EASEC16: Proceedings of The 16th East Asian-Pacific Conference on Structural Engineering and Construction, 2019

EASEC International Steering Committee
	Chair Emeritus
	Chair
	Deputy Chairs
	General Secretary
	Members
Members of EASEC16 Scientific Committee
	Sec100
EASEC16 Local Organising Committee
	Chair
	Vice-chair
	Special Advisor
	Members
	Conference Managers
	Conference Helpers
Contents
Keynote Papers
1 Innovation and Practice in Building Structure Design
	Abstract
	1 Introduction
	2 Coordination of Structural System and Architectural Appearance
		2.1 Zhengda Stadium, Fudan University
		2.2 Shanghai Oriental Sports Center Outdoor Diving Pool
		2.3 Changsha International Convention and Exhibition Center
			2.3.1 Structural System
	3 Coordination of Structural Layout and Architectural Space Design
		3.1 Tongji University Jiading Campus Gymnasium
		3.2 Jining Sports Center Swimming Pool
		3.3 Chongqing West Railway Station
	4 The Introduction of Digital Technology
		4.1 Shanghai Symphony Orchestra
		4.2 Dianchi Water Park
	5 Conclusions and Prospects
	References
2 Experimental and Numerical Study of Flexural-Torsional Buckling of Web-Tapered High-Strength Steel I-Beams
	Abstract
	1 Introduction
	2 Experimental Programme
		2.1 Preparation of Specimens
		2.2 Material Properties, Residual Stresses and Geometric Imperfections
		2.3 Buckling Test Setup
		2.4 Results
	3 Numerical Study
	4 Conclusions
	Acknowledgements
	References
3 Personal Reflections of My Research in Structural Mechanics: Past, Present, and Future
	Abstract
	1 Introduction
	2 Robust Shell Element with Thickness Stretch
		2.1 Introduction
		2.2 Displacement Field of the 8-Parameter Theory
		2.3 A Numerical Example
	3 Micropolar Plate Model for the Analysis of Web-Core Sandwich Plates
		3.1 Background
		3.2 Formulation
			3.2.1 Displacement Field of the Micropolar Plate Theory
			3.2.2 Equations of the 2D Micropolar Plate Theory
			3.2.3 Transformation Relations Between 3D Unit Cell and 2D Plate Theory
		3.3 Numerical Example
	4 Conclusions
	Acknowledgements
	References
4 Changing Our Understanding of Reinforcement Corrosion in Marine Concrete Structures
	Abstract
	1 Introduction
	2 Background
	3 Time to Corrosion Initiation
	4 Time to Active Corrosion
	5 Discussion
	6 Conclusion
	Acknowledgements
	References
Structural Health Monitoring and Control
5 Development of Elasto-Magneto-Electric Sensors for Total-Stress in Large-Diameter Cables
	Abstract
	1 Introduction
	2 Theoretical Background
		2.1 Stress Effect on the Magnetic Properties of Ferromagnetic Material
		2.2 Working Principle of Smart ME Sensing Units
	3 Structure of EME Sensory Systems
		3.1 Structure of EME Sensor
		3.2 EME Sensor System
	4 Engineering Application
		4.1 Full-Scale Calibration Experiment in the Laboratory
		4.2 Application of the EME Sensors on an Arch Bridge
	5 Conclusion
	Acknowledgement
	References
6 Multiple Tuned Mass Dampers for Wind Induced Vibration Control of a Cable-Supported Roof
	Abstract
	1 Introduction
	2 Structure and Load Condition
	3 MTMD Design Scheme
		3.1 Dominating Modes and MTMD Layout
		3.2 Single-Mode Control
			3.2.1 Damping Ratios of TMDs
			3.2.2 Modal Contribution
	4 MTMD System and Performance
	5 Conclusions
	Acknowledgements
	References
7 Cable Damage Identification of Tied-Arch Bridge Using Convolutional Neural Network
	Abstract
	1 Introduction
	2 Formulation of Numerical Simulation
		2.1 Modeling of the Arch Bridge
		2.2 Simulation of Wind Forces and Bridge Response
		2.3 CNN Architecture
	3 Results and Discussions
	4 Conclusions
	Acknowledgements
	References
8 PCA-Based Temperature Effect Compensation in Monitoring of Steel Beam Using Guided Waves
	Abstract
	1 Introduction
	2 PCA-Based Temperature Effect Compensation
		2.1 Basic Theory of PCA
		2.2 Experimental Setup
		2.3 Damage Detection Using PCA-Based Temperature Compensation
		2.4 Damage Localization Using ToF Information in Reconstructed Residual Signals
	3 ICA for Improving Damage Localization
		3.1 Basic Theory of ICA
		3.2 Results and Discussions
	4 Conclusions
	Acknowledgements
	References
9 Scour Detection of Railway Bridges by Microtremor Monitoring
	Abstract
	1 Introduction
	2 Methodology
	3 Target Bridge and Monitoring Information
	4 Mode Identification of Target Bridge
	5 System Identification During Flood
	6 Conclusions
	References
10 Vibration Monitoring of a Real Steel Plate Girder Bridge Under Artificial Local Damage and Varying Temperature
	Abstract
	1 Introduction
	2 Field Experiment
	3 FE Analysis
	4 Results and Discussion
		4.1 Static Loading Test
		4.2 Comparison Between FE Analysis and Field Experiment
		4.3 Structural Behavior in Longitudinal Direction
		4.4 Thermal Expansion on Steel Plate Girder Bridge
	5 Conclusions
	References
11 Detecting Loosening Bolts of Highway Bridges by Image Processing Techniques
	Abstract
	1 Introduction
	2 Method
		2.1 Experimental Method
		2.2 Steel Plate Test
			2.2.1 Experimental Setup
		2.3 Model Bridge Test
			2.3.1 Experimental Setup
		2.4 Motion Magnification
	3 Results and Discussion
		3.1 Results
		3.2 Discussion and Limitations
	4 Conclusions
	Acknowledgements
	References
12 An Efficient Approach for Detecting Bolt Loosening in Periodically Supported Structures
	Abstract
	1 Introduction
	2 Theoretical Development
	3 Case Studies
	4 Conclusions
	Acknowledgements
	References
13 Damage Detection Based on Bayes Factor Using Ambient Vibration Data
	Abstract
	1 Introduction
	2 Methodology
	3 Illustrative Examples
	4 Conclusions
	Acknowledgements
	References
14 Seismic Evaluation of Structures Based on Simplified Increment Dynamic Analysis
	Abstract
	1 Introduction
	2 Simplified Incremental Dynamic Analysis
	3 Seismic Evaluation of Structures Based on Simplified IDA
	4 Example Models and Earthquake Rewords
		4.1 Example Models
		4.2 Earthquake Records
	5 Example Analysis
		5.1 IDA Capacity Curves
		5.2 Seismic Performance Evaluation
	6 Conclusions
	Acknowledgements
	References
15 A Fuzzy Logic Vibration Control Method Based on Vibration Serviceability Criteria
	Abstract
	1 Introduction
	2 Structure Model
	3 Vibration Control Simulation
		3.1 Load Selection
		3.2 Passive Vibration Control
		3.3 Active Vibration Control
		3.4 Fuzzy Logic Control
	4 Comparison
	5 Conclusions
	Acknowledgements
	References
16 Damage Detection for Rotating Flexible Beam Based on Time Domain Sensitivity Analysis
	Abstract
	1 Introduction
	2 Equation of Motion for a Rotating Flexible Beam
	3 Damage Detection by Sensitivity Analysis and Truest-Region
		3.1 Response Sensitivity Analysis in Time-Domain
		3.2 Enhanced Response Sensitivity Approach
	4 Numerical Simulation
		4.1 Forced Vibration Analysis for Damaged Rotating Beam
		4.2 Damage Detection with Enhanced Response Sensitivity Approach
	5 Conclusions
	Acknowledgements
	References
17 Output-Only Modal Analysis of a Footbridge Based on Compact-Bandwidth Regularization
	Abstract
	1 Introduction
	2 Theoretic Background
	3 Alternating Minimization Algorithm for Compact-Bandwidth Regularized Mode Separation
		3.1 Alternating Minimization Algorithm
		3.2 Selection of Initial Modal Parameters and Regularization Parameter
	4 Application to a Real Footbridge
	5 Conclusions
	Acknowledgements
	References
18 Analysis of Wind Induced Vibration of Stayed Cable of Sea-crossing Bridge Based on Monitoring Data
	Abstract
	1 Introduction
	2 Engineering Research Background
	3 Study of the Wind Characteristic Parameters
		3.1 Wind Speed and Wind Direction
		3.2 Turbulence Parameters Analysis
	4 Analysis of Vibration Characteristics
	5 Conclusion and Prospects
	Acknowledgements
	References
19 Drive-By Bridge Parameter Identification: An Overview
	Abstract
	1 Introduction
	2 Bridge Modal Parameter Identification
		2.1 Vehicle-Bridge Interaction Systems
			2.1.1 Identification of Bridge Modal Frequencies and Mode Shapes Using SSI
			2.1.2 Identification of Bridge Modal Frequencies Using Blind Modal Identification with SSA
		2.2 Experimental Investigation in the Lab
	3 Time-Frequency Analysis on the Bridge Responses Under Vehicle Excitation
	4 Conclusions
	Acknowledgements
	References
20 Health Monitoring of Bridges Using RPAs
	Abstract
	1 Introduction
	2 Project Methodology
	3 Imagery and Data Processing
	4 Advantages of RPA Bridge Inspection
		4.1 Safer Inspection
		4.2 Faster Inspection
		4.3 Economical Inspections
		4.4 Other Benefits
	5 Challenges of RPA Bridge Inspection
	6 Data Collection Through Survey
	7 Conclusions
	References
21 Application of Machine Learning Algorithms in Structural Health Monitoring Research
	Abstract
	1 Introduction
	2 Feature Extraction and Dimensionality Reduction
	3 Statistical Model Development
		3.1 Supervised Learning
		3.2 Unsupervised Learning
	4 Conclusion
	References
22 Using Deep Learning Technique for Recovering the Lost Measurement Data
	Abstract
	1 Introduction
	2 Methodology
		2.1 The Detailed Configuration of the Proposed Network
		2.2 Skip Connection
		2.3 Sub-pixel Shuffling
		2.4 Datasets
	3 Experimental Validation with Dowling Hall Footbridge
	4 Performance Evaluation
	5 Conclusion
	References
23 Using Novel Time Frequency Analysis Method for Time-Varying System Identification
	Abstract
	1 Introduction
	2 Theoretical Background
		2.1 Empirical Wavelet Transform (EWT)
		2.2 The Improved EWT
			2.2.1 Synchroextracting Transform (SET)
			2.2.2 TVSI Based on EWT-SET
	3 Numerical Studies
	4 Conclusions
	References
24 Advanced Applications of Emerging 2D Nanomaterials in Construction Materials
	Abstract
	1 Introduction
	2 Synthesis of 2D Nanomaterials Towards Industrial Scale
	3 Transfer Technique of 2D Nanomaterials
	4 Advanced Applications in Construction Materials
		4.1 Sensing Applications
		4.2 Energy Harvesting and Storage
	5 Conclusions
	Acknowledgements
	References
25 Single Shot MultiBox Detector Based Active Monitoring for Anti-collision Between Vessels and Bridges
	Abstract
	1 Introduction
	2 Framework
	3 Navigational Object Detection
		3.1 Neural Network Model
		3.2 Dataset
		3.3 Large-Scale Monitoring Problem
	4 Contrast
	5 Conclusions
	Acknowledgements
	References
Advances in Structural Engineering
26 Composites for Alternative Railway Sleepers
	Abstract
	1 Introduction
	2 Recent Developments
		2.1 No or Short Fibre Reinforced Sleepers
		2.2 Unidirectional Fibre Reinforced Sleepers
		2.3 Multidirectional Fibre Reinforced Sleepers
	3 Overcoming the Challenges
		3.1 Strength and Stiffness
		3.2 Drillability
		3.3 Cost Issue
		3.4 Design Guidelines
	4 Conclusions
	Acknowledgements
	References
27 Modal Analysis Experiments on Prestressed Concrete Sleepers
	Abstract
	1 Introduction
	2 Experimental Overview
		2.1 Aim
		2.2 Concrete Sleepers
		2.3 Experimental Setup
			2.3.1 Experiment 1
			2.3.2 Experiment 2
			2.3.3 Experiment 3
	3 Results and Discussion
		3.1 Experiment 1
		3.2 Experiment 2
		3.3 Experiment 3
	4 Conclusion
	Acknowledgements
	References
28 Effect of Different Structural Parameters on Track Lateral Stability
	Abstract
	1 Introduction
	2 Model Development
		2.1 Validation of the Model
	3 Parametric Study
	4 Conclusion
	References
29 Structural Strengthening of Concrete Footings Using External Prestressing
	Abstract
	1 Introduction
