Divine Justice

CONTENTS

FOREWORD	VII
PREFACE TO THE TRANSLATION	IX
ABOUT THE AUTHOR	XV
INTRODUCTION	1
PREDESTINATION AND FREEWILL	6
THE ISSUE OF JUSTICE	7
ESSENTIAL GOODNESS AND ESSENTIAL EVIL	8
RATIONALLY DERIVED REALITIES	8
THE MOTIVE AND END OF DIVINE ACTS	10
LINES OF DEMARCATION	12
JUSTICE OR DIVINE UNITY?	12
THE EFFECTS OF ISLAMIC THEOLOGY ON ISLAMIC PHILOSOPHY	17
THE SHIA INTELLECTUAL SCHOOL	18
THE IDEA OF JUSTICE IN THE FIELD OF JURISPRUDENCE	21
THE TRADITIONALIST-ANALOGIST DISPUTE	22
THE SHIA JURISPRUDENTIAL METHOD	24
THE IDEA OF JUSTICE IN SOCIETY AND THE POLITICAL FORUM	25
THE REAL ORIGIN	26
CONCEPTUAL OUTLINE OF THE SUBJECT	35
HUMAN VS. DIVINE JUSTICE	35
VARIOUS LINES OF APPROACH	40
WHAT IS JUSTICE?	46
A. BALANCE	46
B. EQUALITY AND NON-DISCRIMINATION	48
C. RIGHTS-GIVING TO EACH THING ITS DUE	49
D. EMANATION OR BESTOWAL OF BEING ON MERITS AND NOT ABSTAINING FROM THIS IN RESPECT OF THAT WHICH CAN POSSIBLY EXIST OR BE FURTHER PERFECTED	50
OBJECTIONS AND CRITICISMS	53
JUSTICE AS A PILLAR OF FAITH AND PRINCIPLE OF RELIGION	55
JUSTICE AND WISDOM	56
DUALISM	58
SATAN	64
PHILOSOPHICAL PESSIMISM	70
COYNESS OR OBJECTION?	77
PROBLEM SOLVED	83
ISLAMIC PHILOSOPHY	83
METHODS AND APPROACHES	84
DISCRIMINATION	87
IS THE ORDER IN THE UNIVERSE INHERENT?	91
A PLEASANT AND LASTING MEMORY	94
DIFFERENTIATION NOT DISCRIMINATION	96
THE SECRET OF DIFFERENCES	97
THE VERTICAL ORDER	99
THE HORIZONTAL ORDER	103
DIVINE PRECEDENT OR WAY	106
WHAT IS THE LAW?	110
EXCEPTIONS	110
DIVINE DECREE AND THE ISSUE OF COMPULSION	113
SUMMARY	115
EVILS	117
THREE ASPECTS OF THE DISCUSSION	117
OUR METHOD	118
THE ISSUE OF THE DUALITY OF EXISTENCE	118
EVIL IS NON-EXISTENTIAL	119
EVIL IS RELATIVE	123
EVILS FROM THE ASPECT OF THE PRINCIPLE OF JUSTICE	129
BENEFITS OF EVILS	131
THE ISSUE OF SEPARATION OF GOOD AND EVIL	132
THE TOTAL ORDER	134
UGLINESS AS THE MANIFESTER OF BEAUTY	135
SOCIETY OR INDIVIDUAL?	137
DIFFERENCES OF CAPACITIES	139
CALAMITIES, THE SOURCE OF FELICITIES	142
TRIBULATIONS FOR DIVINE FRIENDS	147
PEDAGOGICAL EFFECT OF CALAMITIES	149
CONTENTMENT WITH DIVINE DECREE	152
ADVERSITY AND BLESSINGS ARE RELATIVE	153
RECONCILIATION OF CONTRADICTORIES AND OPPOSITES	158
THE PHILOSOPHIC BASIS OF OPPOSITION	163
SUMMARY AND GENERAL CONCLUSION	164
DEATH	169
THE PHENOMENON OF DEATH	169
ANXIETY OF DEATH	170
DEATH IS RELATIVE	171
THE WORLD IS A WOMB FOR THE SOUL	172
WORLD AS A SCHOOL FOR MAN	174
BASIS OF THE OBJECTION	176
DEATH IS AN EXTENSION OF LIFE	180
RETRIBUTION	185
REWARD OF DEEDS	185
DIFFERENCES BETWEEN THE TWO WORLDS	186
A. CONSTANCY AND CHANGE	188
B. PURE AND TAINTED LIFE	188
C. SOWING AND REAPING	189
D. INDIVIDUAL AND COLLECTIVE DESTINY	191
THE CORRELATION BETWEEN THE TWO WORLDS	194
THREE TYPES OF RETRIBUTION	196
WARNING AND REPRIMAND	196
WORLDLY CONSEQUENCES	198
PUNISHMENTS OF THE HEREAFTER	201
REMINISCENCES OF A TEACHER	207
SUMMARY	209
INTERCESSION	213
OBJECTION AND QUESTION	213
WEAKNESS OF THE LAW	215
TYPES OF INTERCESSION	217
VIOLATION OF LAW	218
SAFEGUARDING THE LAW	220
INTERCESSION OF LEADERSHIP	221
INTERCESSION OF FORGIVENESS	226
PRECEDENCE OF MERCY	226
THE PRINCIPLE OF PURIFICATION	228
THE PRINCIPLE OF EQUILIBRIUM	228
UNIVERSAL MERCY	229
CONNECTION BETWEEN INTERCESSION AND MERCY	230
CONDITIONS FOR INTERCESSION	231
INTERCESSION BELONGS TO GOD ALONE	233
TAWHID AND TAWASSUL	235
RESPONSE TO THE OBJECTIONS	237
GOOD DEEDS OF NON-MUSLIMS	239
OUTLINE OF THE DISCUSSION	239
1. THE GENERAL ASPECT OF THE DISCUSSION	242
2. NO RELIGION EXCEPT ISLAM IS ACCEPTED	244
GOOD DEEDS WITHOUT FAITH	248
TWO WAYS OF THINKING	248
THE THIRD LOGIC	249
THE SO-CALLED INTELLECTUALS	250
THE RIGID GROUP	255
VALUE OF BELIEF	259
BEING HELD ACCOUNTABLE FOR UNBELIEF	259
LEVELS OF SUBMISSION	260
TRUE ISLAM AND REGIONAL ISLAM	263
SINCERITY, THE CONDITION FOR THE ACCEPTANCE OF ACTIONS	265
QUALITY OR QUANTITY?	271
THE MOSQUE OF BAHLUL	274
BELIEF IN GOD AND THE HEREAFTER	274
BELIEF IN THE PROPHECY AND IMAMATE	281
AFFLICTION	284
BELOW THE ZERO POINT	290
THE INCAPABLE AND THE POWERLESS	291
FROM THE VIEW OF THE ISLAMIC SAGES	300
THE SINS OF MUSLIMS	302
CREATIONAL CONDITIONS AND CONVENTIONAL CONDITIONS	309
SUMMARY AND CONCLUSION	315
ENDNOTES	319
INDEX	335