Divisions and Solidarities: Gender, Class and Employment in Latin America

Book Cover......Page 1
Half-Title......Page 2
Title......Page 3
Copyright......Page 4
Dedication......Page 5
Contents......Page 6
Figures and tables......Page 7
Peru: Lima and main urban centres......Page 10
Preface......Page 11
1 Introduction......Page 16
CLASS AND GENDER DURING THE GROWTH PERIOD IN LATIN AMERICA (1950s-1970s)......Page 18
CLASS, GENDER AND THE FAMILY......Page 20
MODIFYING THE CONCEPT OF CLASS......Page 21
THE CONCEPT OF A ‘LABOURING CLASS’......Page 22
OUTLINE OF THIS BOOK......Page 23
METHODOLOGY......Page 26
ECONOMIC GROWTH AND DIFFERENTIATION AMONGST THE LABOURING CLASS......Page 28
MARXIST AND ECONOMISTS’ ANALYSES OF DIFFERENTIATION......Page 30
THE INFORMAL SECTOR MODEL......Page 31
MARXISM, DEPENDENCY THEORY AND FORMS OF PRODUCTION......Page 33
RELEVANCE OF THE INFORMAL SECTOR MODEL FOR CLASS ANALYSIS......Page 35
PORTES’ FRAMEWORK OF CLASS ANALYSIS......Page 36
CONSCIOUSNESS AND ACTION......Page 38
THE EFFECT OF OCCUPATIONAL MOBILITY......Page 40
GENDER, CLASS AND THE INFORMAL SECTOR......Page 42
CONCLUSION......Page 47
3 Growth, inequality and mobility......Page 48
THE PATTERN OF GROWTH 1940–72......Page 50
Regional imbalances in the pattern of growth......Page 51
INCOME INEQUALITY......Page 52
FORMAL AND INFORMAL PRODUCTION......Page 53
Economic growth and the informal sector......Page 54
The informal sector in Lima, 1974......Page 58
The extent of formal/informal polarization......Page 60
Institutional protection......Page 61
Subcontracting......Page 62
Confinement to low-income consumer markets......Page 63
The changing gender distribution of employment 1940–72......Page 64
Gender and employment in 1974......Page 66
EDUCATIONAL INEQUALITY......Page 69
OCCUPATIONAL MOBILITY IN LIMA41......Page 74
GENDER AND OCCUPATIONAL MOBILITY......Page 77
INEQUALITY, MOBILITY AND THE CLASS STRUCTURE......Page 81
4 Family, gender and the labouring class......Page 86
ANALYSING THE FAMILY......Page 87
ON MACHISMO......Page 89
THE BOURGEOIS FAMILY......Page 90
THE PEASANT FAMILY16......Page 92
Kinship, reciprocity and the labouring class......Page 96
The nuclear family/household......Page 98
GENDER INEQUALITY IN THE LABOURING-CLASS FAMILY......Page 99
The domestic division of labour and distribution of resources......Page 100
The structure of power and authority......Page 101
Legitimating ideologies......Page 102
CONCLUSION......Page 104
5 Divisions amongst the labouring class......Page 106
GENERAL CHARACTERISTICS OF THE MANUAL WORKFORCE IN LIMA, 1973......Page 107
INCOME DISTRIBUTION AMONGST MANUAL WORKERS IN LIMA......Page 108
General structure of the formal/informal division......Page 110
Earnings......Page 112
Fringe benefits and unionization......Page 114
LABOUR MARKET DIVISIONS AND SKILL11......Page 116
OCCUPATIONAL SEGREGATION, FEMINIZATION AND INFORMALITY......Page 121
SELF-EMPLOYMENT......Page 124
LABOUR MARKET DIVISIONS AND THE EXPERIENCE OF WORK......Page 128
LABOUR MARKET DIVISIONS AND CLASS......Page 132
6 Mobility within the labouring class I: aggregate patterns......Page 134
METHODOLOGICAL NOTE......Page 135
FIRST ENTRY INTO THE LABOUR MARKET......Page 136
MOBILITY ACROSS LABOUR MARKET DIVISIONS......Page 137
MOBILITY AND OUTCOMES......Page 141
JOB CHANGING AND JOB DURATION10......Page 142
THE ISSUE OF FEMALE LABOUR FORCE COMMITMENT......Page 145
CONCLUSION......Page 146
GENERAL PATTERN OF MANUAL CAREERS......Page 148
Men in manufacturing careers......Page 151
Women in manufacturing careers......Page 154
CAREERS IN CONSTRUCTION......Page 157
TRANSPORT CAREERS......Page 159
CAREERS IN COMMERCE......Page 161
CAREERS IN SERVICES......Page 165
CONCLUSION......Page 168
8 Employment, family and class......Page 170
Kinship networks and the labour market......Page 172
Gender and processes of labour allocation......Page 174
WOMEN’S WORK AND THE HOUSEHOLD......Page 178
OCCUPATIONAL DIVERSITY WITHIN THE HOUSEHOLD......Page 182
FAMILY, GENDER AND CLASS......Page 186
9 Consciousness and political action......Page 190
SUMMARY OF DATA ON CLASS IMAGES......Page 192
THE SHAPE OF THE CLASS STRUCTURE......Page 193
CRITERIA FOR THE IDENTIFICATION OF SOCIAL CLASSES......Page 194
CLASS SENTIMENT......Page 199
DIFFERENTIATION AND MOBILITY......Page 200
GENDER AND CLASS CONSCIOUSNESS......Page 201
POLITICAL ACTION AMONGST THE LABOURING CLASS......Page 204
GENDER, CLASS AND POLITICAL ACTION......Page 209
CONCLUSION......Page 211
10 Conclusions......Page 214
GENDER DIVISIONS WITHIN THE MANUAL LABOUR MARKET......Page 216
GENDER SEGREGATION AND THE FAMILY......Page 217
ECONOMIC AND SOCIAL CLASS......Page 220
CONSCIOUSNESS AND POLITICAL ACTION......Page 222
CONJUNCTURAL SPECIFICITIES......Page 223
NATIONAL POPULATION CENSUSES......Page 226
MINISTRY OF LABOUR EMPLOYMENT SURVEYS......Page 227
THE CASE STUDIES......Page 228
PROBLEMS IN THE DEFINITION OF EMPLOYMENT DATA......Page 229
Defining ‘jobs’......Page 230
WORK HISTORY DATA......Page 231
Jobs and job changes in the work history data......Page 232
2 Class, gender and the informal sector......Page 234
3 Growth, inequality and mobility......Page 235
4 Family, gender and the labouring class......Page 238
5 Divisions amongst the labouring class......Page 242
6 Mobility within the labouring class I: aggregate patterns......Page 243
8 Employment, family and class......Page 245
9 Consciousness and political action......Page 246
References......Page 250
PERUVIAN CENSUSES......Page 264
Index......Page 268