		1.1 Traditional Retrofit Systems for Bridge Footings
		1.2 Proposed Retrofit System
	2 Research Significance
	3 Finite Element Models
		3.1 Material Properties
			3.1.1 Stress-Strain Model for Concrete in Compression and Tension
			3.1.2 Stress-Strain Relationships for Steel Reinforcement and Prestressing
		3.2 Interaction Contact and Boundary Condition
	4 Results and Discussion
		4.1 Number of Prestressing Strands
		4.2 Size of Footing
		4.3 Flexural Reinforcement Ratio
	5 Conclusions
	References
30 Flexural Behavior Degradation of Corroded Aashto Type II Pretensioned Concrete Girder-Deck System
	Abstract
	1 Introduction
	2 Finite Element Models
		2.1 Material Properties
			2.1.1 Concrete
			2.1.2 Prestressing Strand
		2.2 Element Type
		2.3 Contact Model
		2.4 Boundary Conditions and Loading Scheme
		2.5 Verifications
	3 Finite Element Analysis Results and Discussion
		3.1 Failure Modes
		3.2 Residual Flexural Strength
		3.3 Ductility
	4 Conclusions
	References
31 Anti-plane Response Induced by a Partially Filled Trapezoidal Alluvial Valley
	Abstract
	1 Introduction
	2 Numerical Model
		2.1 2-D Partially Filled Trapezoidal Alluvial Valley
		2.2 Hybrid Method
		2.3 Modified Transfinite Interpolation
	3 Results and Discussion
		3.1 Verification of Numerical Results
		3.2 Site Effects of Partially Filled Trapezoidal Alluvial Valley (PFTAV)
	4 Conclusions
	Acknowledgements
	References
32 Case Study of Soft Ground Countermeasure with More than 100M Thickness in Japanese Expressway
	Abstract
	1 Introduction
	2 Outline of the Soft Ground at Lake Hakuryu
	3 Soft Ground Improvement Method
		3.1 Trial Embankment Work
		3.2 Comparison Between Vacuum Consolidation and Other Methods
	4 Effectiveness of Vacuum Consolidation Method
		4.1 Embanking (Work) Speed
		4.2 Reduction in Residual Settlement
		4.3 Impacts on the Surrounding/Road-Side Area
	5 Summary
	6 Conclusion
	Reference
33 The Influence of Non-structural Exterior Wall on the Structural Resistance of RC Building Frames Against Seismic and Progressive Collapse Failure
	Abstract
	1 Introduction
	2 Modeling of the Parapet RC Wall
		2.1 Validation of the Shell-Frame Model
		2.2 Inverted T-Section Model
	3 Seismic Design and Characteristics of Building Models
	4 Nonlinear Static Analysis for Structural Resistance
		4.1 Pushover Analysis for Lateral Seismic Resistance
		4.2 Pushdown Analysis for Progressive Collapse Resistance
	5 Conclusions
	Acknowledgements
	References
34 Behavior of Bridge Superstructure Model with Double Spherical Sliding Bearing Under Live Load Action
	Abstract
	1 Introduction
	2 Experimental and Analytical Details
		2.1 Deflection Angle at Bearings Under Live Load
		2.2 Experimental Details
		2.3 Analytical Details
	3 Experimental Results
		3.1 Relationship Between Deflection Angle and Displacement
		3.2 Frictional Force and Horizontal Reaction Force of the Slider
	4 Conclusions
	Acknowledgements
	References
35 Numerical Analysis of Seepage for Saturated-Unsaturated Pavement Structure Under Rainfall Conditions
	Abstract
	1 Introduction
	2 The Governing PDE for Saturated-Unsaturated Seepage
		2.1 Principle of Effective Stress
		2.2 Material Compressibility
		2.3 PDE of Seepage Flow for Saturated-Unsaturated Pavement
		2.4 SWCC
	3 Numerical Examples
		3.1 Modelling
		3.2 Results
	4 Conclusions
	Acknowledgements
	References
36 Composite Action Between Steel Girder and Precast Concrete Considering Haunches/Mortar and Stud’s Geometrical Configurations
	Abstract
	1 Introduction
	2 Specification of Specimen
	3 Measurements
	4 Sequence of Tests
	5 Experiment Results
		5.1 Comparison Between RC and PCaPC Experiment
			5.1.1 Relationship Between Shear Force Per Stud and Relative Slip at Stud Position
			5.1.2 Fracture Surface of Stud and Concrete
		5.2 Effect of Stud Arrangement to the Strength and Composite Action
			5.2.1 Shear Force and Relative Slip
			5.2.2 Fracture Surface of Stud and Mortar
	6 Conclusions
	References
37 Development of an Emergency Bridge with the Double End Plate Connection Using High Strength Bolt
	Abstract
	1 Introduction
	2 Concept of the Emergency Bridge
	3 Design of Main Girder Connection
	4 Field Measurement
	5 Field Measurement Results
		5.1 Vertical Displacement
		5.2 Bolt Axial Force and Gap Between the Connected End Plates
		5.3 Strain Distribution on the Web Plates
	6 Conclusions
	Acknowledgements
	References
38 Investigation into Seasonal Effects on Vibration Frequency and Cable Forces of a Cable-Stayed Bridge Structure
	Abstract
	1 Introduction
	2 Structural Health Monitoring
		2.1 Long-Term Monitoring System
		2.2 Data Collection and Analysis
		2.3 Results and Discussion
	3 Warning Systems
		3.1 Design-Based Evaluation
		3.2 Case Study Analyses
	4 Conclusions
	References
39 The Active Rotary Inertia Driver for Vibration Control of Suspended Structures
	Abstract
	1 Introduction
	2 Characteristics of Control Force in Pendular Vibration Mode
	3 Mathematical Model of Suspended Structure with the ARID System
	4 Response Analysis of Suspended Structure with ARID System Under Multi-type Dynamic Load
		4.1 Analysis of Structure Under Free Vibration
		4.2 Analysis of Structure Under Resonance Harmonic Excitation Vibration
		4.3 Analysis of Structure Under Sweep Excitation Vibration
		4.4 Analysis of Structure Under El Centro Earthquake Vibration
		4.5 Analysis of Structure Under Sea Wave Vibration
	5 Conclusions
	References
40 Estimations for Equivalent Static Wind Loads of Dome Roof Structures
	Abstract
	1 Introduction
	2 Experimental Setup of Wind Tunnel Test
		2.1 Flow Simulation
		2.2 Model Configuration
		2.3 Data Processing
		2.4 Equivalent Static Wind Loads
	3 Results and Discussions
		3.1 Mean and R.M.S Pressure Coefficients
		3.2 Response Effect Comparisons
	4 Conclusions
	References
41 Design and Experimental Research of Xinghai Bay Cross-Sea Bridge in China
	Abstract
	1 Introduction
	2 Structure Design
		2.1 Truss
		2.2 Bridge Deck
		2.3 Tower
		2.4 Main Cable and Hanger
		2.5 Cable Clamp
		2.6 Cable Saddle
		2.7 Anchorage and Caisson Foundation
	3 Experimental Research
	4 Conclusion
	Acknowledgements
	References
42 Evaluation of Vibration Characteristics of RC and PRC Beam Members Under Cyclic Train Loading
	Abstract
	1 Introduction
	2 Experimental Method
		2.1 Specimen
		2.2 Loading Pattern
	3 Experimental Results
		3.1 Static Load-Displacement Relationship
		3.2 Dynamic Characteristics Variation Due to Cyclic Loading
	4 Conclusions
	References
43 The Role of Reinforced Piles in Stability Analysis of Road Embankment on Soft Ground
	Abstract
	1 Introduction
	2 Embankment Design
		2.1 Modelling and Materials
		2.2 Calculation Scenarios
			2.2.1 Effect of Lateral Load (P)
			2.2.2 Effect of D400 Pile Length (L)
			2.2.3 Effect of Steep Slope of Embankment (I%)
	3 Conclusions
	References
44 Resonance Effect of Separate Twin Bridges Due to Traffic Load-A Case Study
	Abstract
	1 Introduction
	2 Analyses and Simulation
		2.1 Structural Analysis
		2.2 Finite Element Analysis
	3 Experimental Study
		3.1 Short Term Monitoring
		3.2 Experimental Scenarios
			3.2.1 Vehicles Working Condition
			3.2.2 Natural Excitation Working Condition
			3.2.3 Normal Operation Working Condition
		3.3 Results
	4 Conclusions
	Acknowledgment
	References
45 A Backup Marine Fender System
	Abstract
	1 Introduction
	2 Methodology
		2.1 Configuration of Metal Cutting Experiment
		2.2 Specimen Preparation and Test Parameters
		2.3 Numerical Investigation
	3 Results and Discussions
		3.1 Experimental and Numerical Results
		3.2 Hybrid Fender System and Implementation Scenario
	4 Conclusions
	References
46 A Preliminary Study on the Performance of a Flexible Sheetlike Blade Wind Turbine Inspired by the Borneo Camphor Seed
	Abstract
	1 Introduction
	2 Numerical Setup
		2.1 Turbine Geometry
		2.2 Equation
		2.3 Numerical Setup and Solver Validation
		2.4 Experiment Setup
	3 Results and Discussions
		3.1 Power Coefficient
		3.2 Yaw Recovery
		3.3 Advantages and Potential Applications
	4 Conclusions
	Acknowledgements
	References
47 Study on Timber Wall Reinforcing with High-Performance Fiber Webbing
	Abstract
	1 Introduction
		1.1 Earthquakes and Damages on Timber Houses in Japan
		1.2 High-Performance Fiber
	2 Tensile Experiment on High-Performance Webbing with Screw Joints
		2.1 About High-Performance Webbing
		2.2 Outline of Specimens
		2.3 Results of Tensile Experiment
	3 Experiment on Timber Wall Reinforced with Screw and High-Performance Webbing
		3.1 Outline of Experiment
		3.2 Outline of Specimen
		3.3 Result and Interpretation
	4 Experiment on Timber Wall Reinforced with Metal Joints and High-Performance Webbing
		4.1 Outline of Experiment
		4.2 Outline of Specimen
		4.3 Result and Interpretation
	5 Conclusions
	Acknowledgements
	References
48 Optimal Design for Stability Performance of Super Tall Residential Tower Equipped with Reinforced Concrete Outriggers
	Abstract
	1 Introduction
	2 Theoretical Basis
		2.1 Formula Correction of Rigidity-Gravity Ratio
		2.2 Relationship Between Modified Rigidity-Gravity Ratio and Structural Member Cost
		2.3 Working Principle of Reinforced Concrete Outrigger
	3 Engineering Case
	4 Conclusions
	References
49 Study on Practical Application of Damping Control Ceiling
	Abstract
	1 Introduction
		1.1 Background of This Research
		1.2 Concept of Damping Ceiling System
		1.3 Concept of Damping Control Ceiling System
	2 Experiment Outline
		2.1 Experiment Outline
		2.2 Specimens
		2.3 Vibration Case
			2.3.1 White Noise Wave
			2.3.2 Sine Wave
			2.3.3 Response Wave
	3 Results of Experiment
		3.1 Natural Period and Damping Ration of Each Specimen
		3.2 Sine Wave
		3.3 Seismic Response Wave
	4 Conclusions
	Reference
50 Research on Prevention of Collapse of Existing Dangerous Masonry Walls by Reinforcement Using Polyurea Resin and Aramid Fiber Tape
	Abstract
	1 Introduction
	2 Test Outline
		2.1 Loading Plan
		2.2 Specimen Overview
			2.2.1 Concrete Block Wall
			2.2.2 Brick Wall
			2.2.3 Polyurea Resin
			2.2.4 Aramid Fiber Tape
	3 Test Specimen List
		3.1 Concrete Brock Wall (CB)
		3.2 Brick Wall (R)
	4 Test Result
		4.1 Load-Displacement Relations
		4.2 Test Result List
	5 Conclusion
		5.1 Polyurea Resin
		5.2 Aramid Fiber Tape
		5.3 Suggestions for Further Research
	Reference
51 Research on the Development of the Semi-rigid Column Base of Reinforced Concrete
	Abstract
	1 Introduction
	2 Parametric Experiment of Semi-rigid Column Base with Tapered Part
		2.1 Outlines of Specimen and Experimental Method
		2.2 Experimental Result
	3 Analysis and Study
		3.1 Effect of Taper Angle Under High Axial Force
		3.2 Examination of the Necessary Amount of Shear Reinforcement to Ensure Deformation Performance
		3.3 Examination of Fluctuation of Initial Rigidity Due to Axial Force
		3.4 Examination of Core Concrete Cross Section for Ultimate Bending Strength Calculation
	4 Conclusions
	References
52 Optimal Placement of Rigid Outriggers for Super Tall Buildings Located in High Seismic Intensity Area Based on Storey Drift Sensitivity Vectors
	Abstract
	1 Introduction
	2 Story Drift Ratio Sensitivity Analysis
		2.1 Calculation Principle of Story Drift Ratio
		2.2 Calculation Principle of Sensitivity Vector Method
	3 Case Study
