Early Christianity in Lycaonia and Adjacent Areas: From Paul to Amphilochius of Iconium

Contents
Preface
Technicalities
List of Abbreviations
List of Maps
Chapter 1 Introduction: The Christianisation of Lycaonia until AD 451
	1.1 Research on the Christianisation of Lycaonia and Adjacent Areas
		1.1.1 The Beginnings: Ramsay, Harnack, Schultze, and Calder
		1.1.2 The Continuation: Mitchell
		1.1.3 Recent Developments
	1.2 Sources for Christianity in Lycaonia and Adjacent Areas
		1.2.1 The New Testament and Other Christian Literature
		1.2.2 Identifying Christian Inscriptions from Lycaonia and Adjacent Areas
		1.2.3 The Dating of Staurograms, Christograms, Crosses, and Christian Inscriptions
		1.2.4 Christian Inscriptions from Lycaonia: Epigraphic Traditions
		1.2.5 Archaeology
	1.3 References to Christians in Lycaonia
		1.3.1 Group- and Self-Designations
		1.3.2 Individual Names
	1.4 Restrictions on Questions and Answers
		1.4.1 Crossing Boundaries
		1.4.2 Setting Limits
Chapter 2 Lycaonia and Its Organisation in Roman Antiquity
	2.1 Natural Space: Lycaonia in Antiquity
		2.1.1 Access: Through the Mountains to Lycaonia
		2.1.2 Lycaonia’s Fixed Boundaries and Fuzzy Borders
		2.1.3 Where There Is Water, There Is Life
	2.2 Historical Space: Lycaonia 25 BC–AD 451
		2.2.1 Controlled Space: The Imperial Presence in and around Lycaonia
		2.2.2 Structured Space: Early Roman Structures and the Expansion of Christianity
		2.2.3 Governed Space: Lycaonian Borders and Christian Bishoprics under the Roman Empire
Chapter 3 The Impact of Paul the Apostle: The Rise of Christianity in Lycaonia
	3.1 Introduction
	3.2 The Apostle Paul and the “Lycaonian” Churches
		3.2.1 Survey Based on the Narrative Episodes in the Acts of the Apostles
		3.2.2 Additional Information from 2 Tim 3:11 and the Acts of Paul and Thecla
		3.2.3 Summary
	3.3 Named Paul after Paul the Apostle?
		3.3.1 Introduction
		3.3.2 The Name Paul
		3.3.3 The Name Παῦλος among Christians in Lycaonia and Adjacent Areas
		3.3.4 Conclusions from the Lycaonian Area
		3.3.5 Named Paul after Paul?
	3.4 The Impact of Paul: Thecla, the Virgin, and Appas, the Eunuch
		3.4.1 Appas, the Presbyter-Eunuch
		3.4.2 The Acts of Paul and Thecla as a Document of an Ascetic Pauline Tradition Peculiar to Lycaonia
		3.4.3 Paul’s Statements about Encraty in His Letter to the Galatians
		3.4.4 Conclusion
	3.5 Were Persons Named Thecla after Thecla?
		3.5.1 Introduction
		3.5.2 The Name Thecla
		3.5.3 The Use of the Name Θεκλα amongst Christians in Lycaonia
		3.5.4 Conclusion: Named Thecla after Thecla?
	3.6 Conclusion
Chapter 4 The Expansion of Christianity in Lycaonian Cities and Villages
	4.1 Introduction
	4.2 Iconium and the Konya Basin
		4.2.1 Iconium
		4.2.2 The Region around Iconium
		4.2.3 Summary
	4.3 Lystra and the Çarşamba Crossings
		4.3.1 The Colony of Lystra on the North-South Road
		4.3.2 The Çarşamba Crossings
		4.3.3 The Jonah-Jesus Monument from Çukurkavak
		4.3.4 Summary
	4.4 South of the Çarşamba, via Isaura and Isauropolis to Laranda and Derbe
		4.4.1 On the Border with Isauria
		4.4.2 Westward into the Isaurian Region
		4.4.3 Isauropolis (Aydoğmuş)
		4.4.4 Codylessus and Region
		4.4.5 Ilistra
		4.4.6 Laranda
		4.4.7 Derbe
		4.4.8 Summary
	4.5 Along the Central Mountains to the East
		4.5.1 Reaching the Karadağ
		4.5.2 The Karadağ and Beyond
		4.5.3 Summary
		4.5.4 From Perta into Cappadocia or to the Cilician Gates
		4.5.5 Summary
	4.6 Laodicea Combusta and Its Territory
		4.6.1 Laodicea Combusta
		4.6.2 The Territory of Laodicea Combusta
		4.6.3 Summary
	4.7 Tyriaeum and Philomelium
		4.7.1 Tyriaeum and Vicinity
		4.7.2 Philomelium
		4.7.3 Summary
	4.8 The Central Plateau West of the Big Salt Lake: The So-Called “Axylon”
		4.8.1 The Western Axylon
		4.8.2 The Eastern Axylon: From Özkent to İnsuyu
		4.8.3 The Eastern Axylon: Gdanmaa
		4.8.4 The Eastern Axylon: Vetissus
		4.8.5 The South-Eastern Ayxlon: Congussus and Anzulada
		4.8.6 Summary
	4.9 The Adjacent Eastern Pisidian Lake District
