview
	37.3 Actual Measured Evaluation and Analysis of Heat Supply System
		37.3.1 Performance Evaluation of a Solar Thermal Collector
		37.3.2 Performance Evaluation of Adsorption Type Refrigerator
		37.3.3 Performance Evaluation of Adsorption Type Refrigerator
		37.3.4 Performance Evaluation of the Entire System
	37.4 System Improvement Proposal
		37.4.1 Factor Analysis of Air Conditioning Malfunction of Store C
		37.4.2 Operation Analysis of the Absorption Refrigerator
		37.4.3 Operation Analysis of a Solar Energy Absorber
		37.4.4 Proposal for Improvement of the Whole System
	37.5 Discussions
		37.5.1 Solar Heat Collector Working Procedure
		37.5.2 Geothermal Heat Pump Working Procedure
		37.5.3 Utilization of Solar/Geothermal Hybrid System
	37.6 Summary
	References
38 The Import Structure of LNG from Russia to Japan by Cognitive Map and Text Analysis
	38.1 Introduction
	38.2 Qualitative Analysis: Cognitive Map
		38.2.1 Methodology
		38.2.2 Setting Period
		38.2.3 Result (Sakhalin-2 LNG Project)
		38.2.4 Result (Yamal LNG Project)
	38.3 Quantitative Analysis: Text Analysis
		38.3.1 Methodology
		38.3.2 Result (Sakhalin-2 LNG Project)
		38.3.3 Result (Yamal LNG Project)
	38.4 Discussions
		38.4.1 Common Points and Differences Between the Two Case Study Results
		38.4.2 Comparison with Past Studies
	38.5 Summary
	References
39 Recovery Analysis of Domestic Electric Storage Water Heaters
	39.1 Introduction
	39.2 Methods
	39.3 Recoverability Analysis of Deswh
		39.3.1 Inspection Guide
		39.3.2 Design Suggestions
	39.4 Hybrid Production-Remanufacturing System
		39.4.1 Problem Description
		39.4.2 Description of the Mathematical Formulation
		39.4.3 Resolution Procedure and Analysis of Results
	39.5 Discussion
	39.6 Conclusions
	References
40 Feasibility Study for Electric Vehicle Utilization as Grid Supporting in Indonesian Power System
	40.1 Introduction
		40.1.1 EV as Distributed Energy Resources (DERs)
		40.1.2 Indonesia Power System Condition
	40.2 Objectives
	40.3 Materials and Methods
		40.3.1 Methodology
		40.3.2 Electricity Market Assumption
		40.3.3 Feed-in-Tariffs (FITs)
		40.3.4 Input Parameter
		40.3.5 State of Charging (SoC) of Driving Patterns
	40.4 Results and Discussion
		40.4.1 Potential Energy Availability
		40.4.2 V2G as Peak Load Shaving
		40.4.3 Potential Reduction of Cost Generation
	40.5 Summary
	References
41 Techno-economic Analysis on Renewable Energy via Hydrogen from Macro and Micro Scope Views
	41.1 Introduction
	41.2 Macro Perspective
		41.2.1 Methodology
	41.3 Result
	41.4 Micro Perspective
		41.4.1 Methodology
		41.4.2 Result
	41.5 Macro and Micro Perspectives
		41.5.1 Methodology
		41.5.2 Future Consideration
	41.6 Summary
	References
42 Dynamic Simulation of Woody Biomass Co-generation System Considering Time-Varying Heat Demand: A Japanese Community Bathhouse Case Study
	42.1 Introduction
	42.2 Literature Review
	42.3 Modeling Energy Conversion Systems for Woody Biomass
		42.3.1 Approach
		42.3.2 Model for Calculating Annual Cost
		42.3.3 Model for Calculating Annual CO2 Emissions
	42.4 Case Study: Evaluation of Energy Conversion System for a Japanese Hot Bath
		42.4.1 Description of the Scenarios
		42.4.2 Equipment Operation Management in the Two Scenarios
		42.4.3 Data
	42.5 Results and Discussion
		42.5.1 Annual Cost
		42.5.2 Annual CO2 Emissions
		42.5.3 Sensitivity Analysis
	42.6 Conclusion
	References
43 A Feasibility Study of a Japanese Power to Gas Concept—A Case Study of Rokkasho Village
	43.1 Introduction
	43.2 Objective and Approach
	43.3 A Japanese Power to Gas Concept
	43.4 Methodology of Feasibility Study
		43.4.1 Step 1. Electricity and Heat Demand
		43.4.2 Step 2. Fuel Cell and Hydrogen Demand
		43.4.3 Step 3. Power Generation Pattern
		43.4.4 Step 4. Hydrogen Production Pattern
		43.4.5 Step 5. Capacity of Hydrogen Storage
		43.4.6 Step 6. Unit Cost of Hydrogen
		43.4.7 Step 7. Economic Feasibility
		43.4.8 Step 8. CO2 Emission Reduction
	43.5 Result of Case Study
		43.5.1 Size of the System
		43.5.2 Economic Feasibility
		43.5.3 CO2 Emission Reduction
		43.5.4 Effect of Threshold Shift
		43.5.5 Possibility of Further Application
	43.6 Discussion
	43.7 Summary
	References