	4 The Effect of the Number of Outriggers on the Structural Performance
	5 Conclusions
	References
53 Calculation of Structural Response and Response Sensitivity with Improved Substructuring Method
	Abstract
	1 Introduction
	2 Substructuring Method to Structural Response
	3 Substructuring Method to Response Sensitivity
	4 Case Study: A Practical Bridge
	5 Conclusions
	Acknowledgements
	References
54 Influence of Soil-Structure Interaction on Dynamics of Offshore Wind Turbine Structure
	Abstract
	1 Introduction
	2 Offshore Wind Turbine Model and Case Studies
	3 Natural Frequency Analysis and Discussion
	4 Conclusions
	Acknowledgements
	References
55 Combined Spar and Partially Porous Wall Fish Cage for Offshore Site
	Abstract
	1 Introduction
	2 Design Features of COSPAR Fish Cage
	3 Concluding Remarks
	References
56 Development of Energyhub@Sea Concept
	Abstract
	1 Introduction
		1.1 The Mediterranean Sea Site
	2 Design Considerations
		2.1 Module Size Considerations
		2.2 Module Shape Considerations
		2.3 Module Principle Considerations
	3 Configuration of the Energy Hub
		3.1 Personnel on the O&M Hub
		3.2 Space Distribution
	4 Energy Demand and Supply
		4.1 Solar Energy
		4.2 Wind Energy
		4.3 Wave Energy
	5 Conclusions
	Acknowledgements
	References
57 Design and Construction of the Large Concrete Floating Pier at Incheon Harbor
	Abstract
	1 Introduction
	2 Design Considerations for the Concrete Floating Pier
		2.1 Design Concept
		2.2 Environmental Conditions and Design Loads
	3 Construction Method for the Concrete Pier
		3.1 Conventional Construction Method
		3.2 Modular Construction Method
		3.3 Module Installation of the Modular Construction Method
		3.4 Module Installation of the Modular Construction Method
	4 Conclusions
	References
Structures Under Extreme Loadings
58 Fused Bridge Structures for Higher Impact Resistance
	Abstract
	1 Introduction
	2 A New Type of Structural Fuse
		2.1 Ductility Problem
		2.2 An Unconventional Solution to the Ductility Problem
		2.3 New Structural Fuse
	3 Design Philosophy of Fused Structures
		3.1 Determination of Reliability Index
		3.2 Design of CY Beam
	4 Application
	5 Impact Resistance
	6 Conclusions
	References
59 Performance of Bio-mimetic Cellular Structures Under Impulsive Loads
	Abstract
	1 Introduction
	2 Numerical Model
		2.1 Developing the Quill-like Structure
		2.2 Material Model
		2.3 Blast Load and Boundary Conditions
		2.4 Mesh Density and Convergence Study
	3 Results and Discussion
	4 Conclusion
	References
60 Experimental Study on Cross Arms Inserted in Concrete-Filled Circular GFRP Tubular Columns
	Abstract
	1 Introduction
	2 Experimental Program
		2.1 Specimen and Materials
		2.2 Test Set-up and Data Acquisition
	3 Results and Discussions
		3.1 Failure Mode and Strain Development
		3.2 Displacement of the Cross Arm
	4 Conclusions
	Acknowledgements
	References
61 Local Failure Mechanism of RC Slabs Subjected to Deformable Projectile Impact
	Abstract
	1 Introduction
	2 Experimental Program
	3 Numerical Investigation
	4 Conclusions
	References
62 Flexural Performance of Precast Segmental Concrete Beams Prestressed with CFRP Tendons
	Abstract
	1 Introduction
	2 Experimental Program
		2.1 Specimen Design
		2.2 Materials
		2.3 Fabrication and Test Setup
	3 Results and Discussion
		3.1 Summary of the Test Results
		3.2 Effect of Bonding Condition and Joint Type
	4 Numerical Model
		4.1 Description of Numerical Model
		4.2 Concrete Material Model
		4.3 Reinforcement Material Model
		4.4 Modelling Procedure
		4.5 Model Calibration
	5 Conclusions
	Acknowledgements
	References
63 Investigation of Safety Distance Effect on Gas Storage Tanks Subjected to Vapor Cloud Fast Deflagration by Using Flacs
	Abstract
	1 Introduction
	2 Experiment
		2.1 Experimental Details
		2.2 Experimental Results
	3 CFD Simulation and Validation
	4 Safety Distance Effect on Blast Wave Decay
	5 Conclusions
	References
64 Dynamic Tensile Properties of Clay Brick at High Strain Rates
	Abstract
	1 Introduction
	2 Experimental Setup
	3 Results and Analysis
	4 Conclusion
	Acknowledgements
	References
65 Effect of Relative Density on the Mechanical Behavior of Coral Sand Under High Strain Rate
	Abstract
	1 Introduction
	2 Materials and Methodology
		2.1 Coral Sand
		2.2 Assembling of the Specimen
		2.3 SHPB Apparatus
	3 Results and Discussion
	4 Conclusions
	Acknowledgements
	References
66 Experimental Study and Numerical Simulation for the Anti-explosion Performance of Steel Plate-Reinforced Concrete Composite Beam
	Abstract
	1 Introduction
	2 Experiment
	3 Numerical Simulations
		3.1 Numerical Model
		3.2 Modelling of Materials
			3.2.1 Concrete
			3.2.2 Steel Reinforcement Bars and Plate
			3.2.3 TNT Explosive and Air
	4 Comparison Between Numerical and Experimental Results
	5 Conclusions
	References
67 Resistance of Lattice Core Sandwich Cylinders to Internal Blast Loading
	Abstract
	1 Introduction
	2 State of Problem and Finite Element Model
	3 Results and Discussions
	4 Concluding Remarks
	Acknowledgements
	References
68 Dynamic Behavior of Jacket Foundation for Offshore Wind Turbine Subjected to Ship Impact
	Abstract
	1 Introduction
	2 Numerical Simulations
		2.1 Description of the FE Model
		2.2 Effect of Ship Speed on Dynamic Behaviour of OWT
		2.3 Effect of Collision Location on Dynamic Behaviour of OWT
		2.4 Effect of Thickness of Tubular Joint on Dynamic Behaviour of OWT
		2.5 Effect of Collision Damage on Load-Bearing Capacity of OWT
	3 Conclusions
	Acknowledgements
	References
69 Interfacial Bond Behaviour of Fiber Reinforced Polymer Sheets Externally Bonded to Geopolymer Concrete
	Abstract
	1 Introduction
	2 Experimental Study
	3 Analytical Study
	4 Conclusion
	References
70 Experimental and Theoretical Research on Tensile Resistance Capacity of Eight-Bolted Footplate in Steel Transmission Tower
	Abstract
	1 Introduction
	2 Tensile Experiment
		2.1 Test Setup and Specimens
		2.2 Arrangement of Measuring Points
		2.3 Test Results
		2.4 Determination of Bearing Capacity
		2.5 Parameter Analysis and Failure Mode
	3 Design Method of Bearing Capacity for Baseplate
	4 Verification of the Proposed Method
	5 Conclusions
	Acknowledgements
	References
71 Influence of Detonation Point on Blast Loads Induced With Cylindrical Charges
	Abstract
	1 Introduction
	2 Development of FE Model
	3 Results and Discussion on Parameters
		3.1 Peak Overpressure
		3.2 Impulse
	4 Conclusions
	Acknowledgements
	References
72 Reliability-Based Constant-Damage Ductility Demand Spectra of Mid-Rise RC Building Structures Using Modified Equivalent Linearization Method
	Abstract
	1 Introduction
	2 Literature Review
	3 Modified Equivalent Linearization Method (MELM)
	4 Reliability-Based CDDDS
	5 Conclusions
	Acknowledgements
	References
73 Study on Structural Collapse Behavior of Reinforced Concrete Building Under Near-Fault Earthquakes
	Abstract
	1 Introduction
	2 Experimental Specimen Design
	3 Test Program and Results
	4 Conclusions
	References
74 Cyclic Loading Tests on Seismic Retrofit of Reinforced Concrete Bridge Pier with Embedded Seismic Retrofit Rebar and Aramid Fiber-Reinforced Plastic Sheets Jacketing
	Abstract
	1 Introduction
	2 Outline of the Test
		2.1 Specimens
		2.2 Dimensions of Specimens and Retrofitting Details
		2.3 Testing Method and Measured Items
	3 Experiment Result
		3.1 Hysteresis Loops of Horizontal Load and Displacement
		3.2 Damage of Concrete
		3.3 Damage State of Retrofitting Rebar
		3.4 Prediction of Horizontal Displacement of Retrofitting Rebar After Low-Cycle Fatigue
	4 Summary
	References
75 Evaluation of Pulse Wave Effect in Inland Crustal Earthquake Ground Motion
	Abstract
	1 Introduction
	2 Analytical Methods
		2.1 Energy Input of Ground Motion to SDOF System
		2.2 Duration Based on Cumulative Energy Input
		2.3 Energy Input Efficiency Based on Cumulative Energy Input
	3 Numerical Example Using Record at KiK-net Mashiki Station
		3.1 Energy Input Rate and Cumulative Energy Input
		3.2 Time-Frequency Analysis Using Energy Input
		3.3 Duration Based on Cumulative Energy Input
	4 Numerical Example Using Various Records
	5 Conclusions
	Acknowledgements
	References
76 Study of Bridge Damages Induced Earthquakes in Japan and Strength Hierarchy Design
	Abstract
	1 Introduction
	2 Strength Hierarchy and Bridge Damage Elements
		2.1 Tendency of Damaged Elements of Bridge in Past Earthquakes
			2.1.1 Investigation Earthquake Damaged Bridges
			2.1.2 Bridge Damages Induced Level 1 Earthquakes Before 1995
			2.1.3 Bridge Damages Induced Level 2 Earthquakes Since 1995
		2.2 Strength Hierarchy of Damaged Bridge Piers
	3 Strength Hierarchy Design
		3.1 Damage Induction for Over Design Earthquakes
		3.2 Strength Control of Piers and Bearings for Strength Hierarchy Design
	4 Conclusions
	References
77 Dynamic Behavior of Foundation for Steel Post of Rockfall Protection Fence Under Impact Loading
	Abstract
	1 Introduction
	2 Experimental Overview
		2.1 Test Specimen and Experimental Method
		2.2 Measuring Quantities
	3 Experimental Results and Discussions
		3.1 Static Loading Tests
		3.2 Impact Loading Tests
		3.3 Comparisons of Load-Displacement Curves
		3.4 Considerations Concerning Anchoring Depth of Post
	4 Conclusions
	References
78 A Leverage-Type Variable Friction Damper for Seismic Protection of Structural Systems
	Abstract
	1 Introduction
	2 Dynamic Equation of a Structure with a LVFD
	3 Control Law-Proportional Displacement Control
	4 Evaluation of Control Performance of LVFD by Numerical Simulation
		4.1 System Parameters of Numerical Examples
		4.2 Control Performance of LVFD for a Single-DOF Structure
		4.3 Control Performance of LVFD for a 3-Story Shear Structure
	5 Conclusions
	Acknowledgements
	References
79 Inelastic Deformation Ratio Evaluation and Application to the Seismic Codes
	Abstract
	1 Introduction
	2 Inelastic Deformation Ratio
		2.1 Theoretical Background
		2.2 Elastic and Inelastic Deformation Response Spectra
		2.3 Simplified Expression for Inelastic Deformation Ratio
	3 Application
	4 Conclusions
	References
80 Development of 1D and 2D Portable Shaking Table Test System as Educational Materials
	Abstract
	1 Introduction
	2 Hardware and Software
		2.1 Hardware
		2.2 Software
	3 Behavior of Actuator
	4 Applications
		4.1 Exercise of Calculation of Structure Response
			4.1.1 Natural Period and Damping Factor
			4.1.2 Forced Vibration and Response of Structure Model
		4.2 Use of Two Actuators
			4.2.1 2-Axis Shaking Table
			4.2.2 Observation of Model Response Excited by Different Period and Amplitude
			4.2.3 Presentation of Earthquake Damage Using Diorama
	5 Conclusions
	References
81 Experimental Study on Dynamic Behaviors of Flexural Strengthened RC Beams with AFRP Sheet Having 1660 g/m2 Mass Under Consecutive Impact Loading
	Abstract
	1 Introduction
	2 Experimental Overview
	3 Experimental Results and Discussions
		3.1 Static Loading Tests
			3.1.1 Load-Deflection Curves
			3.1.2 Crack Patterns of RC Beams
		3.2 Drop-Weight Impact Tests
			3.2.1 Time Histories of Impact Force, Reaction Force, and Deflection
			3.2.2 Relationships Between Maximum Response Values and Input Impact Energy
			3.2.3 Crack Patterns of RC Beams After Consecutive Loading
	4 Conclusions
	Acknowledgements