		4.9.1 The Beyşehir Valley
		4.9.2 From Mistea via Amblada to Vasada
		4.9.3 Summary
Chapter 5 Christianity within Lycaonian Culture
	5.1 Introduction
	5.2 Name-Giving among Lycaonian Christians
		5.2.1 Anthroponomastic Observations
		5.2.2 Name-Giving in Christian Tradition
		5.2.3 Name-Giving in Greek Tradition
		5.2.4 Name-Giving in Roman Tradition
		5.2.5 Background of Selected Indigenous Names
		5.2.6 Summary
	5.3 Household, Family and Gender
		5.3.1 Family Structure
		5.3.2 Idealising Tendencies in Grave Inscriptions versus Real Life
		5.3.3 Attributes of Men in Christian Grave Inscriptions
		5.3.4 Attributes of Women in Christian Grave Inscriptions
		5.3.5 Susanna and Thecla: Two Female Role Models
		5.3.6 The Economic Situation of Women
		5.3.7 Children
		5.3.8 Grief, Love, and Christ as Matchmaker
		5.3.9 Household and Christian Tradition
		5.3.10 Christian “Brothers” and “Sisters”
		5.3.11 Summary
	5.4 Christians in the Workplace
		5.4.1 Introduction
		5.4.2 Christians as Farmers, Stewards, Artisans, and Healers
		5.4.3 Christians in the Local and Provincial Administration and Military
		5.4.4 Summary
	5.5 Christian Verse Inscriptions
		5.5.1 Introduction
		5.5.2 Conventions of Verse Inscriptions
		5.5.3 Christians in Verse Inscriptions
		5.5.4 Terms for Christian Offices in Verse Inscriptions
		5.5.5 Terms for God and Christ and Conceptions of the Afterlife
		5.5.6 Examples of Christian Metrical Epigrams
		5.5.7 Summary
	5.6 Funerary Imprecations
		5.6.1 Introduction
		5.6.2 Formulas Threatening Punishment
		5.6.3 Christian Extensions of the Formulas
		5.6.4 Summary
Chapter 6 Aspects Specific to Early Christianity in Lycaonia
	6.1 Introduction
	6.2 Distinctive Christian Welfare
		6.2.1 Euergetism and Care of the Poor
		6.2.2 Care for the Poor in Lycaonia
		6.2.3 Summary
	6.3 Endangered Christianity?
		6.3.1 From Sporadic Persecution to the Great Persecution
		6.3.2 Reintegrating Those Who Submitted under Threat of Persecution
		6.3.3 Martyrs from Lycaonia Attested Epigraphically
		6.3.4 Summary
	6.4 Authority of Leadership and Modes of Service in Christian Communities in Lycaonia
		6.4.1 Introduction
		6.4.2 Overseers and Bishops
		6.4.3 Presbyters and Priests
		6.4.4 Deacons and Deaconesses
		6.4.5 Readers
		6.4.6 Canonesses
		6.4.7 Concluding Summary
	6.5 Lycaonian Christianity within Biblical Tradition
		6.5.1 Introduction
		6.5.2 Phrases From and Allusions to the Greek Bible
		6.5.3 The Influence of Paul’s Letters and the Gospels
		6.5.4 Amphilochius of Iconium and Scripture
		6.5.5 Quotations from the Psalms and Isaiah in Inscriptions
		6.5.6 Summary
	6.6 Faith and Hope among Lycaonian Christians
		6.6.1 Introduction
		6.6.2 One God, Sovereign Father and Creator of Everything
		6.6.3 One Lord, Jesus Christ, Son of God and Saviour
		6.6.4 The Holy Spirit within the Trinity
		6.6.5 Towards One Holy Catholic and Apostolic Church
		6.6.6 Mourning the Dead, Expecting Their Resurrection and Life in the World to Come
		6.6.7 Distinctive Christian Ritual and Piety
		6.6.8 Summary
	6.7 Ascetic Christians
		6.7.1 Presuppositions and Manifestations
		6.7.2 Encratics
		6.7.3 Saccophori
		6.7.4 Apotactites
		6.7.5 Cathari and Novatians
		6.7.6 Asceticism and Women
		6.7.7 Contrast: The Creed of the Catholic, Apostolic, and Orthodox Church
		6.7.8 Amphilochius of Iconium and Basil of Caesarea on the Question of Asceticism
		6.7.9 Summary
Chapter 7 Résumé: Early Christianity in Lycaonia and Adjacent Areas
	7.1 Christian Monuments and Historiography
	7.2 Lycaonia through the First Five Centuries AD
	7.3 The Provenance of Lycaonian Christianity
	7.4 The Expansion of Christianity in Lycaonia and Adjacent Areas
	7.5 Christianity within Lycaonian Culture
	7.6 Aspects Specific to Christianity in Lycaonia
	7.7 Factors Determining the Rise of Christianity in Lycaonia
Appendix: Figures
Bibliography
Concordance of Inscriptions
Index of Ancient Sources (selection)
Index of Personal Names
Index of Places