	References
82 Mechanical Properties and Seismic Performance Research on Primary-Secondary Structure for High-Rise Building
	Abstract
	1 Introduction
	2 Design of Analysis Model Structures
	3 Mechanical Properties of Primary-Secondary Structures
		3.1 Mechanical Properties Under Vertical Load
		3.2 Mechanical Properties Under Lateral Load
		3.3 Influence Factors of Structural Lateral Stiffness
	4 Simplified Lateral Displacement Calculation Method
		4.1 Modules Stiffness Calculation Method
		4.2 Lateral Displacement Calculation Method
	5 Conclusions
	Acknowledgements
	References
83 Evaluating and Enhancing Seismic Performance of Water Distribution System in Terms of Fire Suppression
	Abstract
	1 Introduction
	2 Methodology
		2.1 Analysing Fire Suppression Capability of Seismically Damaged WDS
			2.1.1 Repair Rate of the Pipeline System
			2.1.2 Calculate Available Fire Flow Using Pressure-Driven Hydraulic Analysis
		2.2 Optimal Retrofit Sequence Based on Cost Efficiency
	3 Illustration and Discussion
		3.1 Case Description
		3.2 Evaluation of Post-earthquake Fire Suppression Capability
		3.3 Optimal Retrofit Strategy
	4 Conclusions
	References
84 Research on Suspended Tuned Mass Damper in Wind Vibration Control of the Steel Chimney
	Abstract
	1 Introduction
	2 Simulation of Fluctuating Wind
		2.1 Fluctuating Along-Wind Load
		2.2 Fluctuating Cross-Wind Load
		2.3 Combination of Along-Wind and Cross-Wind
	3 Design and Analysis of STMD
	4 Conclusions
	References
85 Viscous Dampers Based Standardized Design of Modular Steel Structures in Different Seismic Zones
	Abstract
	1 Introduction
	2 Modular Steel Structure
	3 Viscous Dampers Based Modular Steel Structures in Different Seismic Zones Standardized Design Method
		3.1 Calculation of Target Additional Damping Ratio
		3.2 VD Design
			3.2.1 Geometric Parameters Design
			3.2.2 Optimal VD Design Method
		3.3 Overall Design Process
	4 Case Study
	5 Conclusion
	References
86 Economical Evaluation of Comprehensive Seismic Risk in Consideration of Construction System, Site and Use
	Abstract
	1 Introduction
		1.1 Research Background
		1.2 Earthquake Risk Assessment Flow
	2 Comparison of Earthquake Hazards
		2.1 Verification Target Location
		2.2 Type of Seismic Hazard
		2.3 Evaluation Method of Loss Curve and Risk Curve
	3 Seismic Risk Assessment of Aseismic Buildings
		3.1 PML Comparison by Average and Maximum Cases
		3.2 PML Comparison by Excess Probability
	4 Seismic Risk Assessment of Seismically Isolated Buildings
		4.1 PML Comparison in Earthquake Resistance and Seismic Isolation
		4.2 PML Comparison by Excess Probability
		4.3 Life Cycle Cost Comparison
	5 Conclusion
	References
87 Developed Research to Carry Out Prediction Damage from Measuring Microtremor
	Abstract
	1 Introduction
	2 Measuring Microtremor
		2.1 Overview of Measuring Microtremor
		2.2 Analysis Method of Dominant Period of the Ground (Constant)
		2.3 Analysis Method of Natural Period of the Building (Constant)
	3 Various Analyses
		3.1 Method of Analyzing the Period of Excellence of the Ground (Earthquake)
		3.2 Method of Analyzing the Period of Excellence of the Building (Earthquake)
		3.3 Overview of Eligible Buildings
		3.4 Load Incremental Analysis
		3.5 Earthquake Response Analysis Method
		3.6 Analysis Results and Considerations
	4 Prediction Damage
	5 Conclusions
	Acknowledgements
	Reference
Advances in Mechanics and Materials
88 Rigid-Mass Vehicle Model for Identification of Bridge Frequencies Concerning Pitching Effect
	Abstract
	1 Introduction
	2 Rigid-Mass Vehicle Model for VBI Element
	3 Numerical Results
		3.1 Effect of Road Irregularity
		3.2 Pitching Effect
	4 Conclusions
	Acknowledgements
	References
89 Large Displacement Analysis of Pinned-Fixed Circular Arches with Different Rise-to-Span Ratios Using an Isogeometric Approach
	Abstract
	1 Introduction
	2 NURBS-Based Euler-Bernoulli Beams
		2.1 Reference and Current Configurations
		2.2 Strain Measurements
		2.3 Stress Resultants
		2.4 NURBS-Based Discrete Equations
	3 Numerical Results
		3.1 Comparison with Finite Element Analysis
		3.2 Effects of the Rise-to-Span Ratio
	4 Conclusions
	Acknowledgements
	References
90 A Total Lagrangian Isogeometric Timoshenko Beam Formulation for Large Displacement Analysis of 2D Frames
	Abstract
	1 Introduction
	2 Isogeometric Timoshenko Beam Formulation
		2.1 Kinematic Assumptions
		2.2 Discrete Equations
	3 Results
		3.1 Williams’ Toggle Frame
		3.2 Square Frame in Compression
	4 Conclusions
	Acknowledgements
	References
91 Experimental and Analytical Study on Lead Rubber Bearings Under Non-proportional Plane Loading
	Abstract
	1 Introduction
	2 Experimental Study and Test Results
	3 Analytical Models and Experimental Verification
	4 Conclusions
	Acknowledgements
	References
92 Study on Compression Fatigue of Rubber Bearings Used in Low Temperature Environment
	Abstract
	1 Introduction
	2 Fatigue Test Under Subfreezing
		2.1 Outline of Test Model
		2.2 Cyclic Compression Fatigue Test
		2.3 Evaluation Method of Influence by Fatigue Test
	3 Test Result and Consideration
		3.1 Equivalent Stiffness and Influence on Equivalent Damping Constant
		3.2 Compression Stiffness
		3.3 Evaluation of Appearance
	4 Conclusions
	Reference
93 Charpy Absorbed Energy of Cold Press-Bent Steel Plates Made of SM520C
	Abstract
	1 Introduction
	2 Methods
		2.1 Cold Press-Bent Steel Plates
		2.2 Vicker’s Hardness Test
		2.3 Charpy Impact Test
	3 Experimental Results
		3.1 Vicker’s Hardness Test
		3.2 Charpy Impact Test
			3.2.1 Charpy Absorbed Energy
			3.2.2 Area of Brittle Failure
	4 Future Directions
	5 Conclusions
	Acknowledgements
	References
94 A Study on the Vertical Pull-off Testing and Horizontal Shear Testing Strength of External Wall Tile Adhesion
	Abstract
	1 Introduction—Major Heading
	2 Literature Review
		2.1 Interface of Deterioration
		2.2 Pull-off Testing
	3 Experiment Planning
		3.1 Specimen
		3.2 Instrument
			3.2.1 Experiment Period
			3.2.2 Instrument
	4 Experimental Data Analysis
	5 Conclusions
	Acknowledgements
	References
95 The Roles of Mechanics Courses in Student-Centered Civil Engineering Education
	Abstract
	1 Background for Student-Centered Engineering Education
		1.1 International Background
		1.2 Background in China
		1.3 Aims of the Study
	2 Current Situation of Mechanics Courses in Civil Engineering Education in China
		2.1 The Current Curriculum System
		2.2 Traditional Aims and Objectives of the Mechanics Courses
	3 Cultivation of Creative Thinking Ability Through Mechanics Courses—A Small Practical Example in Teaching
		3.1 The Main Idea
		3.2 Heuristic of Innovation in Scientific Development
		3.3 Heuristic of Innovation in Practice
	4 Conclusions
	Acknowledgements
	References
96 Investigation on Dynamic Bond-Slip Behaviour Between Steel Reinforcement and Concrete Under Various Loading Rate
	Abstract
	1 Introduction
	2 Experimental Programme
		2.1 Specimen Design
		2.2 Test Set-up and Instrumentation
		2.3 Material Properties
	3 Experimental Results
		3.1 Stress-Slip Relationship
		3.2 Strain Distribution
		3.3 Local Bond Stress
	4 Conclusions
	Acknowledgements
	References
97 Experimental Study on Seismic Behaviors of a New Type of Transferring Joint with Top Steel Column Embedded to the Panel Zone
	Abstract
	1 Introduction
	2 Experimental Program
		2.1 Test Specimens
		2.2 Test Setup and Loading History
		2.3 Material Properties
	3 Experimental Results and Analysis
		3.1 Damage Patterns
		3.2 Load Versus Column Top Displacement Curves
		3.3 Energy Dissipation Capacity
	4 Factors Influencing the Seismic Performance of Transferring Joints
		4.1 Effect of the Axial Compression Ratio
		4.2 Effect of the Upper-Panel Zone Concrete
	5 Conclusions
	References
98 Buckling Analysis of Nanoplates Incorporating Surface Stress Effects
	Abstract
	1 Introduction
	2 Mathematical Modelling
		2.1 Problem Definition
		2.2 Variational Formulation
	3 Results and Discussion
		3.1 Comparison Studies
		3.2 Case Studies with Surface Stress Effect
	4 Conclusions
	Acknowledgements
	References
99 Polymer-Based Composite Materials for Industralised Building System in Flooding Situations
	Abstract
	1 Introduction
	2 Materials
		2.1 Woven Glass Fabric (E-Glass)
		2.2 Polyester Resin
		2.3 Calcium Carbonate
		2.4 Fly Ash
	3 Methodology
		3.1 Mechanical Testing
		3.2 Water Absorption Test
	4 Results and Discussion
		4.1 Tensile Strength
		4.2 Compressive Strength
		4.3 Flexural Strength
		4.4 Water Absorption
	5 Conclusions
	Acknowledgements
	References
100 A Fracture Mechanics Approach to Estimate Fracture-Induced Unstable Failure in Steel Structures
	Abstract
	1 Introduction
	2 Fracture Resistance of Material Specimens
		2.1 η-Based Experimental Approach
		2.2 Hybrid Approach
	3 Fracture Resistance in Welded Components
	4 Fracture Modified Load-Deformation Relationship
		4.1 Welded CHS Joints
		4.2 Large-Scale Steel Frame
	5 Conclusions
	References
101 Comparison of Numerical and Semi-analytical Dynamic Results for Inclined Beam Under Moving Load
	Abstract
	1 Introduction
	2 Mathematical Formulation
	3 Numerical Method
		3.1 Discretization of Domain
		3.2 Weak Form
		3.3 Galerkin’s Method
	4 Semi-analytical Method
		4.1 Fourier Sine Series
	5 Comparison of the Two Methods
		5.1 Dynamic Response for Beam’s Deflection and Velocity
		5.2 Nonstationary Dynamic Response
	6 Conclusions
	References
Advanced Analysis and Test Methods
102 Bayesian Modeling of Axial Strain-Hardening Behaviour in Railway Ballast
	Abstract
	1 Introduction
	2 Methodology
		2.1 Rail-Sleeper-Ballast System Model
		2.2 MCMC-Based Bayesian Model Updating and Model Class Selection
	3 Experimental Analysis and Results
	4 Conclusions
	Acknowledgements
	References
103 Bayesian Learning and Model Class Selection for Complex Dynamic Systems
	Abstract
	1 Introduction
	2 The Framework of Bayesian Learning
		2.1 Posterior PDF
		2.2 Sampling Algorithm
		2.3 Bayesian Model Class Selection
	3 Case Study on a Full-Scale Building
	4 Conclusions
	Acknowledgements
	References
104 Reliability Analysis of Reinforced Concrete Beam Under Differential Settlement
	Abstract
	1 Introduction
	2 Progressive Failure Analysis-Based Reliability Method
		2.1 Progressive Failure Analysis
		2.2 Development of Performance Function for Reliability Analysis
	3 Results and Discussions
	4 Conclusions
	Acknowledgements
	References
105 Analysis of Scattering and Mode Conversion of Torsional Guided Waves by Cracks in Pipes Using Time-Domain Spectral Element Method
	Abstract
	1 Introduction
	2 Mathematical Framework for Time-Domain SEM
		2.1 Time-Domain Spectral Element Method
		2.2 Cracked Element Model
	3 Validation by Experimental Data
	4 Conclusions
	References
106 Ultrasonic Guided Wave Field Modeling in a One-Side Water-Immersed Steel Plate
	Abstract
	1 Introduction
	2 3D FE Simulation
	3 Results and Discussion
	4 Conclusions
	Acknowledgements
	References
107 Use of Deep Learning Algorithm to Detect Road Damage and Closures After the 2016 Kumamoto Japan Earthquake
	Abstract
	1 Introduction
	2 Development of the Image Classifier Based on Deep Learning
		2.1 Dataset of the Images Captured from an Automobile
		2.2 Development of the Image Classifier
	3 Application of the Image Classifier
	4 Conclusions
	References
108 Assessment and Repair for North Breakwater Dome in Wakkanai Port
	Abstract
	1 Introduction
	2 Structure of the North Breakwater Dome
	3 Inspection and Deterioration Prediction
		3.1 Methods for Inspection and Deterioration Prediction
		3.2 Results of Inspection for Outer Surface of the Dome
		3.3 Results of Inspection for the Inner Surface of the Dome
	4 Deterioration Evaluation and Setting of the Range for Repair
		4.1 Evaluation of Damage on the Outer Surface of the Dome Wall and the Range for Repair
		4.2 Evaluation of Deterioration on the Inner Surface of Dome Wall and the Range for Repair
	5 Repair Method for the Dome Wall
	6 Conclusions
	Acknowledgements
	References
109 Infrared Thermography for Detecting Subsurface Defects of Concrete Structures
	Abstract
	1 Introduction
	2 Methods
		2.1 Materials
		2.2 Experimental Setup
		2.3 Numerical Modelling
	3 Results and Discussions
		3.1 Experimental Results and Numerical Model Validation
		3.2 Numerical Parametric Studies
			3.2.1 Numerical Results
	4 Conclusions
	Acknowledgements
	References
110 Estimating Remaining Ductility of Corroded Steel by Using Surface Roughness Characteristics Based on Tensile Coupon Test Results
	Abstract
	1 Introduction
	2 Materials and Test Methods
		2.1 Specimens Fabrication
		2.2 Instrumentation and Testing
	3 Results and Discussions
		3.1 Surface Roughness Characteristics
		3.2 Tensile Tests Results
			3.2.1 Load-Elongation Characteristics
			3.2.2 Deformation Capacity
		3.3 Effects of Surface Roughness on Strain Distribution
		3.4 Development of Ductility-Surface Roughness Relationships
	4 Conclusions
	References
111 Risk Estimation of Bridges and Bridge Networks Under Seismic and Subsequent Tsunami Hazards
	Abstract
	1 Introduction
	2 Risk Estimation of Road Networks Under Seismic and Tsunami Hazards
	3 Illustrative Example
	4 Conclusions
	Acknowledgements
	References
112 Device Development for Compressive Stress Field Using Piezoelectric Actuator
	Abstract
	1 Introduction
	2 Life Extension Experiment Method Using Piezoelectric Actuator
		2.1 Purpose
		2.2 Outline of Fatigue Test
	3 Experimental Results and Consideration
		3.1 Stress Control Experiment by Stress Relaxation Using Piezoelectric Actuator
	4 Conclusion
	References
113 Seismic Evaluation of Non-ductile Reinforced Concrete Columns Failed in Shear
	Abstract
	1 Introduction
	2 Analytical Model for D Region
	3 Verification of Bottle-Shaped Strut (Short Columns)
	4 Verification of Fan Shape (Intermediate Short Columns)
	5 Conclusions
	References
114 Design of an Experimental Set-up to Capture the Dynamic Response of Mass Timber Post-and-Beam Systems Under a Column Removal Scenario
	Abstract
	1 Introduction
	2 Review of Dynamic Test Set-Ups
		2.1 Design of Quick Release System
		2.2 Design of Loading Stage
	3 Design of 2D Dynamic Tests of Timber Post-and-Beam Substructures
		3.1 Overview of the Dynamic Test Set-up
		3.2 Quick Release System
		3.3 Out-of-Plane Movement Control
		3.4 Scaling Effect
		3.5 Instrumentation Arrangement
	4 Preliminary Test Results
		4.1 Structural Response Time-History
		4.2 Failure Modes
	5 Conclusions
	Acknowledgements
	References
115 A Voxel-Based Method for Automated Road Surface Extraction from Mobile Laser Scanning Data in Expressway Environment
	Abstract
	1 Introduction
	2 Literature Review
	3 Methodology
		3.1 Seeding Voxel (Step 1)
			3.1.1 Voxel Model
			3.1.2 Seeding Point (Pseeding)
			3.1.3 Seeding Voxel
		3.2 Extracting Road Surface Points (Step 2)
		3.3 Road Surface Refinement (Step 3)
	4 Experiment Tests and Discussion
	5 Conclusion
	Acknowledgements
	References
116 Optimal Bridge Maintenance Algorithms Considering Subordinate Relation with Bridge Members
	Abstract
	1 Introduction
	2 The Optimal Maintenance Algorithm for Time and Costs
		2.1 The Prediction Model of Bridge Member Condition and the Maintenance Cost
		2.2 Optimization Model Using the Genetic Algorithm
	3 Case Study of Optimal Algorithm About Maintenance Time Point and Cost
	4 Conclusions
	Acknowledgements
	References
117 Scaled Boundary Finite Element Method for Two-Dimensional Crack Problems in Multi-field Media
	Abstract
	1 Introduction
	2 Problem Description and Basic Equations
	3 SBFE Formulation
	4 Performance of Implemented SBFEM
		4.1 Rectangular Plate Containing Edged Notch
		4.2 Rectangular Piezoelectric Plate Containing Edged Notch
	5 Conclusion
	References
118 A Simplified Method for Estimating Differential Displacement in Consideration of Structural Nonlinearity and Coupling Between Adjacent Viaducts During Earthquake
	Abstract
	1 Introduction
	2 Analysis Method
		2.1 Vibration Characteristics of Existing Structures
		2.2 Dynamic Model of Structure
		2.3 Analysis Cases
	3 Effect of Nonlinear Behavior
		3.1 Linear Case
		3.2 Nonlinear Case
	4 Effect of Coupling Between Adjacent Viaducts
	5 Proposed Method for Differential Displacment Estimation
		5.1 Conventional Method
		5.2 Proposed Method
	6 Conclusion
	References
119 Utilization of Machine Learning for Analyzing Concrete Material Consumption in Japan
	Abstract
	1 Introduction
	2 Methodology
		2.1 Data Collection
		2.2 Analysis
			2.2.1 Stepwise Regression Analysis
			2.2.2 Agglomerative Hierarchical Clustering Analysis
	3 Results and Discussion
		3.1 Stepwise Regression Analysis Results
		3.2 Agglomerative Hierarchical Clustering Analysis Results
		3.3 Cluster Characteristics
	4 Conclusions
	References
120 Updating the Reliability of Existing RC Structures in a Marine Environment Incorporating Spatial Variations
	Abstract
	1 Introduction
	2 Degradation Model of RC Structures Due to Chloride Attack
	3 Updating Random Variables in a Stochastic Field Context
		3.1 Sequential Monte Carlo Simulation (SMCS)
		3.2 Stochastic Simulation
	4 Illustrative Example
		4.1 Modeling of Observational Data
		4.2 Time-Dependent Reliability Analysis of RC Structure
	5 Conclusions
	Acknowledgements
	References
121 Structural Damage Detection with Modal Strain Energy Using Convolution Neural Network
	Abstract
	1 Introduction
	2 Methods
		2.1 Numerical Calculation and Sample
		2.2 Convolutional Neural Network
		2.3 Input and Output of Network
	3 Results
		3.1 Detection of Single Damage Location
		3.2 Detection of Damage Level
	4 Discussions
	5 Conclusion
	References
122 Simplified Model for Wind-Induced Comfort Analysis and Design of Mega-Structures with Viscous Damped Outriggers
	Abstract
	1 Introduction
	2 Simplified Wind-Induced Human Comfort Prediction Model of Mega Frame-Tube Structure
		2.1 Simplified Model Composition
		2.2 Simplify Method of Structure Member
	3 Applicability and Robustness of Simplified Model
		3.1 Influence of Column Section Axial Stiffness Coefficient on Structure Period
		3.2 Influence of Column Section Shear Stiffness on Structure Period
		3.3 Influence of Column Section Bending Stiffness on Structure Period
		3.4 Influence of Beam Section Bending Stiffness on Structure Period
		3.5 Influence of Ignoring the Normal Floor Beam on Structure Period
		3.6 Influence of Core Wall Bending Stiffness on Structure Period
		3.7 Influence of Wall Bending Stiffness on Mode Shape
	4 Conclusions
	References
123 Porcupine Quill: Buckling Resistance Analysis and Design for 3D Printing
	Abstract
	1 Introduction
	2 Experimental Setup
		2.1 Materials Preparation
		2.2 Microstructural Analysis
		2.3 Mechanical Testing
			2.3.1 3D Printing
	3 Results and Discussion
		3.1 Micro-CT Analysis
		3.2 Mechanical Testing
			3.2.1 3D Printing of Cylindrical Structure with Different Infills
	4 Conclusions
	Acknowledgements
	References
124 Investigation into Application of Artificial Intelligence to Facade
	Abstract
	1 Introduction
	2 Investigation of AI in the Context of Façade Inspection
		2.1 Understanding Neural Networks
		2.2 Understanding Convolutional Neural Networks
		2.3 Facade Inspections Utilising CNN for Damage Detection
	3 Discussion of CNN Findings and the Application to GCW
	4 Conclusions
	References
125 Barriers in Implementing the Convolutional Neural Network Damage Detector
	Abstract
	1 Introduction
	2 Characteristics of Drone-Based Façade Inspections
		2.1 Laws and Regulations of Drone-Based Facade Inspections
		2.2 Operation of Drone-Based Inspection
	3 Discussion of Drone-Based Inspection Against Current Inspection Practices
	4 Conclusions
	References
126 Development of New Oil Damper with Stiffness for Architectural Vibration Control and Experimental Research on Structural Characterization
	Abstract
	1 Introduction
	2 Composition and Characteristics of BOD
	3 Tests of Spring Unit
	4 Modeling Method of BOD
	5 Analyses of Factory Building Analysis Model
	6 Analyses of High-Rise Building Analysis Model
	7 Conclusions
	References
127 Assessing the Viability of Visual Vibrometry for Use in Structural Engineering
	Abstract
	1 Introduction
	2 Simply Supported Beam
		2.1 Specimen
		2.2 Experimental Test
			2.2.1 Visual Vibrometry Method
			2.2.2 Contact-Based Method
			2.2.3 Results
		2.3 Analytical and Numerical Solution
			2.3.1 Analytical Solution
			2.3.2 Numerical Solution
		2.4 Discussion
	3 Complex Semi-rigid Frame Structure
		3.1 Specimen
		3.2 Experimental Test
			3.2.1 Visual Vibrometry
			3.2.2 Contact-Based Method
		3.3 Numerical Model
			3.3.1 Model Parameters
			3.3.2 Semi-rigid Joint Calibration
		3.4 Discussion
	4 Conclusion
	References
Steel Structures
128 Study on an Innovative H-Beam to SHS-Column Joint with Cast Column-Link in Steel Frames
	Abstract
	1 Introduction
	2 Concept of the Joint
	3 Design of the Column-Link
		3.1 Thickness of the Column-Link Section
		3.2 Length of the Thread Engagement
	4 Conclusion
	References
129 Structural Behavior of Steel Moment-Resisting Frames Subjected to Multiple Earthquakes Considering Column Strength Deterioration
	Abstract
	1 Introduction
	2 Analytical Model
	3 Hysteretic Model
	4 Input Ground Motion
	5 Analytical Result
		5.1 Typical Structural Behavior
		5.2 Damage Evaluation of the 1st Story Column Lower End
	6 Conclusions
	Acknowledgements
	References
130 Deterioration Behavior of SHS Steel Columns Subjected to Small Amplitude Loading History
	Abstract
	1 Introduction
	2 Test Plan
		2.1 Specimen and Test Setup
		2.2 Measurement
		2.3 Test Parameter
	3 Test Result
		3.1 Load – Deformation Relationship and Cumulative Hysteresis Curve
		3.2 Axial Deformation of the Flange Plate in the Local Buckling Zone
	4 Modification of the Extended Skeleton Curve
	5 Conclusions
	Acknowledgements
	References
131 An Experimental Study on Local Buckling Strength of Welded Box Section Stub-Columns Made of SBHS400
	Abstract
	1 Introduction
		1.1 Material Properties
		1.2 Test Specimens and Apparatus
	2 Test Results
		2.1 Load-Displacement Relationship
		2.2 Out-of-Plane Deformation
		2.3 Residual Deformation
		2.4 Strain Distributions
		2.5 Comparison with the Previous Studies
	3 Conclusions
	Ackowledgements
	References
132 Proposal to Improve the DSM Design of Cold-Formed Steel Fixed-Ended Columns Failing in Global Modes
	Abstract
	1 Introduction
		1.1 Load and Resistance Factor Design (LRFD)
	2 Cold-Formed Steel Column Failure Load Data
	3 Current Direct Strength Method (DSM) Design
		3.1 Current DSM Strength Curve Predictions
	4 Proposed DSM-Based Design Curves for Fixed-Ended Columns
		4.1 Flexural-Torsional Strength
		4.2 Flexural Strength
	5 Summary of the Proposed Strength Curves
	6 Conclusions
	References
133 An Experimental Study on Buckling Strength of Stainless Steel Columns with Gusset Plates
	Abstract
	1 Introduction
	2 Experimental Designs
		2.1 Test Specimen
		2.2 Experimental Setup and Procedure
	3 Experimental Results
		3.1 Load-Displacement Relationship
		3.2 Load-Strain Relationship
		3.3 Comparison with the Ultimate Strength Curve
	4 Conclusions
	Acknowledgements
	References
134 Effect of Number of Additional Bolts Outside Splice Plates on Behaviour of Frictional Type Bolted Joints with a Filler Plate
	Abstract
	1 Introduction
	2 Tensile Tests
		2.1 Specimens
		2.2 Design Resistance
		2.3 Items and Method of Measuring
	3 Results and Discussions
		3.1 General Observations
		3.2 Influence of Filler Type on Failure Mode and Load Sharing Ratio of Each Bolt
		3.3 Parametric Studies
			3.3.1 FE Model
			3.3.2 Effect of Number of Additional Bolts Outside Splice Plates on Load Carrying Capacity
	4 Conclusions
	References
135 Bearing Limit State of High-Strength Frictional Bolted Joints Consisted of Several Bolts Based on Bolt Hole Deformation
	Abstract
	1 Introduction
	2 Tensile Tests
		2.1 Specimens
		2.2 Design Resistance
			2.2.1 Slip and Yield Resistance (For Serviceability Limit State)
			2.2.2 Ultimate Load and Expected Failure Mode (For Ultimate Limit State)
			2.2.3 Design Bearing Resistance
		2.3 Measuring Items and Method of Measuring
	3 Results and Discussions
		3.1 Load Versus Displacement
		3.2 Relationship Between Yielding Progress Path and Failure Mode
		3.3 Deformed Bearing Limit State
		3.4 Deformed Bearing Limit Stress
		3.5 Strain Distributions
		3.6 Evaluations of the Safety Margins of Resistance and Ductility for Failure
	4 Conclusions
	Acknowledgements
	References
136 Experimental Research and Parametric Study on the Fatigue Performance of Slotted Tubular Connection Based on the Effective Notch Stress Approach
	Abstract
	1 Introduction
	2 Experimental Procedure
		2.1 Experimental Specimens
		2.2 Test Procedure
	3 Results
	4 The Effective Notch Stress Analysis
		4.1 Effective Notch Stress Analysis of Fatigue Experiments
		4.2 Parameters Effects on K_{t}
	5 Conclusions
	References
137 Experimental Study of a Prefabricated Steel Frame System with Buckling-Restrained Braces
	Abstract
	1 Introduction
	2 Experimental Design
	3 Test Rig Setup and Loading Protocol
	4 Experimental Results and Numerical Comparison
		4.1 Experimental Observations
		4.2 Experimental and Numerical Result Comparisons
	5 Conclusions
	References
138 Automatic Optimal Design of Steel Modular Buildings Under Different Wind Load Levels
	Abstract
	1 Introduction
	2 Structure
	3 Theoretical Basis
		3.1 The Optimal Design Based on Sensitivity Analysis
		3.2 The Automatic Optimal Design
		3.3 The Automatic Optimal Design of Steel Modular Buildings Under Different Wind Load Levels
	4 Case Study
	5 Conclusions
	References
139 Instability of Metal Scaffold with and Without Settlement
	Abstract
	1 Introduction
	2 Formulation of Soil Spring
	3 Parametric Studies
		3.1 Freestanding Scaffolds with Partial Settlement
		3.2 Putlog Scaffolding System with Partial Settlement
		3.3 Soil Spring’s Stiffness
	4 Conclusions
	References
140 Experimental and Numerical Analysis on the Mechanical Behaviour of Box Beam Cold-Formed Steel Built-up C-Sections
	Abstract
	1 Introduction
	2 Experimental Investigation
		2.1 Test Specimens
		2.2 Test Setup
		2.3 Test Procedure
		2.4 Material Properties
		2.5 Experiment Results and Discussion
	3 Numerical Analysis
		3.1 Element Type
		3.2 Material Properties
		3.3 Boundary, Loading and Contact Conditions
		3.4 Analysis Procedure
		3.5 Comparison of Numerical Results with Experimental Results
	4 Conclusions
	Acknowledgements
	References
141 Compression Tests on High Strength S690 Welded Sections with Various Heat Energy Input
	Abstract
	1 Introduction
		1.1 Adverse Effects of Welding onto High Strength Steels
		1.2 Related Investigations on High Strength S690 Steel Plates and Their Welded Sections
	2 Experimental Tests
		2.1 Test Programme and Set-up
		2.2 Test Results
	3 Conclusions
	Acknowledgements
	References
142 Transformation Rules on Engineering Stress Strain Curves of S690 Funnel-Shaped Coupons
	Abstract
	1 Introduction
	2 Stress-Strain Characteristics of Funnel-Shaped Test Coupons
		2.1 Dimensions of Cylindrical and Funnel-Shaped Coupons
		2.2 Standard Tensile Tests of Funnel-Shaped and Standard Cylindrical Coupons
		2.3 Deformation of Funnel-Shaped Coupon
			2.3.1 Deformation at the Elastic Stage
			2.3.2 Deformation at the Plateau Stage
			2.3.3 Deformation at the Hardening Stage
	3 Effect of Non-uniform Stresses at the Funnel-Shaped Region
	4 Equivalent Engineering Stress-Strain Characteristics
	5 Verification of the Theoretical Transformation Rules Using Advance Finite Element Method
	6 Conclusions
	Acknowledgements
	Appendix A – Calculation Procedures for Deformation of Funnel-Shaped Coupons at Different Deformation Stages
	References
143 Investigations into Compression Behaviour of T-Joints Between S690 Circular Hollow Sections Under Brace Axial Force
	Abstract
	1 Introduction
	2 Experimental Investigation
		2.1 Test Programme
		2.2 Test Setup and Test Procedures
		2.3 Test Results
			2.3.1 Failure Modes
			2.3.2 Load-Chord Indentation Curves
			2.3.3 Joint Resistances
	3 Numerical Investigation
		3.1 Proposed Finite Element Model
		3.2 Validation of Numerical Models
	4 Conclusions
	Acknowledgements
	References
144 Structural Behaviour of High Strength S690 Cold-Formed Structural Hollow Sections Under Compression
	Abstract
	1 Introduction
	2 Fabrication and Material Properties
		2.1 Fabrication and Residual Stresses
		2.2 Material Properties
	3 Stocky Column Tests Under Compression
		3.1 Test Programme
		3.2 Test Results
	4 Slender Column Tests Under Compression
		4.1 Test Programme
		4.2 Test Results
	5 Conclusions
	Acknowledgements
	References
145 Structural Responses of High Strength S690 Welded Sections Under Different Cyclic Actions
	Abstract
	1 Introduction
	2 Experimental Investigations
		2.1 Material Properties
	3 Cyclic Test Results
	4 Conclusions
	Acknowledgements
	References
Concrete and Composite Structures
146 Restoring Force Drift Angle Relationship Models of Reinforced Concrete Columns with Side Walls
	Abstract
	1 Introduction
	2 Model of the Backbone Curve of the Restoring Force of Columns with Side Walls
		2.1 Outline of the Model
		2.2 Models of Member Failing in Flexure
			2.2.1 Ultimate Flexural Strength (Side Wall and Column Models)
			2.2.2 Ultimate Drift Angle (Sidewall Model)
			2.2.3 Ultimate Drift Angle (Column Model)
			2.2.4 Limit Drift Angle (Side Wall and Column Models)
		2.3 Models of Member Failing in Shear
			2.3.1 Ultimate Shear Strength (Side Wall Model)
			2.3.2 Ultimate Shear Strength (Column Model)
			2.3.3 Limit Drift Angle (Side Wall and Column Models)
	3 Determination of the Ultimate Strength and Drift Angle of the Test Results in the Side Wall and Column Models
	4 Comparison Between the Models and Test Results
		4.1 Comparison of the Ultimate Strength and Drift Angle of the Side Wall Model
		4.2 Comparison of the Ultimate Strength and Drift Angle of the Column Model
		4.3 Comparison of the Restoring Force – Drift Angle Relationship
	5 Concluding Remarks
	References
147 Seismic Response of RC Frame Buildings Considering In-Plane and Out-of-Plane Behaviour of Unreinforced Masonry Infills
	Abstract
	1 Introduction
	2 Metodology of the Study
		2.1 Case-Study Building and Ground Motion Selection
		2.2 Numerical Model
	3 Definition of Performance Levels
	4 NTHA Results
	5 Deriving Fragility Curves
	6 Conclusions
	References
148 Experimental Investigations of Fire-Damaged RC Columns Retrofitted with CFRP or Steel Jackets
	Abstract
	1 Introduction
	2 Experimental Programme
		2.1 Details of Specimens
		2.2 Heating and Cooling Procedure
		2.3 Retrofitting and Compressive Tests
	3 Test Results and Discussion
		3.1 Test Results
		3.2 Discussion
	4 Conclusions
	References
149 Evaluation of Compressive Arch Action of Reinforced Concrete Beams
	Abstract
	1 Introduction
	2 Park and Gamble’s Model
	3 Development of Analytical Model
	4 Verification of the Analytical Model
		4.1 Comparison with Experimental Results
		4.2 Comparison with Other Models
			4.2.1 Effect of Axial Stiffness
			4.2.2 Effect of Rotational Stiffness
	5 Conclusions
	Acknowledgements
	References
150 Cyclic Testing of Bonded Post-tensioned Interior Slab-Column Connections with Shear Stud
	Abstract
	1 Introduction
	2 Experimental Program
		2.1 Description of Specimen
		2.2 Testing Procedures
	3 Experimental Results and Discussion
	4 Summary and Conclusions
	Acknowledgements
	References
151 Long-Term Experiments on Composite Slabs Exposed to Different Surface Drying Conditions
	Abstract
	1 Introduction
	2 Description of Samples
	3 Instrumentation Layout
	4 Long-Term Measurements
	5 Conclusions
	Acknowledgements
	References
152 Shear Behavior of Steel Reinforced Ultra High Performance Concrete Members with Hybrid Fibers
	Abstract
	1 Introduction
	2 Experimental Program
	3 Results and Discussion
		3.1 Shear Strength
		3.2 Effects of Fibers
		3.3 Effects of Beam Slenderness
	4 Conclusions
	References
153 Experimental Study on Compressive Response of Large Rupture Strain FRP Confined Reinforced Concrete
	Abstract
	1 Introduction
	2 Experimental Program
		2.1 Specimen Design
		2.2 Instrumentation and Testing
	3 Test Results
		3.1 Failure Modes
			3.1.1 Unconfined Specimens
			3.1.2 PET FRP Confined Specimens
		3.2 Force-Strain Response
		3.3 Lateral Strain-Axial Strain Response
		3.4 Poisson’s Ratio-Axial Strain Response
		3.5 Dilation Rate-Axial Strain Response
	4 Conclusions
	Acknowledgements
	References
154 Effects of Web Position on Shear Resistance Mechanism of Ultra High Strength Fiber Reinforced Concrete (UFC) Beams
	Abstract
	1 Introduction
	2 Experimental Outline
	3 Experimental Results
		3.1 Load-Displacement Relationships
			3.1.1 Shear Capacity
			3.1.2 Flexural Rigidity
			3.1.3 Displacement at the Shear Failure
			3.1.4 Post Peak Behavior
		3.2 Shear Failure Behavior
			3.2.1 I-Beam
			3.2.2 II-Beam
			3.2.3 Box-Beam
	4 Discussion
		4.1 Shear Resistance Mechanism
			4.1.1 Shear Capacity
			4.1.2 Flexural Rigidity
			4.1.3 Displacement at the Shear Failure
			4.1.4 Post Peak Behavior
		4.2 The Effects of the Web Position on the Shear Resistance Mechanism
			4.2.1 Integrity of Web and Flange
			4.2.2 Continuity of Web and Flange
	5 Conclusions
	References
155 The Effects of Shear Span Ratio on Shear Properties of RC Beams Using Fiber Reinforced Porosity Free Concrete
	Abstract
	1 Introduction
	2 Experimental Outline
		2.1 Specimens
		2.2 Loading Test
	3 Results and Discussion
		3.1 Load-Deflection Curve
		3.2 Crack Patterns and Failure Modes
		3.3 Distribution of Concrete Strain
		3.4 Comparison with Calculated Values
	4 Conclusions
	References
156 An Investigation into Application of Carbon Fiber Reinforced Plastics for Precast Slabs at Joint Positions
	Abstract
	1 Introduction
	2 The Outline of Experiment
		2.1 The Method and Setup of Experiment
		2.2 The Material Used and Kinds of Joint for Experiment
	3 The Series of Experiments
		3.1 First Series of Experiments
			3.1.1 The Setup for First Series
			3.1.2 The Result of First Series
		3.2 Second Series of Experiments
			3.2.1 The Setup for Second Series
			3.2.2 The Result of Second Series
	4 Conclusions
	Acknowledgements
	References
157 Stable Limit Axial Load Ratios of Concrete Filled Steel Tubular Beam-Columns Under Varying Axial Loads
	Abstract
	1 Introduction
	2 Analysis
		2.1 Assumptions
		2.2 Parameters
		2.3 Stress-Strain Relationship of Materials
		2.4 Analysis Method
	3 Analysis Results
		3.1 Effects of Width-to-Thickness Ratios of Steel Tubes
			3.1.1 In Case of Ra = 1.0%
			3.1.2 In Case of Ra = 2.0%
		3.2 Effects of Concrete Strengths
			3.2.1 In Case of Ra = 1.0%
			3.2.2 Under Ra = 2.0%
		3.3 Effects of Steel Tubes Strengths
			3.3.1 In Case of Ra = 1.0%
			3.3.2 Under Ra = 2.0%
		3.4 Approximate Expression of \it n_{vl} {-}n_{c} Relations
	4 Conclusions
	References
158 Study on Repair and Strengthening of Steel Girder End with Section Loss Using CFRP Members Bonded by VaRTM Technique
	Abstract
	1 Introduction
	2 Modelling of Steel Girder End and Its Cross Section Loss
	3 Analytical Model and Method
	4 Modelling of CFRP Member Arrangement and Strengthening
	5 CFRP Bonded Method by VaRTM
	6 Results and Discussion
	7 Conclusions
	References
159 FE Simulation of a New Type of Concrete-Filled Double Skin Steel Tube with Stiffeners Under Axial Loading
	Abstract
	1 Introduction
	2 Finite Element Modelling
		2.1 Material Models
			2.1.1 Steel
			2.1.2 Concrete
		2.2 Element Type, Element Mesh and Boundary Conditions
		2.3 Steel Tube-Concrete Interface
		2.4 Verification of FE Modelling
	3 Mechanism Analysis of a New Type of CFDST
		3.1 Failure Mode
		3.2 Displacement-Load Curve
		3.3 Ultimate Bearing Capacity
	4 Conclusions
	References
160 Experimental Study on Stress-Strain Properties of Ultra-High Performance Fibre Reinforced Concrete Under Uniaxial Compression and Tension
	Abstract
	1 Introduction
	2 Materials and Mix Design
	3 Experimental Test
		3.1 Compression Test
		3.2 Direct Tensile Test
	4 Results and Discussions
		4.1 Compressive Behaviour
		4.2 Tensile Behaviour
	5 Conclusions
	Acknowledgements
	References
161 Complexities and Effectiveness of Australian Standard for Concrete Structures—AS 3600-2018
	Abstract
	1 Introduction
	2 Concrete Stress Block and Capacity Reduction Factor
		2.1 Complexities
		2.2 Effectiveness
	3 Design for Shear and Torsion
		3.1 Complexities
		3.2 Effectiveness
	4 Deflection
	5 Conclusions
	References
162 The Influence of the Deterioration of Concrete-Rebar Bond Due to Corrosion on the Structural Performance of RC Structures
	Abstract
	1 Introduction
	2 Methodology
		2.1 Experimental Cases
		2.2 Specimens
	3 Results
		3.1 Static Loading Behavior
		3.2 Strain of the Main Rebar
	4 Discussion
		4.1 Crack-Dispersion Effect
		4.2 The Influence of Bond Deterioration on the Structural Performance
	5 Conclusion
	References
163 Theoretical Modeling and Evaluation of Thermal Stress Evolution of Concrete at Early Age by Temperature Stress Testing Machine
	Abstract
	1 Introduction
	2 Test Method
		2.1 General Design Features of TSTM
		2.2 Experimental
			2.2.1 Materials and Specimen Preparation
			2.2.2 Restraint Conditions
			2.2.3 Temperature Rise and Humidity Conditions
			2.2.4 Measurement of Young’s Modulus
	3 Results and Discussion
		3.1 Experimental Results
			3.1.1 Free Deformation Test
			3.1.2 Full Restraint Test
		3.2 Theoretical Modeling
		3.3 The Influence of Tensile Modulus
		3.4 Applicability and Extensibility
	4 Conclusions
	Acknowledgements
	References
164 Effect of Confining Pressure on Compressive Strength and Ductility of Square Section Concrete Filled Tube Column
	Abstract
	1 Introduction
	2 Experimental Investigation
		2.1 Materials Used and Specimen Preparation
		2.2 Compressive Strength Testing
		2.3 Determination of Compressive Strength
		2.4 Determination of Ductility
	3 Results
		3.1 Compressive Strength
		3.2 Ductility
	4 Conclusions
	References
165 A Proposal of Data Driven Maintenance of RC Decks Focusing on Deterioration Mechanism
	Abstract
	1 Introduction
	2 Methodology and Previous Results
		2.1 Methodology of Survival Analysis and Results
			2.1.1 Cox Regression Analysis
			2.1.2 Result for Metropolitan Expressway Co
		2.2 Methodology of Fatigue Life Analysis
			2.2.1 ANN Models
	3 Comparison of Survival Analysis and ANN Model
		3.1 About Targeted RC Slab
		3.2 Comparison Result
	4 Impact of Stagnant Water on Fatigue Life
	5 Proposal of New Inspection System
	6 Conclusion
	References
166 Effects of Slab Thickness on the Fatigue Performance of RC Slabs: An Analytical Investigation
	Abstract
	1 Introduction
	2 Method
		2.1 Basic Assumptions and Problem Formulation
		2.2 Sectional Stresses and Forces
		2.3 Failure Moment Determination
	3 Numerical Results
		3.1 Cracking State Parameters Evolutions
		3.2 Fatigue Life Prediction
	4 Conclusions
	References
167 Nonlinear Analysis for Hysteretic Behavior of RC Joints Considering Bond-Slip
	Abstract
	1 Introduction
	2 Finite Element Formulation
		2.1 Displacement Fields
		2.2 Compatibility Conditions
		2.3 Sectional Stiffness
	3 Material Model
		3.1 Concrete and Reinforcing Bar
		3.2 Bond-Slip Model
	4 Numerical Analysis
		4.1 Embedded Reinforcing Bar
		4.2 RC Column
		4.3 Beam-Column
	5 Conclusions
	Acknowledgements
	References
168 General Prediction Model of Compressive Strength for Confined Concrete
	Abstract
	1 Introduction
	2 Modeling Process
		2.1 {\varvec \sigma}_{{\varvec c}} -{\varvec \varepsilon}_{{\varvec l}} Plane
		2.2 {\varvec \sigma}_{{\varvec l}} -{\varvec \varepsilon}_{{\varvec l}} Plane
	3 Application for Jute-FRP Confined Concrete
		3.1 Normal Strength Concrete
		3.2 Low Strength Concrete
	4 Conclusions
	References
169 Equal-Capacity Design Method of Precast RC Shear Wall with Unconnected Vertical Distributing Reinforcement
	Abstract
	1 Introduction
	2 Proposed Methods
	3 Finite Element Analysis
		3.1 Analytical Model
		3.2 Material Properties
		3.3 Boundary Condition
		3.4 Verification of Finite Element Model
		3.5 Parameter Analysis
	4 Numerical Results of the Finite Element Analysis
	5 Conclusions
	Acknowledgements
	References
170 Prediction of Restrained Expansion and Shrinkage Strains of Reinforced Concrete Specimens by Using Finite Element Analysis
	Abstract
	1 Introduction
	2 Experimental Program
		2.1 Compressive Strength of Concrete
		2.2 Free and Restrained Expansion and Shrinkage Strain Profiles of Concrete Specimens
	3 Experimental Results
		3.1 Compressive Strength
		3.2 Free and Restrained Strain Profiles
	4 Finite Element Analysis
		4.1 Material Models for Concrete and Reinforcement
		4.2 Applied Loadings
		4.3 Boundary Conditions
	5 FEM Results of Restrained Specimens
		5.1 Comparison of Strain Profiles Between Experimental and FEM Results
		5.2 Investigation of Strain Distribution in Restrained Specimens
	6 Measurement in Restrained Slab Using Expansive Concrete-1
	7 Conclusions
	Acknowledgements
	References
Advances in Concrete Technology
171 Effect of Fly Ash and Superabsorbent Polymer on Concrete Carbonation
	Abstract
	1 Introduction
	2 Methodology
		2.1 Specimen Preparation
		2.2 Carbonation Depth
		2.3 Service Life Prediction Model
		2.4 Thermogravimetric/Differential Thermal Analysis
	3 Results and Discussion
		3.1 Effect of Admixtures on Compressive Strength of Mortar
		3.2 Carbonation Depth and Service Life Prediction
		3.3 Service Life Prediction
		3.4 Evaluation of Carbonation by TG/DTA
	4 Conclusions
	Acknowledgements
	References
172 Mechanical Properties of Mortar Reinforced with Recycled Nylon Fiber from Waste Fishing Nets
	Abstract
	1 Introduction
	2 Experimental Program
		2.1 Testing Material
		2.2 Testing Methods
	3 Result and Discussions
		3.1 Flowability
		3.2 Compressive and Flexural Tests
		3.3 Failure Behavior
	4 Conclusions
	Acknowledgements
	References
173 Macroscale and Microscale Studies on Time-Dependent Mechanical Properties of Concrete with Alkali Silica Reactions
	Abstract
	1 Introduction
	2 Experimental Conditions
		2.1 Specimen Preparations
		2.2 Compression Tests
		2.3 SEM-EDS Analysis
		2.4 Nanoindentation
	3 Results and Discussion
		3.1 Compression Tests
		3.2 SEM-EDS Analysis
		3.3 Nanoindentation
	4 Conclusions
	Acknowledgements
	References
174 Quantitative Evaluation of Buildability in 3D Concrete Printing Based on Shear Vane Test
	Abstract
	1 Introduction
	2 Experimental Program and Prediction
		2.1 Materials and Mix Proportions
		2.2 Shear Vane Test
		2.3 Printing Experiments
		2.4 Prediction Method
	3 Results and Discussion
		3.1 Shear Strength Development
		3.2 Observed Printable Height and Corresponding Prediction
	4 Conclusions
	Acknowledgements
	References
175 Investigation of Combined ASR and DEF Induced Damage on Concrete by Using RBSM Simulation
	Abstract
	1 Introduction
	2 Summary of RBSM Simulation Method
	3 Parametric Simulation of the Combined Effects
		3.1 Expansion
		3.2 Internal Stress and Cracking Pattern
		3.3 Degradation of Mechanical Properties
	4 Conclusions
	Acknowledgements
	References
176 Evaluation of Waste Recycling in Venous Industry Using Environmental Indicator
	Abstract
	1 Introduction
	2 Evaluation Method
		2.1 Evaluation Target
		2.2 Data of Usage and Generation of Recyclable Resources
		2.3 Data on Recycling Rate of Recyclable Resources
	3 Results and Discussion
		3.1 Evaluation Results of Waste Indicator
		3.2 Comparison with Waste Evaluation Results by LIME2
	4 Conclusions
	References
177 Recycled Waste Glass Powder as Binder for Sustainable Concrete
	Abstract
	1 Introduction
	2 Experimental Program
	3 Results
		3.1 Hardened Density
		3.2 Compressive Strength and Strength Activity Index
		3.3 Resistance to Chloride Ion Penetration
		3.4 Drying Shrinkage
		3.5 Heat of Hydration
	4 Conclusions
	Acknowledgements
	References
178 Engineering Properties of Cement Paste with Fly Ash Substitution and Addition of Alkaline Activator
	Abstract
	1 Introduction
	2 Experimental Program
		2.1 Materials and Mixture Proportions
		2.2 Testing Methods
	3 Results and Discussion
		3.1 Fresh Properties
			3.1.1 Workability
			3.1.2 Setting Time
		3.2 Hardened Properties
			3.2.1 Compressive Strength
			3.2.2 Drying Shrinkage
	4 Conclusions
	References
179 Carbonation Progress Mechanism of Cement Containing Different Amounts of Powder Admixtures
	Abstract
	1 Introduction
	2 Comparison of Carbonation Progress in Real Environment and Accelerated Environment (Series 1)
		2.1 Outline of Experiment
			2.1.1 Binder Ratio Examined
			2.1.2 Measurements
		2.2 Results of Carbonation
			2.2.1 Compressive Strength
			2.2.2 Comparison of Carbonation Depth of Accelerated and Real Environment
			2.2.3 Comparison of Compressive Strength and Carbonation Depth
	3 Examination of Change of pH and Hydrate Before and After Carbonation (Series 2)
		3.1 Outline of Experiment
			3.1.1 Binder Ratio Examined
			3.1.2 Measurements
		3.2 Results of Carbonation
			3.2.1 pH and Hydration Products Before Carbonation
			3.2.2 pH and Ca(OH)2 and CaCO3 Content at Depth Position After Carbonation
	4 Conclusions
	Acknowledgements
	References
180 Influence of Pore Structure Changed by Carbonation Using GGBFS Cement on Water Permeability
	Abstract
	1 Introduction
	2 Effect of Carbonation on Water Penetration Resistance
		2.1 Materials and Mix Proportion
		2.2 Specimen Specifications
		2.3 Water Penetration Test
	3 Result of Water Penetration Test
	4 Examination of Pore Structure Changes by Carbonation
		4.1 Archimedes Method
		4.2 Mercury Intrusion Method
	5 Conclusions
	References
181 Examination of Evaluation Method of Hydration Potential of Dry Sludge Powder Focusing on Hydration Reaction
	Abstract
	1 Introduction
	2 Outline of Experiment and Materials
		2.1 Outline of Experiment
		2.2 Material and Mix Proportion
		2.3 Cement Paste Specimen Specification
		2.4 Mortar Specimen Mix Proportion and Compressive Strength Test
		2.5 Tests to Consider Hydration Progress and Hydration Products
	3 Result and Discussion
		3.1 Hydration Products of DSP and Hydrated Cement
		3.2 Hydration Progress and Hydration Products by DSP and Hydrated Cement
		3.3 Consideration of DSP Hydration
		3.4 Comparison of the Hydration Reaction of Hydrated Cement and DSP
		3.5 Compressive Strength of DSP
		3.6 Consideration on the Hydration Potential of DSP
	4 Conclusions
	Acknowledgements
	References
182 A Review of Preplaced-Aggregate Concrete Using Recycled Aggregate and Railway Wasted Ballast
	Abstract
	1 Introduction
	2 Outline of Experiments
		2.1 The Kinds of Coarse Aggregates
		2.2 Materials and Mix Proportions
		2.3 Testing Methods and Sample Size
			2.3.1 Compressive Strength Test
			2.3.2 Splitting Tensile Strength Test
			2.3.3 Air Permeability Test
			2.3.4 Accelerated Carbonation Test
		2.4 Curing Method of the Specimens
	3 Results and Discussion
		3.1 Compressive Strength Test
		3.2 Splitting Tensile Strength Test
		3.3 Air Permeability Test
		3.4 Relationship Between Air Permeability Coefficient and Compressive Strength
		3.5 Relationship Between Air Permeability Coefficient and Splitting Tensile Strength
		3.6 Carbonation
	4 Conclusion
	Acknowledgements
183 Impacts of Global Warming and Variable Airborne Chloride Exposure on Concrete Structures in Hokkaido, Japan
	Abstract
	1 Introduction
	2 Development of New Analytical Method
		2.1 Conventional Modeling of Chloride Diffusion in Concrete
		2.2 Diffusion Prediction Considering Temporal Change in Surface Chloride Content
		2.3 Calculation of Surface Chloride Content Based on Variable Airborne Chloride
	3 Analysis Conditions and Prediction Data
		3.1 Analytical Flow
		3.2 Characteristics of the Target Structure
		3.3 Forecast Data for Sea Wind Ratio, Wind Speed, and Distance to Coastline
		3.4 Surface Chloride Concentration Prediction Scenarios
	4 Results and Discussion
		4.1 Chloride Diffusion Prediction Results by Analytical Scenario
		4.2 Quantifying the Impact of Global Warming and Variable Chloride Exposure
	5 Conclusions
	References
184 Sulfuric Acid Resistance of Cement Pastes Containing Fly Ash and Limestone Powder
	Abstract
	1 Introduction
	2 Materials and Experimental Procedure
		2.1 Materials
		2.2 Experimental Procedure
			2.2.1 Mix Proportion
			2.2.2 Acidic Environment Preparation
			2.2.3 Weight Change Calculation
			2.2.4 Analysis of Compounds on the Specimen Surface After Acid Attack
	3 Results and Discussion
		3.1 Effect of Fly Ash and Limestone Powder on Sulfuric Acid Resistance
			3.1.1 Binary Binder
			3.1.2 Comparison Between Binary Binder Pastes and Ternary Binder Pastes
		3.2 CaO to SiO2 Ratio of Mixtures
		3.3 Characteristics of the Deterioration of Specimen in Sulfuric Acid Solution
	4 Conclusions
	Acknowledgements
	References
185 Influence of PVA and PP Fibres at Different Volume Fractions on Mechanical Properties of 3D Printed Concrete
	Abstract
	1 Introduction
	2 Experimental Programme
		2.1 Material Preparation
		2.2 Specimen Preparation
		2.3 Mechanical Property Test
	3 Results and Discussion
		3.1 Density
		3.2 Compressive Strength Test
		3.3 Flexural Strength Test
		3.4 X-Ray Micro-Computed Tomography Result
	4 Conclusions
	References
186 Fatigue Behavior of Air-Entrained High Strength Concrete with Blast Furnace Slag Fine Aggregates Under Freezing and Thawing
	Abstract
	1 Introduction
	2 Experimental Outline
		2.1 Materials, Mix Proportions and Specimen Preparations
		2.2 Test Procedure
			2.2.1 Freeze-Thaw Test
			2.2.2 Compressive Fatigue Test
	3 Results and Discussion
		3.1 Freeze-Thaw Properties
		3.2 Monotonic Mechanical Properties
		3.3 Fatigue in Compression
			3.3.1 Wöhler Curves
			3.3.2 Comparison of Smax-Nf Relationships
			3.3.3 Fracture Parameter Change and Plastic Strain Development
	4 Conclusions
	Acknowledgements
	References
187 Effects of Seawater and Sea-Sand on Concrete Properties: A Review Paper
	Abstract
	1 Introduction
	2 Effects of SW and/or SS on Various Properties of Concrete
		2.1 Fresh Concrete Properties
		2.2 Mechanical Characteristics
		2.3 Durability Characteristics
	3 Effects of SCMs in SW and/or SS Concrete
	4 Future Studies
	5 Conclusions
	Acknowledgements
	References
Current Issues in Construction
188 Motivators of Implementing Construction Incentivisation in Hong Kong
	Abstract
	1 Introduction
	2 Motivators of Incentivisation
		2.1 Project Performance Improvement
		2.2 Inter-organizational Relationship (IOR Hereafter) Enhancement
	3 Case Study
	4 Discussion
	5 Conclusions
	References
189 A Concenptual Framework on the Effects of Apology on Psychological Aggression in Construction Dispute Negotiation
	Abstract
	1 Introduction
	2 Psychological Aggression Behaviour in Construction Dispute Negotiation
		2.1 Social Aggression
		2.2 Relational Aggression
		2.3 Indirect Aggression
	3 The Negative Effects of Aggression for Negotiation Outcome
		3.1 Conflict Escalation
		3.2 Relationship Deterioration
		3.3 Inaction
	4 The Roles of Apology in Construction Dispute Negotiaiton
		4.1 Identification of Apology
		4.2 The Role of Apology in Construction Dispute Negotiation
	5 Conclusions
	References
190 A Study of Construction Disputes in the New Zealand Context
	Abstract
	1 Introduction
	2 Literature Review
	3 Methodology
	4 Results
	5 Discussion
		5.1 Cause of Disputes
		5.2 Dispute Resolution Experience
		5.3 Feedback and Recommendation
			5.3.1 Establish and Promote the Utilisation of Peer-Review Platform
			5.3.2 Introduce the Concept of Scope Lock Point (SLP)
			5.3.3 Foster a Sustainable and Productive Industry Ecology
	6 Conclusions
	References
191 Commitment to Construction Health and Safety – The Worker’s Perspective
	Abstract
	1 Introduction
	2 Methodology
		2.1 Survey Administration
		2.2 Questionnaire Design and Analysis
	3 Results
		3.1 Socio-Demographics
			3.1.1 Age Groups
			3.1.2 Number of Hours Worked Per Week (on Average)
			3.1.3 Size of Companies
			3.1.4 Employment Arrangements
		3.2 Commitment to Health and Safety
		3.3 Safety Climate Factors/ Work Culture
		3.4 Individual Commitment to Healthy Ageing
		3.5 Individual Health Factors
	4 Discussion
		4.1 Management’s Commitment to Facilitating Healthy Ageing
		4.2 Perceptions of the Young and Old Workers
		4.3 The Habits of Young and Old Workers
	5 Conclusions
	References
192 What Affects Construction Innovation Adoption in Building and Infrastructure Projects – A Case Study in Australia
	Abstract
	1 Introduction
	2 Methodology
	3 Result and Discussion
		3.1 The Definition of Construction Innovation
		3.2 The Relationship Between Construction Organizations and Innovation
	4 Conclusion
	References
193 Towards Applying Virtual Reality Techniques in Fostering Blended Learning of the Construction Technology
	Abstract
	1 Introduction
	2 Definitions of Virtual Reality (VR)
	3 Research Methodology
	4 Results
		4.1 Types of VR Technology Used in Construction Engineering and Management Training
		4.2 Non-immersive VR
		4.3 Immersive VR
		4.4 Game-Based Reality Technology
		4.5 Web-Based Reality Technology
		4.6 BIM-Enabled Reality Technology
	5 Implications of Findings
		5.1 Strengths
		5.2 Weaknesses
	6 Conclusion
	References
194 The Application of BIM in the Undergraduate Course “Integrated Building Project Development”
	Abstract
	1 Introduction
	2 The Framework of the Interdisciplinary BIM (iBIM) Implementation—A Case Study
	3 The BIM Server Architecture
	4 The Outcomes of the BIM Implementation in IBPD
	5 Conclusions
	Acknowledgements
	References
195 Application of Knowledge Management and BIM Technology for Maintenance Management of Concrete Structures
	Abstract
	1 Introduction
	2 Theory of KM and BIM
		2.1 Concept and Application of KM
		2.2 Concept and Application of BIM
	3 Research Methodology
		3.1 System Framework
		3.2 Technical Realization
	4 Case Study
		4.1 Target of Case Study
		4.2 Knowledge Creating
		4.3 Knowledge Sharing
	5 Conclusions
	Acknowledgements
	References
196 Applicability of Building Information Modeling Integrated Augmented Reality in Building Facility Management
	Abstract
	1 Introduction
	2 Literature Review
		2.1 Facility Management (FM)
		2.2 Building Information Modeling (BIM)
		2.3 Augmented Reality (AR)
	3 Methodology
		3.1 Proposed Research Procedures
		3.2 Development Workflow of BIMAR Application
		3.3 Research Setting
		3.4 Research Tools
	4 Preliminary Work
		4.1 BIMAR System Development
		4.2 Exploratory Study
		4.3 Expected BIMAR System
	5 Conclusion
	References
197 Project Management for the Out Patient Department Building-Planning for Hospital Design and Construction
	Abstract
	1 Introduction
	2 Success Factors and Implementation
		2.1 Function Program and Connection Flow Diagram
		2.2 Expectation of the Owner
		2.3 Planning and Phasing
		2.4 Space and Area Program
		2.5 Planning for Future Upgrade
		2.6 Planning for Medical Equipment Compatibility
		2.7 Requirements for Design Basis and Detail
		2.8 Requirements for Construction
		2.9 Requirements for Prevention of Infection Relating to Quality of Building
		2.10 Requirement for Operation and Maintenance
		2.11 Design Control
		2.12 Procurement Strategy
		2.13 Construction Control
	3 Extended OPD Building as a Lesson Learned
	4 Conclusion
	Acknowledgements
198 Factors Affecting the International Training Transfer for Capacity Development of Road Asset Management in Lao PDR
	Abstract
	1 Introduction
		1.1 Current Challenges on Public Works and Transport in Lao PDR
		1.2 Objective
		1.3 Literature Review
	2 Overview of Investigation
		2.1 Survey Method
		2.2 Survey Content
		2.3 Survey Sample
	3 Result and Discussion
		3.1 Positive Personal Outcome
		3.2 Negative Personal Outcome
		3.3 Supervisor Support
		3.4 Supervisor Sanction
		3.5 Motivation to Transfer
	4 Conclusions
	Acknowledgements
	References
199 A Real-Time Computer Vision System for Workers’ PPE and Posture Detection in Actual Construction Site Environment
	Abstract
	1 Introduction
	2 Methodology
		2.1 Data Acquisition and Structure
		2.2 Requirements of Real-Time Data Analysis
		2.3 Video Frames Structure
		2.4 Tensorflow Model
		2.5 Applied Decision Tree of the CVA
	3 Results and Discussion
		3.1 Real-Time Sensitivity Analysis
		3.2 Model Training
		3.3 PPE and Worker Detection
			3.3.1 Workers and PPE Detection Evaluation
			3.3.2 Postures Detection Evaluation
	4 Conclusion
	Acknowledgements
	References